Medical History最新文献

{"title":"Medicine and the critique of war: military psychiatry, social classification and the malingering patient in colonial India","authors":"S. Khan","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.38","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The treatment of injured Indian soldiers in Britain during WWI deployed particular ways of recording injuries and using them to make judgments about loyalty to the Imperial Army by assessing the soldier’s ability to malinger. This was possible by using personal correspondences between soldiers and their families for ethnographic ends ie. to determine susceptibility to develop mental illness through a soldier’s ethnic background and whether he was from the so-called ‘martial races’ or not. This classificatory knowledge as well as the suspicion towards exaggerated symptoms was also inherited by Indian psychiatry after partition. However, while these psychiatrists reproduced some colonial biases about susceptibility of illness, they were much more receptive to considering the social experience of patients including their kinship relations at home and in the military. By the end of WWII, symptoms came to be regarded as signs of recovery and readjustment to social relations to make a case for the lasting impacts of war on the soldier’s mental and physical health.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"19 1","pages":"47 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87103221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDH volume 66 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"20 1","pages":"f1 - f2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78457685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between colonial medicine and global health: protein malnutrition and UNICEF milk in the Belgian Congo","authors":"Samuël Coghe","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the last decades of colonial rule, Belgian colonial authorities, health agencies and researchers intensely engaged with kwashiorkor, a severe syndrome that was deemed widespread among young children in some parts of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and chiefly attributed to protein malnutrition. To fight kwashiorkor, the Belgian government, in the early 1950s, set up a joint milk distribution campaign with the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, the first of its kind in colonial Africa. Placing this campaign in the context of mounting international and inter-imperial concern about kwashiorkor and other nutritional problems in Africa and across the globe, this article explores its rationales, mechanisms and consequences, and in particular, how the campaign was shaped and publicised by FORÉAMI, one of the main health providers on the ground. It not only contributes to the history of European colonial medicine and nutritional policies, but also opens new perspectives on international health collaboration during late colonialism. It argues that Belgian authorities were wary of international interference in colonial policies, but that especially FORÉAMI also viewed and used the campaign as an opportunity to display its ‘mastery’ in rural and infant healthcare and control the narrative on Belgium’s colonial medicine.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"95 1","pages":"384 - 402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78533686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carla Bittel, Elaine Leong and Christine von Oertzen (eds.), Working with Paper: Gendered Practices in the History of Knowledge (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), pp. ix + 310, $55.00, hardback, ISBN: 9780822945598.","authors":"Emma Marshall","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Working with Paper is a rich and engaging investigation into what is traditionally viewed as the humblest of materials, but which has immense value beyond its role as a data carrier, as this book demonstrates. Its essays examine paper practices and their intersection with constructions and negotiations of gendered power and knowledge, ranging from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries across Europe and North America. This approach encourages examination of different ‘sets of affordances given to papers’ by households, institutions and societies across time and space (5). Jacob Eyferth’s afterword reflects on the chapters’ shared themes through a study of nineteenth-century China. It emphasises the notions of paper as a ‘presence’, and paper practices as ‘socio-material processes that underlie knowledge production’ (211), rather than a ‘blankmedium that exists only to be inscribed with signs’ (209). This attentiveness to materiality, and to different social actors’ engagement with it through skill, labour and learning, is the collection’s major strength. The work is rooted in recent studies of everyday technologies, materialities and gender. However, by integrating and extending the scope of these fields, it explores how individuals and communities both reinforced and challenged societal constructions of gender through paper tools used to create and organise knowledge; ‘knowledge practices and gender relationships materialise through the making, using and handling of paper’ (12). Rejecting the ‘great man’, bookish approach to histories of knowledge, this collection focuses primarily on paper’s meanings for female identities, empowerment and oppression. Several contributions show howwomen’s paper-based skills, often related to domestic work, contribute to traditionally masculine spheres, such as science (Elaine Leong and Elizabeth Yale), academia (Matthew Daniel Eddy) and institutional or state bureaucracy (Elena Serrano, Christine von Oertzen and Dan Bouk). However, male identities are consequently approached tangentially. One important exception is Gabriella Szalay’s study of German pastor Jacob Christian Schäffer’s paper trials and their significance for competing masculinities in eighteenth-century Europe. As the volume moves beyond traditional historiographies of elite communities to the ‘uncharted waters’ of popular paperwork (2), the analytical framework of class seems equally significant as, if less explicit than, gender. Divided into twelve chapters across three thematic sections, this book is supplemented by glossy colour plates providing useful visual aids. Part 1 foregrounds the importance of paper’s material properties for the formation and navigation of social identities and relationships. Part 2 shifts the focus to paperwork as a tool for knowledge creation and management within wider social, economic and political structures, and Part 3 continues to untangle the connections between paper technologies, epistemic practices and gendered","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87543199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex work, containment and the new discourse of public health in French colonial Levant","authors":"Pascale N. Graham","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article addresses how French academics, doctors and state bureaucrats formulated sex work as a pathology, an area of inquiry that had to be studied in the interest of public safety. French colonisation in the Levant extended the reach of this ‘expertise’ from the metropole to Lebanon under the guise of public health. Knowledge produced by academics was used to buttress colonial state policy, which demanded that sex workers be contained to protect society against medical contagion. No longer drawing conclusions based on speculation, the medical establishment asserted its authority by harnessing modern advances in science and uniting them with extensive observation. ‘Empirical facts’ replaced ‘opinions’, as doctors forged new approaches to studying and containing venereal disease. They accomplished this through the use of statistics and new methods of diagnosing and treating maladies. Their novel approach was used to treat sex workers and to support commercial sex work policy both at home and abroad. Sex workers became the objects of scientific study and were consequently problematised by the state in medicalised terms.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"25 1","pages":"330 - 346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81147492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kalle Kananoja, Healing Knowledge in Atlantic Africa: Medical Encounters, 1500–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. xii + 258, $99.99, hardback, ISBN: 9781108491259.","authors":"C. Blakley","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.32","url":null,"abstract":"research on paper as a materia medica, used for example to make plasters, is particularly interesting. Interactions between domestic and scholarly spheres are also considered in SimonWerrett’s essay on the reuse of eighteenth-century wastepaper, including for hairdressing techniques bound up with contested notions of femininity and masculinity. Moving into the modern period, Carla Bittel and Linker both explore how innovative paper tools facilitated bodily knowledge among medical practitioners and patients. Bittel argues that charts studying the human skull enabled phrenologists to construct authoritative, gender-specific identities and simultaneously allowed laypeople to subvert gender stereotypes. The ‘schematograph’ is Linker’s focus; she shows how tracing paper could protect women’s privacy during posture examinations, becoming an instrument of female power within science. Anna Maerker also demonstrates how the materiality of new medical technologies, specifically papier-mâché anatomical models, shaped and challenged gender perceptions. By portraying mechanistic rather than aesthetic bodies, the models both empowered and restricted their female makers and users across different imperial contexts. Another recurring, though more subtle, theme is the link between materiality and morality. Several essays refer to the appropriation of paper technologies by certain communities to claim moral superiority, and socio-political authority, over others. For example, Chapter Four sees Szalay argue that different male groups’ engagement with paper, through intellectual book knowledge, artisanal physical labour and commercial acumen, was central to their competing claims for masculine honour. Serrano’s outstanding contribution explores how a female philanthropic association, the Junta de Damas, asserted power over theMadrid FoundlingHospital through traditionally femininemanagement practices, rather than masculine commercialism. Von Oertzen similarly examines the permeability of the domesticbureaucratic boundary through paper. She explains how domestic data-processing supported nineteenth-century Prussian governance as housewives sorted, counted and organised census cards at home. By emphasising the value of household ‘orderliness’ to the state, this essay foregrounds the relationship between microand macro-level institutions which underpins several other chapters. In conclusion,Working with Papermakes an original and significant contribution to the histories of knowledge, work and gender through the lens of one extremely important material. It is itself a valuable epistemic paper tool for students and experts alike.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"20 1","pages":"421 - 423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89832362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Books also Received","authors":"A. Cartwright, John Hall, Heroes, E. Hurren","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.37","url":null,"abstract":"Anthony C. Cartwright and N. Anthony Armstrong, A History of the Medicines We Take. From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2020), pp. 272, £18.99, paperback, ISBN: 9781526724038. John C. Hall,Heroes of a Moment. The History of Body Cavity Surgery (Fremantle: Vivid Publishing, 2020), pp. 260, $34.95, paperback, ISBN: 9781922409485. Elizabeth T. Hurren, Hidden Histories of the Dead: Disputed Bodies in Modern British Medical Research (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), pp. 302 þ xvii, £75, hardback, ISBN: 9781108484091. Lucas Richert and James H. Mills (eds), Cannabis: Global Histories (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2021), pp. 418, $39.99, ebook, ISBN: 9780262362061.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"1 1","pages":"430 - 430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88818622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid deafness: earwax and hardness of hearing in early modern Europe","authors":"R. Verwaal","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.29","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses hearing disability in early modern Europe, focusing on medical ideas to demonstrate a profound shift in thinking about deafness over the course of the eighteenth century. Scholars have previously described changes in the social status of the deaf in the eighteenth century, pointing at clerics’ sympathy for the deaf and philosophers’ fascination with gestures as the origin of language, but there is remarkably little scholarship on the growing interest in deafness and hardness of hearing by physicians. From the seventeenth century onwards, however, medical men investigated earwax and mucus in the Eustachian Tube and developed theories about the propagation of sound waves via fluid airs and nervous juices in relation to hearing and deafness. This article argues that this focus on fluids brought about a new medical understanding of auditory perception, which viewed hearing and deafness not as dichotomous but as states along a continuous spectrum. As such, this article offers a new perspective on the study and treatment of hearing difficulties in early modern Europe, arguing that there was no solid dividing line between deafness and hearing; if anything, it was permeable and unstable.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"1 1","pages":"366 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89482008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cholera, British seamen and maritime anxieties in Calcutta, c.1830s–1890s ‘The William Bynum Prize Essay’","authors":"Manikarnika Dutta","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract From the mid-nineteenth century, seamen were increasingly identified as vectors of epidemic diseases such as cholera. The rising acceptance of the germ theories of disease and contagion and the transition from sail to steam at this time increased the fear of the rapid spread of contagious diseases through these mobile people. This article examines how the British naval authorities, ship surgeons and the medical and municipal authorities in the Calcutta sailortown sought to improve maritime health and hygiene to prevent the spread of cholera among and by British seamen. Nineteenth century Calcutta is an ideal context for this study on account of its epidemiological notoriety as a disease entrepot and the sea route between Calcutta and British ports was one of the most closely monitored for disease in the Empire. The article argues that a study of cholera among British seamen can generate important insights into the relationship among disease, medicine and colonialism and in doing so shed light into a neglected aspect of the history of nineteenth century cholera, the British anxiety regarding disease dispersion, practice of hygiene and sanitation and British seamen’s health.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"18 1","pages":"313 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81679509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zhou Xun, The People’s Health: Health Intervention and Delivery in Mao’s China, 1949–1983 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020), pp. iv+369, $37.95, paperback, ISBN: 9780228001942.","authors":"Shang-jen Li","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.34","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":"41 1","pages":"425 - 426"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81121685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}