{"title":"High Resolution Thermal Design Tools for Air-Cooled Electronics Components and Systems","authors":"A. Przekwas, M. Athavale, Y. Ho","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0999","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The packaging trends for the latter part of the 1990’s appear to suggest that advanced computing and military application multi-chip modules (MCMs) will generate tremendous heat loads. Advanced, accurate design tools will be needed to evaluate new cooling concepts entailing complex geometries and complex physics, and which are capable of solving large scale numerical problems. This paper presents a high resolution computational model for thermal design of high density electronic packages. Details of numerical model for strongly implicit conjugate heat transfer are discussed. A novel high accuracy numerical wall scheme has been presented to resolve near wall shear stresses and wall heat fluxes. Three electronics cooling problems have been selected to validate the computer code on complex geometry configurations. These configurations are: an SMT module with fully resolved leadframe, 256 pin heat sink and a 20 module MCM with 74 fin heat sink. Results of the computational study are compared with available experimental data. In all three cases very good agreement with experiment has been achieved.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126643991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Determination of Temperatures and Heat Fluxes on Surfaces of Multi-Domain Three-Dimensional Electronic Components","authors":"T. Martin, G. Dulikravich","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0996","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A new algorithm that uses the boundary element method (BEM) has been developed for determining steady thermal boundary conditions on surfaces of three-dimensional solids where such quantities are unknown. Given temperature and heat flux on surfaces where such data is readily available, the algorithm computes, non-iteratively, the temperature field within the entire object and any unknown thermal boundary conditions on the surfaces where thermal boundary values are unavailable. An inverse BEM computer program has been developed and was successfully tested on several simple geometries where the analytic solutions of the well-posed problem were known. Our non-iterative algorithm for inverse determination of unknown thermal boundary conditions is very fast and highly flexible in treating complex three-dimensional geometries including interior cavities, mixed thermal boundary conditions and multiple domains with different thermal properties. Besides surface input data, this algorithm accepts also temperatures and heat fluxes at isolated interior points as input data.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121529287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Determination and Utilization of AuSn Solder Creep Properties to Bond GaAs Dice to Diamond Substrates","authors":"B. Chandran, W. F. Schmidt, M. Gordon, R. Djkaria","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The stress in gallium arsenide dice larger than 2mm × 2mm conventionally bonded to diamond substrates using eutectic gold-tin solder is larger than the dice’s fracture strength leading to fracture during bonding. This paper discusses a novel bonding technique to reliably bond large gallium arsenide devices to diamond substrates using eutectic gold tin solder. In this technique, the cooling process after bonding is controlled to induce creep in the solder layer. Creep deformation in the solder layer relieves part of the stress in the die and thereby prevents die cracking. An analytical model describing the stress relaxation in the die due to solder creep deformation was developed. Due to the lack of published creep properties of AuSn solder, they were experimentally determined. Optimal cooling curves were generated using the relaxation model to reliably bond different sizes and thicknesses of GaAs dice to diamond substrates. Bonding experiments indicate that all the bonded dice cooled using conventional techniques cracked after bonding and that those cooled using the generated cooling schemes survived. Previously, these creep properties were boot-strapped from the published values for other solders. The experimentally obtained properties deviate substantially from those previously boot-strapped. However, it is interesting to note that the implied cooling schemes were similar.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124917807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevention of Overheating and Frequent Thermal Cycling of Outdoor Electronic Cabinets Cooled by Forced Air Convection in Cold Climates","authors":"E. Zimmerman, H. Hegab, G. T. Colwell","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Telephone companies use electronics to route calls between customers. These electronics are generally packaged together and placed in steel containers located outdoors. When a significant amount of electronics are packaged together the cooling capacity of natural convection is exceeded and supplementary cooling systems are needed. Forced air cooling is generally the system of choice given the relative low cost and simplicity when compared to alternative cooling methods. Simple axial flow fans are typically turned on and off by a thermostat located inside the cabinet to keep the inside air temperature below a predetermined maximum. While the behavior of an electronics cabinet with this type of cooling system may be acceptable under conditions of a summer day in the desert southwest, it may overheat or have unacceptable thermal cycling during the cold days of winter. Numerical simulation using a system of lumped thermal capacitances is used to predict the air-flow rate which would prevent thermal cycling and reduce operating temperatures to well below that found in the summer months.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"414 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116699499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Parametric Study of Pin Length and Reynolds Number Effects on Heat Transfer in a Cast Pin Fin Coldwall for Electronic Systems","authors":"B. E. Short, P. Raad, D. C. Price","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 At low to moderate Reynolds numbers, cast pin fin coldwalls provide an excellent combination of performance and low unit cost for air-cooled electronic systems. The purpose of the paper is to study the details of the fluid dynamics in order to better understand the heat transfer performance within the flow regime appropriate for cast pin fin coldwalls.\u0000 A parametric study is presented examining the variation in the Nusselt number over a range of pin lengths and Reynolds numbers. The numerical study uses a five-pin cell to simulate an embedded flow pattern within a large array of staggered pin fins. The modeling technique was previously validated using experimental data.\u0000 Performance comparisons are made for pin length-to-pin diameter ratios of 2 ≤ L/d ≤ 6 and for 200 ≤ Red ≤ 2000. Conclusions are drawn assessing the effects of the fluid dynamics, such as the horseshoe vortices formed at the pin-wall interface, on the local heat transfer mechanisms. Effects of the pin spacing were addressed by a previous experimental study.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124153764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design of Experiment Based Evaluation of the Thermal Performance of a Flipchip Electronic Assembly","authors":"Pankaj Mithal","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A finite element method based design of experiment (DOE) study was conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of an automotive electronic assembly. The assembly design consists of a flipchip IC mounted on a thin FR-4 PCB bonded to an aluminum backplate. The study captures the influence of the number of thermal vias present in the substrate, the thermal conductivity and thickness of the epoxy layer between the substrate and the backplate, the IC active area, thermal conductivity of the underfill marterial and the power dissipation of the IC, on the thermal performance of the assembly. Single factor analysis of various design parameters indicates that the thermal conductivity and thickness of the epoxy layer are the most critical parameters of the design from a thermal performance viewpoint.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130648612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel Epoxy Compositions for Microelectronic Packaging Applications","authors":"M. Sambasivam, R. Ghoshal, Proshanto Mukerji","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Using proprietary epoxies, new formulations have been developed for use in microelectronic packaging applications. The key features of these formulations are short cure cycle, long term stability at 25° C, very low cure volatile, low moisture absorption, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), excellent adhesion to various substrates. The CTE does not change appreciably with temperature between 0–200°C. This unique behavior is attributed to the interpenetrating network-like (IPN) structure of the base resins in the cured state. Further evidence of the IPN structure is the broad loss modulus and tan 6, observed between −150°C and −150°C, in dynamic mechanical tests. The extensive curing reaction in these catalyst-cured systems results in a highly crosslinked polymer network with good moisture resistance (< 0.2°o after 14 days in 85°C/85% RH) and thermal stability (< 0.3 wt % at 300°C of the cured material). Under 85/85 conditions, no appreciable changes in modulus was observed. Extent of cure studies in a dynamic scanning calorimeter (DSC) show a complete cure with no postcure requirements. Cure cycles for these formulations range from 1 hour at 140°C to about 1 minute @170°C. Currently, cure stresses, fracture toughness (bulk and interfacial), and various reliability tests are being performed to characterize the underfill, glob top encapsulants, and die-attach adhesives.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121451062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimization of Solder Joint Fatigue Life Using Product Model-Based Analysis Models","authors":"Selçuk Cimtalay, R. Peak, R. Fulton","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Product Model-Based Analysis Models (PBAMs) have been presented as highly automated analysis modules for designer usage. Previous examples such as solder joint fatigue PBAMs have shown how explicit design-analysis associativity linkages enable seamless interfaces to solution tools (e.g., finite element analysis systems). These examples focused on using PBAMs for design verification, where a criteria such as fatigue life was checked given one design state as an input.\u0000 This paper presents a technique which utilizes PBAMs for design optimization. An example is given which maximizes solder joint fatigue life by iteratively changing PBAM inputs (the design variables) based on PBAM outputs (the analysis results). Benefits of the technique include the modular and flexible addition of an optimization agent to existing analysis modules.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126544397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Routinization of Analysis for Physical Design","authors":"R. Peak, A. Scholand, R. Fulton","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 While it is generally agreed physical designers would like to benefit more from analysis, methodologies are lacking for identifying appropriate analysis models and transforming them into readily usable tools. This paper identifies physical designer needs with respect to analysis, and introduces the term “routinization” to describe the process of creating routine analysis modules — automated analysis models that can be regularly used in product design.\u0000 A routinization methodology is presented with electronic packaging examples. Based on the multi-representation architecture (MRA), a design-analysis integration strategy, this methodology creates catalogs of product model-based analysis models (PBAMs) — analysis modules that associate design data with specific analysis models to obtain results in a highly automated manner.\u0000 The methodology is illustrated using a simple PBAM for PWB warpage analysis. Applications to solder joint fatigue and plated through hole deformation are also highlighted, with solution methods ranging from encoded formulae to multi-vendor 3D finite element analysis. Observations are given, including how routinization aides both electronic packaging researchers and physical designers. While it enables researchers to more readily benefit designers, it also acts as a catalyst for identifying needed research extensions.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126417310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thermal Analysis of Compact Electronic Equipment With Cooling Fan","authors":"K. Hisano, H. Iwasaki, M. Ishizuka, Sadao Makita","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-1007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes thermal analysis of compact electronic equipment. A numerical analysis was carried out on the basis of thermal conduction treatment for the whole domain of a subnotebook personal computer with a cooling fan. In this work, numerical analysis based on finite volume method was employed to estimate the temperature distribution of the PC. To treat the air flow caused by the fan inside the cabinet, lump model was used in addition to the thermal conduction model. The numerical model includes Si chips, packages, printed wiring boards, casing, etc. Temperature rise of LSI packages obtained by the thermal analysis showed a good agreement with the measured values.","PeriodicalId":182683,"journal":{"name":"Application of CAE/CAD to Electronic Systems","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125806402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}