Medical History最新文献

{"title":"Medicine and the critique of war: military psychiatry, social classification and the malingering patient in colonial India","authors":"S. Khan","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.38","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The treatment of injured Indian soldiers in Britain during WWI deployed particular ways of recording injuries and using them to make judgments about loyalty to the Imperial Army by assessing the soldier’s ability to malinger. This was possible by using personal correspondences between soldiers and their families for ethnographic ends ie. to determine susceptibility to develop mental illness through a soldier’s ethnic background and whether he was from the so-called ‘martial races’ or not. This classificatory knowledge as well as the suspicion towards exaggerated symptoms was also inherited by Indian psychiatry after partition. However, while these psychiatrists reproduced some colonial biases about susceptibility of illness, they were much more receptive to considering the social experience of patients including their kinship relations at home and in the military. By the end of WWII, symptoms came to be regarded as signs of recovery and readjustment to social relations to make a case for the lasting impacts of war on the soldier’s mental and physical health.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87103221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ca’ Granda, an avant-garde hospital between the Renaissance and Modern age: a unique scenario in European history","authors":"Mirko Mattia, L. Biehler‐Gomez, E. Sguazza, P. Galimberti, Folco Vaglienti, D. Gibelli, P. Poppa, G. Caccia, M. Caccianiga, S. Vanin, Laura Manthey, R. Jantz, D. Di Candia, E. Maderna, G. Albini, Sachin Pawaskar, Franklin E. Damann, A. Fedeli, E. Belgiovine, Daniele Capuzzo, F. Slavazzi, C. Cattaneo","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.40","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Ospedale Maggiore, known as Ca’ Granda, was founded in 1456 by will of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and was considered for almost five centuries a model for Milanese, Italian and even European healthcare. Attracting patients from all over Europe, the Ca’ Granda distinguished itself for the introduction of new treatments and innovative health reforms. In the burial ground of the hospital still lie the bodies of the deceased patients, who came from the poorest strata of the population. The study of their remains aims to give back a general identity and a story to each of these persons as well as reconstruct a fraction of the sixteenth century population of Milano as concerns lifestyle and disease and examine practises and therapy of this exceptional hospital. It is estimated that about two million commingled bones and articulated skeletons rest in the crypt, together with other types of findings (e.g., ceramic, coins, clothing). These remains are the object of a large project involving various disciplines ranging from humanities to hard sciences. The aim of this paper is to bring this historical gem to the attention of scholars and provide a glimpse of what its contents have already revealed.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76752727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beneath the skin: method and perception in Hippocratic medicine","authors":"Jorge Torres","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.39","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines some neglected aspects of Hippocratic medicine, drawing special attention to certain methodological questions concerning the role of sense perception in the acquisition of medical knowledge. I argue that there is greater epistemological uniformity among the texts of the Hippocratic Corpus than is sometimes assumed. I provide a careful reading of seemingly inconsistent Hippocratic treatises in the light of a plausible and coherent epistemological model. The impression that we are dealing with different, indeed inconsistent, epistemological views can be explained away by the specific dialectical contexts of each work and their historical background. Most importantly, a proper justification of this model will require us to delve into the epistemological foundations of Hippocratic medicine.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73811043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xiaoping Fang, China and the Cholera Pandemic: Restructuring Society under Mao (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021), pp. 312, $55.00, hardback, ISBN: 9780822946625).","authors":"Yi-Tang Lin","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.51","url":null,"abstract":"By braiding together multiple environmental and social factors – ranging from land and water transportation networks, festivities, seafood-eating habits, agricultural cycles, and intensified population gathering during ‘Shuangqiang, or the quick harvesting and planting of rice crops’(p. 3) – Fang presents an ecosystem that set the scene for Zhejiang’s cholera outbreak in July 1962. Cholera had a greater impact in rural areas owing to the poor water-management infrastructure there;women participated in agricultural production, making their infection rate equal to men’s;and the superior nutrition and limited contact with civilians on military bases explains the lower caseload among soldiers. [...]the book can also be read as an account of the resistance, confrontations, and negotiations that occurred between various strands of power in moving towards that style of governance, which was not without its blind spots: public health staff encountered difficulties and even violence when attempting to check inoculation certificates of officers in the People’s Liberation Army (Chapter 4);overseas Chinese were exempted from vaccination certificate checks because the PRC needed their remittances and skills (Chapter 4);and the Zhejiang government adapted its 1963 vaccination campaign to avoid peak farming season due to the passive participation of local cadres and farmworkers the previous year (Chapter 6).","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89493650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Between colonial medicine and global health: protein malnutrition and UNICEF milk in the Belgian Congo","authors":"Samuël Coghe","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.28","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the last decades of colonial rule, Belgian colonial authorities, health agencies and researchers intensely engaged with kwashiorkor, a severe syndrome that was deemed widespread among young children in some parts of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi and chiefly attributed to protein malnutrition. To fight kwashiorkor, the Belgian government, in the early 1950s, set up a joint milk distribution campaign with the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization, the first of its kind in colonial Africa. Placing this campaign in the context of mounting international and inter-imperial concern about kwashiorkor and other nutritional problems in Africa and across the globe, this article explores its rationales, mechanisms and consequences, and in particular, how the campaign was shaped and publicised by FORÉAMI, one of the main health providers on the ground. It not only contributes to the history of European colonial medicine and nutritional policies, but also opens new perspectives on international health collaboration during late colonialism. It argues that Belgian authorities were wary of international interference in colonial policies, but that especially FORÉAMI also viewed and used the campaign as an opportunity to display its ‘mastery’ in rural and infant healthcare and control the narrative on Belgium’s colonial medicine.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78533686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negotiating South–South cooperation for mental health: the World Health Organization and the African Mental Health Action Group, 1970s–90s","authors":"Y. Pringle","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the African Mental Health Action Group (AMHAG), one of the earliest examples of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) attempts to promote ‘ownership’ over development through the South–South cooperation envisaged in Technical Cooperation in Developing Countries. Formed in 1978, the AMHAG was intended to guide national and regional policy on mental health, while also fostering national and collective self-reliance. For a short period, between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, it was central to the WHO’s strategy for promoting policies of mental health in primary healthcare in Africa. It was a largely ineffective tool, with national governments having different opinions on the value of mental health, and poor coordination between AMHAG countries. Approaching the AMHAG as a regional project and transnational network, however, the article provides explores the importance of regions and regionalism in international health cooperation, as well as the inequities of participation in health development. Drawing on WHO archival material spanning over twenty countries and two national liberation movements, it argues that participating countries were differently positioned not only to navigate relationships between countries, but also to contend with the shifting landscape of international assistance, as well as – for some – contexts of war, violence and political and economic instability. The article not only serves as a case study of power imbalances in a failed development initiative, but also sheds light on the WHO’s engagement with mental health during a period that historians of psychiatry in Africa have tended to overlook.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80093872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carla Bittel, Elaine Leong and Christine von Oertzen (eds.), Working with Paper: Gendered Practices in the History of Knowledge (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2019), pp. ix + 310, $55.00, hardback, ISBN: 9780822945598.","authors":"Emma Marshall","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.31","url":null,"abstract":"Working with Paper is a rich and engaging investigation into what is traditionally viewed as the humblest of materials, but which has immense value beyond its role as a data carrier, as this book demonstrates. Its essays examine paper practices and their intersection with constructions and negotiations of gendered power and knowledge, ranging from the sixteenth to twentieth centuries across Europe and North America. This approach encourages examination of different ‘sets of affordances given to papers’ by households, institutions and societies across time and space (5). Jacob Eyferth’s afterword reflects on the chapters’ shared themes through a study of nineteenth-century China. It emphasises the notions of paper as a ‘presence’, and paper practices as ‘socio-material processes that underlie knowledge production’ (211), rather than a ‘blankmedium that exists only to be inscribed with signs’ (209). This attentiveness to materiality, and to different social actors’ engagement with it through skill, labour and learning, is the collection’s major strength. The work is rooted in recent studies of everyday technologies, materialities and gender. However, by integrating and extending the scope of these fields, it explores how individuals and communities both reinforced and challenged societal constructions of gender through paper tools used to create and organise knowledge; ‘knowledge practices and gender relationships materialise through the making, using and handling of paper’ (12). Rejecting the ‘great man’, bookish approach to histories of knowledge, this collection focuses primarily on paper’s meanings for female identities, empowerment and oppression. Several contributions show howwomen’s paper-based skills, often related to domestic work, contribute to traditionally masculine spheres, such as science (Elaine Leong and Elizabeth Yale), academia (Matthew Daniel Eddy) and institutional or state bureaucracy (Elena Serrano, Christine von Oertzen and Dan Bouk). However, male identities are consequently approached tangentially. One important exception is Gabriella Szalay’s study of German pastor Jacob Christian Schäffer’s paper trials and their significance for competing masculinities in eighteenth-century Europe. As the volume moves beyond traditional historiographies of elite communities to the ‘uncharted waters’ of popular paperwork (2), the analytical framework of class seems equally significant as, if less explicit than, gender. Divided into twelve chapters across three thematic sections, this book is supplemented by glossy colour plates providing useful visual aids. Part 1 foregrounds the importance of paper’s material properties for the formation and navigation of social identities and relationships. Part 2 shifts the focus to paperwork as a tool for knowledge creation and management within wider social, economic and political structures, and Part 3 continues to untangle the connections between paper technologies, epistemic practices and gendered","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87543199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the conduct of juveniles: diagnosis and delinquency, 1900–2013","authors":"L. Hirshbein","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.27","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract American child psychiatrists have long been interested in the problems of delinquent behaviour by juveniles. With the rise of specific psychiatric diagnoses in the 1960s and 1970s, delinquent behaviour was defined within the diagnosis of conduct disorder. Like all psychiatric diagnoses, this concept was shaped by particular historical actors in context and has been highly contingent on assumptions related to race, class and gender. The history of conduct disorder illustrates the tensions in child psychiatry between the expansive goals of the field and the often limited uses of its professional authority, as well as individual children as the target of intervention and their interactions in groups.","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90587423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marga Vicedo, Intelligent Love: The Story of Clara Park, Her Autistic Daughter, and the Myth of the Refrigerator Mother (Boston: Beacon Press, 2021), pp. 1+259, $28.95, hardback, ISBN: 9780807025628.","authors":"Sam Fellowes","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.36","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75875206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MDH volume 65 issue 4 Cover and Back matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/mdh.2021.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2021.44","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18275,"journal":{"name":"Medical History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82920922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}