Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals最新文献

{"title":"Rise and Decay of 3.15 eV Luminescence in Germanosilicate Glass: Influence of Glass Densification","authors":"E. Dianov, V. Mashinsky, V. B. Neustruev, O. D. Sazhin, V. Sidorov","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmf.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmf.3","url":null,"abstract":"A wide variety of defects in germanosilicate glass observed in absorption and in luminescence spectra results in the energy transfer from some defects to others. Such a process was directly demonstrated by Gallagher and Osterberg1 and Bagratashvili et al.2 when 3.15 eV luminescence of germanium oxygen-deficient center (GODC) was excited by 5 eV photons. Along with usually observed decay of luminescence with about 100 µs lifetime they observed an initial rise of the luminescence with time of about 10 µs. To explain this phenomenon, Gallagher and Osterberg added to the commonly accepted scheme of GODC’s states (S0, S1 and T1) one more energy state of another defect. This state can nonradiatively transfer its excitation to the triplet state of GODC and this results in the rise of triplet-to-singlet luminescence. In this case the rate of the rise is governed by the lifetime of additional state.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123441176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochromic/photoconductive effects in cadmium-alumino fluorosilicates","authors":"L. K. Cornelius, P. A. Tick, N. F. Borelli","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.24","url":null,"abstract":"A novel interaction was observed in cadmium-alumino fluorosilicate glasses when exposed to near UV radiation. Glasses high in cadmium were observed to be photochromic. Accompanying the darkening process was a change of up to five orders of magnitude in the DC conductivity. The process involved the formation of the cadmous ion (Cd+1) as an electron trap. A thin, transparent conductive skin could also be formed by appropriate heat treatments.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130212592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Can Topological Models Tell Us About Glass Structure and Properties?","authors":"L. Hobbs","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsua.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsua.2","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic arrangements in condensed matter partition three-dimensional space into polyhedra whose edges are interatomic vectors. These polyhedra, formally known as void polytopes, fill (tesselate) space, and their identity and arrangement can provide one description of a given atomic arrangement (Figure 1a) [1]. Other tessellations associated with space-filling of random structures are Voronoi polyhedral cells [2] and their dual the Delauney network [3]. These tessellations are relatively intuitive in two dimensions, but considerably more complex in three-dimensions—for example in tetrahedral networks like SiO2—where a set of as many as 126 void polyhedra may be required to model interstitial space [1]. Because many arrangements favor particular coordination of one atom by others, owing to bond orbital, radius ratio, or local electrostatic neutrality considerations, discrete coordination polyhedra comprise a subset of the possible void polytopes, and the structure may be described by the way in which coordination polyhedra are connected together and fill space by defining the remaining void polytopes. Space filling by connected structural units was a favorite description tool of early crystal chemists [4], and in fact the connectivity of such structural polytopes (number of polytopes sharing vertices, edges and faces) has been shown to correlate with glass-forming ability and extendability of aperiodic networks [5] and to govern the amorphizability of crystalline solids [6].","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"01 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129149196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Kinetics Of Photoinduced Gratings And Paramagnetic Centers In High NA, Heavily Ge-Doped Silica Optical Fibers","authors":"T. Taunay, T. Tsai, E. Friebele, P. Niay, J. Bayon","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmf.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jmf.6","url":null,"abstract":"The achievement of UV photoinduced refractive index changes in germanosilicate fibers paved the way for the development of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based optical devices (e.g., filters, fiber lasers, sensors). Although the mechanisms underlying the UV photosensitivity are not fully understood, it is now well established that the refractive index changes are associated with a partial bleaching of an absorption band around 5 eV, arising from the Germanium Oxygen Defect Center (GODC). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the photosensitivity in germanosilicate fibers: color centers [1], stress relief [2] and compaction [3]. Depending on the Ge concentration and the experimental conditions used to write the gratings, three types of photosensitivity, type 1, type IIa and type 2 have been identified in unloaded Ge-doped silica fibers. The most commonly observed, type 1, arises in standard fibers ([GeO2] < 20 mol%) under either pulsed or cw UV exposure in the low fluence regime. Type 1 photosensitivity is characterized by a monotonie increase of both the mean refractive index and the induced refractive index modulation Δnmod under UV exposure. Unlike type 1, the most relevant feature of type IIa photosensitivity ([GeO2] > 25 mol%, ϕc ≈ 2µm) is the complex behavior of and Δnmod as a function of exposure time [4]. Indeed, with increasing UV exposure time, a partial or total bleaching of the saturated type I grating is followed by the formation of a new grating spectrum. At the time of the second grating growth, the shift experienced by the Bragg grating wavelength is nulled or slightly negative, indicating a negative refractive index change. Moreover, a noticeable difference between type 1 and type IIa photosensitivities is their markedly different thermal behavior. Type 1 gratings begin to anneal at temperatures as low as 300 C and are no longer observed at 550 C while type IIa gratings experience no annealing at temperatures below 450-500 C; a rapid decay is then observed at annealing temperatures ~600-700 C. Recent experiments have shown that the formation dynamics of type 1/IIa grating spectra are strongly affected when the gratings are written in strained fibers [5]. Using the “Photoelastic densification” model and stress dependence kinetics, it has been demonstrated that, under the assumption of a decrease in densification rate, stretching the fiber will in turn decrease the type 1 index modulation [3], [6]. Nevertheless the origin of type IIa photosensitivity in high NA Ge-doped silica fibers still remains unresolved.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"700 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122966424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chalcogenide glasses with high nonlinear refractive index","authors":"F. Smektala, C. Quémard, L. Leneindre, J. Lucas, A. Barthélémy, C. de Angelis","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.33","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption of several chalcogenide glasses have been measured by the Z-scan method at 1.05 μm in order to evaluate their capability to be used in telecommunication all optical ultrafast switching devices. Value obtained for the reference glass As2S3, well known to present nonlinearities several orders of magnitude higher than silica glass, agree to those found in the literature. Glasses in the GeSe and GeSeAs systems have been characterized. Values of nonlinear refractive index four times higher than those of as2s3 have been obtained for a GeSeAs glass.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126185499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV and thermal poling of germanosilicate fibre","authors":"Y. Quiquempois, G. Martinelli, P. Bernage, M. Douay, P. Niay, E. Delevaque, H. Poignant, B. Loisel, J. Bayon","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bmg.8","url":null,"abstract":"The non-zero second order susceptibility obtained by poling a glass is generally explained by the creation of a permanent frozen electric field EDC which breaks the centro-symmetry of the glass. Multiplying the third order susceptibility tensor terms by EDC gives rise to second order non zero terms according to the relation (1) So, after a poling process applied to a fiber, a linear (Pockels) non-zero electrooptic coefficient r333 appears.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125714581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-reflecting narrow-band fiber optical Fabry-Perot transmission filter","authors":"D. Johlen, P. Klose, A. Ewald, E. Brinkmeyer","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsuc.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.bsuc.5","url":null,"abstract":"Tilted Bragg gratings have been used for intermodal conversion in dual-mode fibers [1]. In this paper we demonstrate that such gratings in combined single-mode/dual mode structures are attractive for optical filter design. In particular, this concept is used here to realize narrowband Fabry-Perot transmission filters which - unlike ordinary FP-resonators - do not reflect the incident light at either side of the transmission peak.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130589625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pr3+ and Dy3+-doped Ge-S-I glasses suitable for active fiber optic devices","authors":"V. Krasteva, G. Sigel, S. Semjonov, M. Bubnov","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.25","url":null,"abstract":"Pr3+ and Dy3+-doped Ge-S-I glasses were synthesized and their optical properties studied for active photonic device applications, such as optical fiber amplifiers at 1.31 μm and mid-IR fiber lasers. Absorption and emission spectra in the near-IR, recorded in doped Ge-S-I samples, are very similar to these observed in Ge-Ga-S glasses. Judd-Ofelt analysis of Dy3+-doped Ge-S-I glasses was used to evaluate their radiative properties. The measured high quantum efficiencies of 1.31 μm transitions (82% for Pr3+-doped and 17% for Dy3+-doped Ge-S-I bulk glass samples) place them among the glass candidates with best emission parameters. Thermal analysis data have been utilized to identify compositions with suitable stability against crystallization during drawing process. Fibers with losses of 3 dB/m at 1.31 μm have been successfully fabricated from Pr3+-doped Ge-S-I glasses.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133659510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fiber Bragg Gratings With Reflectivity > 97% Fabricated Through Polymer Jacket Using Near-UV Light","authors":"D. Starodubov, V. Grubsky, J. Feinberg, E. Dianov, S. Semjonov, A. Guryanov, N. N. Vechkanov","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.pdp1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.pdp1","url":null,"abstract":"Fiber Bragg gratings are important components for a variety of applications including WDM communications, fiber lasers and fiber sensors. An expensive and time consuming step for Bragg grating fabrication is the removal of the protective polymer coating of the fiber in order to expose the photosensitive fiber core [1]. Removing the fiber’s polymer jacket and exposing the glass cladding surface to the atmosphere and UV light also substantially decreases the strength of the fiber [2,3].","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124795526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volume grating recording in fluorinated silicate glasses","authors":"L. Glebov, L. Glebova, M. Moharam, K. Richardson, V. Smirnov","doi":"10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/bgppf.1997.jsue.11","url":null,"abstract":"Sodium-zinc-aluminum-silicate glasses doped with silver, cerium, fluorine, and bromine were melted in 100 cc fused silica crucibles in an electrical furnace. The polished glass plates were exposed to UV radiation of a He-Cd laser at 325 nm. Spatial frequencies of the interference patterns written ranged from 500 to 700 l/mm. Exposed samples under went heat treatment at temperatures from 500 to 520 °C to produce photoinduced crystallization. The thickness of gratings formed were from 1 mm to 10 mm. High diffraction efficiencies up to 75% and losses less than 10% have been obtained in these glasses for exposure doses of 100 mJ/cm2. The dependence of the grating properties on glass composition and thermodevelopment schedule is studied.","PeriodicalId":182420,"journal":{"name":"Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Fibers and Waveguides: Applications and Fundamentals","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125952534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}