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Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals最新文献

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Annealing of Long Period Gratings in Standard Hydrogen-Loaded Fiber 标准载氢光纤长周期光栅的退火
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.2
F. Bakhti, J. Larrey, P. Sansonetti
{"title":"Annealing of Long Period Gratings in Standard Hydrogen-Loaded Fiber","authors":"F. Bakhti, J. Larrey, P. Sansonetti","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.2","url":null,"abstract":"Long period gratings (LPG) are commonly fabricated in hydrogen-loaded fibers [1]. As classical Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs), LPGs have to be annealed at elevated temperature to stabilize their spectral response. Since a LPG of period λ is coupling the propagating mode with cladding modes (in this paper we focuse on LP01-LP05 coupling), the grating central wavelength λC is varying with the difference of effective indices between the two coupled modes, Δneff, by λC=Δneff Λ. As a consequence, a variation of 2 10-6 on Δneff will induce a variation of about 1nm on λC whereas for FBG, this kind of index variation has negligible effect. Taking into account the specification of the coupling induced by the LPG, we studied its thermal annealing during a long period of time (more than 100 hours) to observe index modulation change in the order of 10-6. In this paper, we present investigations on thermal annealing of LPG at temperature ranging from 110°C to 250°C, and with duration greater than 200h.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121778900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Short-wavelength, transmission-loss suppression in Fibre Bragg Gratings 光纤光栅中的短波长传输损耗抑制
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsuc.4
M. Zervas, M. Ibsen, R. Laming
{"title":"Short-wavelength, transmission-loss suppression in Fibre Bragg Gratings","authors":"M. Zervas, M. Ibsen, R. Laming","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsuc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsuc.4","url":null,"abstract":"Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG’s) are known to suffer from short-wavelength, transmission losses due to resonant coupling into backward-propagating cladding modes [1,2]. Figure 1 shows a typical transmission spectrum of a 10cm standard FBG. The cladding mode losses increase with grating reflectivity and could eventually impose severe limitations in the use of FBG’s. The problem can be quite acute in the case that FBG wavelength-multiplexing is required. So far, several attempts have been made to eliminate the short-wavelength, transmission losses and improve grating performance [2-5]. In all cases, the resonant coupling of the forward-propagating core mode to the backward-propagating cladding modes is minimised by reducing the coupling strength.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128139059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Reliability predictions on fiber gratings through alternate methods 用替代方法预测光纤光栅的可靠性
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.3
S. Kannan, P. Lemaire, Jerry Z. Y. Guo, M. LuValle
{"title":"Reliability predictions on fiber gratings through alternate methods","authors":"S. Kannan, P. Lemaire, Jerry Z. Y. Guo, M. LuValle","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsud.3","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous advances have been made since the discovery of photosensitivity in optical fibers [1], but none perhaps more significant than fiber based gratings. Gratings are modulated refractive index patterns inscribed in the core of photosensitive optical fibers. In Bragg gratings, light propagating down the fiber length is selectively reflected at the wavelength which satisfies the Bragg condition. Long period gratings which involve coupling into forward propagating cladding modes are a second type of fiber based gratings. Gratings are most commonly written in fibers with germanium doped silica core. Photosensitivity has been also been demonstrated in germanosilicate fibers with codopants such as boron [2] and tin [3]. It has also been shown [4] that “loading” fibers with hydrogen or deuterium, greatly enhances their photosensitivity. This facilitates easy writing of gratings even in compositions that are otherwise minimally photosensitive, for instance, in phosphorus doped silica fiber [5].","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125580353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Bragg Grating Fabrication in Fibers by Near-UV Light 近紫外光在光纤中制备布拉格光栅
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.1
D. Starodubov, V. Grubsky, J. Feinberg
{"title":"Bragg Grating Fabrication in Fibers by Near-UV Light","authors":"D. Starodubov, V. Grubsky, J. Feinberg","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.1","url":null,"abstract":"The photosensitivity of germanosilicate fibers has been tied to the presence of germanium oxygen-deficient defects (GODC) [1,2]. These defects are identified by a strong absorption peak at 240 nm and a weaker absorption peak at 330 nm (Fig. 1) [3]. The microscopic model of these defects is still debated [4-7]; however, the three-level model of the defect shown in Fig. 2 nicely explains the defect’s main spectroscopic features [4]. It was thought that color center formation due to photoionization of defects by 240 nm light was the principal mechanism of index change (through the Kramers-Kronig relation) [8]. However recent tension measurements and observations of glass densification after UV exposure suggest that a structural transformation of the glass occurs [9,10].","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132508244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The origin of photoinduced anisotropy in germanium sulfide based glasses. 硫化锗基玻璃光致各向异性的起源。
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmh.4
V. Tikhomirov, P. Hertogen, V. Krasteva, G. Adriaenssens, G. Sigel
{"title":"The origin of photoinduced anisotropy in germanium sulfide based glasses.","authors":"V. Tikhomirov, P. Hertogen, V. Krasteva, G. Adriaenssens, G. Sigel","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmh.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmh.4","url":null,"abstract":"Metastable photoinduced anisotropy (PA) generated by linearly polarized sub-bandgap light in Pr-doped Ge-S-I glasses is reported. A PA minimum is observed in undoped Ge34.5S55.5I10 composition. PA increases with S content in S-rich glasses. PA increases with Ge content at a constant I content in Ge-rich glasses, while addition of I at a constant S/Ge ratio in Ge-rich glasses decreases the PA. The addition of Pr to about 1000 ppm increases PA in Ge-rich glasses, if no Pr-clustering occurs. The explanation of these compositional trends is based on the coexistence of three different molecular phases (structural units) in these glasses, with their relative contribution varying with varying composition. Microscopic models are proposed for diamagnetic defect centers responsible for PA in S-rich, Ge-rich and stoichiometric glasses.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133852404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Strong Higher-Order Fiber Bragg Gratings Written with an Amplitude Mask 用幅度掩模书写的高阶光纤光栅
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.5
J. Wagener, R. Espindola, A. Vengsarkar
{"title":"Strong Higher-Order Fiber Bragg Gratings Written with an Amplitude Mask","authors":"J. Wagener, R. Espindola, A. Vengsarkar","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bme.5","url":null,"abstract":"Reflective Bragg gratings have been written in optical fibers using UV induced index changes. Initial work used a standing wave interference pattern set up by light launched down the fiber core.1 The more versatile techniques of side-writing using bulk interferometric fringes2 and phase-masks3 followed. The field of phase-mask-written Bragg gratings in germano-silicate fibers has matured with the use of specially designed high-photosensitivity fiber and hydrogen loading.4 While gratings written with these methods can be precisely tailored in spectral shape, bandwidth and strength, a precise mask, a coherent laser, and very stable alignment during the exposure are needed. Multiple grating applications, including weak pump-diode stabilizers, fiber laser mirrors, and grating sensors may not require the high precision gratings produced with the phase mask method, but would benefit from an inexpensive mass production technique. In this paper we demonstrate an amplitude mask exposure technique to create strong higher order Bragg reflectors with minimal optics.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125235864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Novel Liquid and Liquid Crystal Cored Fibre Bragg Gratings 新型液体和液晶芯光纤布拉格光栅
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsub.5
R. Kashyap, D. L. Williams, Ray P. Smith
{"title":"Novel Liquid and Liquid Crystal Cored Fibre Bragg Gratings","authors":"R. Kashyap, D. L. Williams, Ray P. Smith","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsub.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsub.5","url":null,"abstract":"Tunable filters are useful for a number of applications. Recently, fibre Bragg gratings were written in poled silica fibres[1]. The reflectivity of the grating and partial tuning was subsequently achieved by the application of an electric field. An alternative scheme for a tunable filter is proposed in this paper using liquid-crystal or liquid cores.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122000114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Effects of molecular hydrogen on low-intensity UV photochemistry of germanosilicate glasses. 氢分子对锗硅酸盐玻璃弱紫外光化学的影响。
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.3
V. Bagratashvili, S. Tsypina, P. V. Chernov, A. Rybaltovskii, L. Dong, Y. V. Zavorotny
{"title":"Effects of molecular hydrogen on low-intensity UV photochemistry of germanosilicate glasses.","authors":"V. Bagratashvili, S. Tsypina, P. V. Chernov, A. Rybaltovskii, L. Dong, Y. V. Zavorotny","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.3","url":null,"abstract":"Germanosilicate glasses are known to posesses photorefractive (photosensitive) properties [1], that allows to fabricate refractive index gratings in germanosilicate optical fibers [2]. Hydrogen loading silica and germanosilicate glasses enhances its photosensitivity significantly [3-6]. Since the germanium-oxygen deficient center (GODC) is the main photosensitive defect in germanosilicate glasses, it is of particulary importance to reveal the role of molecular H2 in the processes of GODC phototransformation. In this work, we study the influece of molecular hydrogen impregnated into the glass network on the triplet decay time τT, luminescence intensity (T1 - S0, λmax=397 nm) and efficiency of GODC photodecay when excited with low-intensity UV light.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121204395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Equalisation of Spectral Non-Uniformities in Broad-Band Chirped Fibre Gratings 宽带啁啾光纤光栅中光谱不均匀性的均衡
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.16
M. Durkin, M. Ibsen, R. Laming, V. Gusmeroli
{"title":"Equalisation of Spectral Non-Uniformities in Broad-Band Chirped Fibre Gratings","authors":"M. Durkin, M. Ibsen, R. Laming, V. Gusmeroli","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.16","url":null,"abstract":"The use of chirped fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a dispersion compensating role has been shown to be a successful technology with great promise for future network upgrades [1,2]. A natural consequence of using FBGs in a negative dispersion sense is that although the structure is designed to phase-match forward- and backward-propagating LP01 modes, the phase-matching condition for coupling from the forward propagating fundamental mode to a higher order cladding-mode is also met for wavelengths just below that of the fundamental Bragg reflection. Because propagation in cladding-modes is extremely lossy there is a significant out-coupling of this shorter wavelength light. The chirped nature of FBGs designed for broad-band (> 5 nm) dispersion compensation means that this cladding-mode loss is integrated along the length of the grating with the result that the reflection spectrum has a slope extending from the short wavelength edge of the useable bandwidth. In a practical transmission system this in-band variation of reflectivity is unacceptable. In this paper the authors present for the first time a demonstration of spectral equalisation of cladding-mode losses by exercising control over local apodisation along the length of a 8.5 nm 75 cm long continuously-written chirped FBG. No post-processing was used.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115936438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Performance Characteristics of Single Frequency Er3+:Yb3+ Codoped Fiber Lasers 单频Er3+:Yb3+共掺光纤激光器的性能特性
Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmc.3
W. Loh, B. Samson, L. Dong, G. Cowle, K. Hsu
{"title":"Performance Characteristics of Single Frequency Er3+:Yb3+ Codoped Fiber Lasers","authors":"W. Loh, B. Samson, L. Dong, G. Cowle, K. Hsu","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmc.3","url":null,"abstract":"For much of this decade, interest has been sustained in developing high performance single frequency Er3+-fiber lasers1-3. For robust single frequency operation, these lasers need to be only centimeters long. Early grating-based fiber lasers relied on Er-germanosilicate fibers, but lasing powers were low - μW typically1,2, due to low pump absorption in the short cavity. Increasing the Er-concentration to increase absorption is however difficult. Germanosilicate fibers are prone to ion clustering, which degrades the efficiency and destablises4,5 the laser. Thus the need to amplify the laser power to useful levels of a mW or more is a drawback where low noise sources are desired.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"388 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115609307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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