Limnology and Oceanography: Methods最新文献

{"title":"Development of a moored radium in situ sampler to measure annual time series","authors":"Lauren Kipp,&nbsp;Matthew A. Charette,&nbsp;Paul Henderson,&nbsp;Joshua Benedict,&nbsp;Igor Polyakov,&nbsp;Andrey Pnyushkov","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Radium is a useful tracer of sediment-derived materials, improving our understanding of the geochemical cycling of elements at ocean boundaries. We have developed an autonomous in situ sampler to collect time series samples of radium isotopes on mooring deployments. Samplers were deployed for 2 yr in the Arctic Ocean, a region particularly hard to access outside of the summer season, and collected monthly samples to create the first annual time series of radium-228 and radium-226 in the Arctic. Results from the Laptev Slope show increased radium-228 and radium-228/radium-226 ratios in spring/summer, concomitant with increased meteoric water and brine influence. Together, these tracers indicate seasonal periods of increased influence of shelf- and river-derived materials, findings which would not be possible to discern from summertime shipboard surveys alone. The development of this in situ sampler has therefore expanded our capability to use radium as a tracer to discern temporal changes in the geochemistry of remote areas of the ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved COI taxonomic assignment workflow enhances detection of invertebrates in environmental DNA","authors":"Yuanyu Cheng,&nbsp;David Walsh,&nbsp;Joanna Gauthier,&nbsp;Marie-Eve Monchamp,&nbsp;Daniel T. Selbie,&nbsp;Irene Gregory-Eaves","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an increasingly popular and powerful tool in ecology, offering a non-invasive method to assess biodiversity and monitor ecosystem health across diverse environments. While the mitochondrial cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is one of the most widely used markers for studying eukaryotic community dynamics, its taxonomic assignment process often suffers from low confidence and inconsistent results. In this study, we employed COI metabarcoding to investigate changes in invertebrate communities in Cultus Lake (British Columbia, Canada), over a 36-month time series. To enhance taxonomic accuracy, we developed an enhanced COI workflow incorporating: (1) bacterial-inclusive reference databases, (2) protein-level alignment and cleanup procedures, and (3) taxon-specific nucleotide refinements, thereby accounting for bacterial sequences, codon degeneracy, pseudogenes, and other erroneous sequences. Compared to 18S rRNA metabarcoding of the same samples, our improved COI workflow detected greater invertebrate diversity in Arthropoda and Rotifera, provided higher taxonomic resolution, and showed stronger correlations with microscopic zooplankton counts. Based on these findings, we recommend COI metabarcoding with our enhanced workflow for eDNA-based studies of aquatic invertebrate communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting potential Arctic kelp distribution and lower-depth biomass from seafloor irradiance","authors":"Laura Castro de la Guardia,&nbsp;Inka Bartsch,&nbsp;Haakon Hop,&nbsp;Sarina Niedzwiedz,&nbsp;Luisa Düsedau,&nbsp;Nora Diehl,&nbsp;Dorte Krause-Jensen,&nbsp;Mikael Sejr,&nbsp;Thomas Gjerfluff Ager,&nbsp;Jean-Pierre Gattuso,&nbsp;Robert W. Schlegel,&nbsp;Cale A. Miller,&nbsp;Karen Filbee-Dexter,&nbsp;Pedro Duarte","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kelps have an extensive distribution in Arctic coastal waters. However, quantifying their role in the Arctic food web and carbon cycle is challenged by the scarcity of documented geographical distribution, standing stocks and production. Here we present a framework based on an empirical function to predict the potential kelp distribution and their summer biomass as a function of seafloor irradiance and bathymetry. Predictions of biomass were limited to the lower-depth, light-limited range of the kelp distribution, where the fit of the empirical function was significant (from the depth of maximum biomass to the deepest kelp extent). The model was developed and tested in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, and applied in six additional fjords in the Arctic. The predicted potential kelp biomass in the fjords ranged from 0.6 to 4.7 kg WW m⁻² and was in good agreement with published values. The resulting kelp standing stock ranged from 0.4 to 300 Gg DW, corresponding to 0.2–109 Gg C. These potential estimates account for light limitation, but do not consider substrata or other factors limiting the kelp distribution area. We identified fjord-specific dependencies between predicted standing stocks and seafloor irradiance and between seafloor irradiance and its drivers (surface irradiance and water column light attenuation) but found no significant change between 2004 and 2022. Our framework provides a baseline for estimating potential kelp biomass from seafloor irradiance, which is expected to change with increasing sediment runoff causing coastal darkening.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first application of secondary ion mass spectrometry for the analysis of δ18O in otoliths of larval fish","authors":"Alanna Mnich,&nbsp;Mingming Zhang,&nbsp;Trika Gerard,&nbsp;Patricia Reglero,&nbsp;Steven X. Cadrin,&nbsp;Mark Altabet","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The stable isotope ratio of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) stored in otoliths is a common and reliable tool for studying life history events including natal origin and migratory behavior of marine fish species. This approach is useful particularly in cases where traditional tagging is impossible, such as in early larval stages. However, small amounts of available otolith material have historically precluded analysis of δ¹⁸O in individual larval otoliths by traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The use of secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) resolves this challenge, allowing users to obtain δ¹⁸O signatures in otoliths at the scale of tens of microns. This paper presents a method for the preparation of larval fish otoliths compatible with SIMS δ¹⁸O analysis through placement of larval otoliths (~ 20 to ~ 150 <i>μ</i>m diameter) on a single epoxy mount and use of a Cesium ion beam, ¹³³Cs⁺, of 12 <i>μ</i>m in diameter with 1 <i>μ</i>m penetration depth to excite source larval otolith material. In this pilot study, otoliths from Atlantic bluefin tuna (<i>Thunnus thynnus</i>) larvae were used to assess the efficacy of generating quality δ¹⁸O data using the newly developed preparation method for establishing spawning site baselines. The applied methods led to usable δ¹⁸O signatures in &gt; 90% of the otoliths selected for analysis. Challenges and unanticipated considerations that became apparent during the use of this method include the inverse relationship between ¹⁶OH⁻/¹⁶O⁻, an indicator of hydrogen content, and δ¹⁸O, resulting in a limitation of using otoliths from preflexion larvae, as well as a statistically significant difference in δ¹⁸O (−0.17‰) after storage in Type B immersion oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147626377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A refined method for phosphite detection in freshwater ecosystems","authors":"Songjie Han,&nbsp;Wenqiang Zhang,&nbsp;Chunfu Li,&nbsp;Shengguang Yuan,&nbsp;Baoqing Shan","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1002/lom3.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The prevalent existence of phosphite in the contemporary, oxidizing aquatic environments is noteworthy, and its overlooked role in the phosphorus cycle needs further elucidation. While existing methods for quantifying phosphite have limited applicability due to inherent constraints. We propose a novel approach that integrates various techniques, termed diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)–ion chromatography (IC)–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS), which differs from traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–ICP-MS. This method converts the detection target of P⁺ (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i> = 31) to PO⁺ (<i>m</i>/<i>z</i> = 47), effectively mitigating MS interference and enhancing detection performance, enabling the method detection limit to 0.033 <i>μ</i>g P L⁻¹, significantly lower than that of the HPLC–ICP-MS. Under the premise of separation of IC, the precision (coefficient of variation= 0.6–1.4%) and accuracy (recovery = 98.2–99.6%) were tested as excellent for the phosphite measurement range from low to high concentration. When combined with the enrichment of DGT, even the amount of phosphite below the method detection limit can be determined, applications of this method to the natural samples with complex matrix ensure that the &gt; 95.2% recovery accurately quantifies phosphite. This method reduced the method detection limit for phosphite and realized the accurate quantitative analysis, providing an important basis for further studys of phosphite in freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147330719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the BenthoTorch using lake periphyton: A comparison of attached cyanobacterial biomass estimates","authors":"Abby M. Webster,&nbsp;Trevor Massey,&nbsp;Lisa B. Cleckner,&nbsp;Gregory L. Boyer,&nbsp;N. Roxanna Razavi","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Simple monitoring methods for benthic cyanobacteria are lacking, especially in lentic systems. Traditional methods to estimate biomass, such as Chlorophyll-<i>a</i> or phycocyanin measurements, are complicated by benthic cyanobacteria's ability to adapt under variable light conditions. In response, benthic cyanobacteria adjust the phycobiliprotein (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin) content in their phycobilisome complex, leading to potential underestimation of biomass if the chosen method does not account for both pigments. Here, we assessed the utility of the BenthoTorch, an in situ fluorometric tool, against in vitro fluorometry, a common benchtop method, in estimating cyanobacterial biomass in periphyton from lakes ranging in productivity and light intensity. We propose a new change point, the first that is specific to cyanobacterial biomass, for the BenthoTorch's comparability to the benchtop method: at 0.5 <i>μ</i>g cyanobacterial biomass cm⁻² determined in vitro, above which high variability between estimates was observed. Using a larger dataset of phycoerythrin-containing periphyton than has been previously assessed, we found that the presence of phycoerythrin did not directly affect the correlation between methods, but evidence suggests higher phycoerythrin content may lead to greater discrepancy. We found that the Turner Trilogy benchtop fluorometer's phycocyanin and phycoerythrin modules are not methodologically independent, and the two pigments are not distinctly quantified by the fluorometer if existing in the same sample. We offer recommendations to consider before applying either of these methods in similar systems when direct measurements (i.e., biovolumes) are not available and suggest that researchers have preliminary knowledge of expected productivity and taxonomy of periphyton communities prior to method selection.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between acoustic scattering layers and ocean stratification: An acoustic approach to estimate mixed layer depth","authors":"Fabio Campanella,&nbsp;Jeroen van der Kooij,&nbsp;Liam Fernand","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocean stratification, measured as mixed layer depth (MLD), is an important feature that influences many processes in the ocean; for example, by mediating the fluxes of momentum, heat and crucially key gases such as CO₂ and oxygen from the atmosphere into the water column and vice versa. The conventional methods to measure stratification (e.g., Conductivity, Temperature and Depth profiling from ARGO floats) are limited in terms of spatial and temporal coverage especially in shelf sea areas and can be expensive to conduct. Several studies have highlighted the possibility of detecting water stratification using active acoustic measurements by scientific echosounders that are able to provide high spatial and temporal resolution data, which can be collected continuously, including on surveys carrying out other tasks. In this work we apply a method to detect and map the distribution of stratification by using narrowband echosounder data collected over an area that included the Western English Channel and Celtic Sea from 2012 to 2019. The approach is based on the identification of the scattering layers located at the depth of the thermocline that can be attributed to biological scattering or scattering from the oceanic microstructure. The relationship between the thermocline and the scattering layers was modeled using machine learning methods to predict the intensity and extent of the stratification. The methodology developed within this project can offer the opportunity for wide-scale routine application on surveys where acoustic data are collected for other purposes (e.g., fisheries survey) and it can also be applied to datasets already collected.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147653325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A low-cost, automated, and adaptable system for field-based measurement of pCO2, pCH4, and associated variables in groundwater","authors":"Madeline McChesney Every,&nbsp;Jesse T. Dugan,&nbsp;John D. Kessler","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Groundwater Automated Chemical Examiner (GrACE) is an automated analytical system of integrated sensors for the field-based measurement of chemical and physical properties of groundwater. The GrACE system was designed to explore parameters influencing the dissolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and methane (pCH₄) in groundwater, incorporating one of two equilibrator designs to measure dissolved gas partial pressures. The pCO₂ sensor has an operating range of 200–100,000 <i>μ</i>atm with an accuracy and precision of 17% and 27.5%, respectively, while the pCH₄ sensor has a range of 800–8000 <i>μ</i>atm and an accuracy and precision of 3% and 3.2%, respectively, over a month-long measurement campaign without recalibration. The e-folding response times to changes in pCO₂ and pCH₄ are 41.7–50.3 and 103–173 s, respectively. Field trials using the GrACE system found fluctuations in CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations of over 1270 and 12 <i>μ</i>mol L⁻¹, respectively, in a 24-h period strongly correlated with variability in groundwater volume. These results reveal that the response times of the analytical system are &gt; 30 times shorter than short-term environmental variations measured here. Complementary measurements of water temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, turbidity, water depth, and dissolved oxygen (pO₂) are also conducted by the GrACE system. The GrACE system uses open-source code and relatively low-cost, low-power 5 V sensors, several of which are “plug-and-play,” enabling (i) modifications to the design presented here for changing experimental conditions and (ii) deployments in remote locations lasting weeks to months using solar powered batteries so both short-term (hours to days) and longer-term (seasonal) processes can be explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147288246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using physics-informed neural networks to quantify submarine groundwater discharge under high-frequency tidal dynamics using heat as a tracer","authors":"S. Frei,&nbsp;M. U. Munir,&nbsp;A. M. Seiverth,&nbsp;B. S. Gilfedder","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Estimating exchange rates of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) at high temporal resolution over extended periods remains challenging, particularly when using heat as a tracer in highly dynamic environments such as tidal systems. Currently available heat transport models struggle to accurately quantify SGD exchange rates in these settings, where sharp transitions and high-frequency fluctuations in hydrodynamic forcings cannot be reproduced with current inverse optimization methods. This study evaluates the ability of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to overcome these limitations through inverse modeling of temperature derived Darcy fluxes. Three case studies—a synthetic step-function transition, a synthetic tidal pumping scenario, both published datasets, and measurements from a field-scale tidal creek (Texel, Netherlands)—were used to test and validate the PINN approach. Unlike conventional methods such as VFLUX and 1DTEMPRO, which exhibited delays and inaccuracies when tidal cycles influence groundwater fluxes on sub-daily to daily frequencies, the PINN successfully predicted exchange fluxes driven by the K1 (24-h) and M2 (12-h) tidal cycles with a high degree of accuracy. Spectral analysis confirmed the PINNs ability to precisely estimate the impact of multi-scale tidal signals on SGD dynamics at a sub-daily resolution. This work highlight PINN as a powerful inversion method when using heat as a tracer in highly dynamic environments, offering new insights into the complex interplay between tidal signals and SGD in coastal systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146256502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating climate change scenarios established by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in aquatic mesocosms","authors":"Tauany Rodrigues,&nbsp;Aldo Caccavo,&nbsp;Saulo Jacques,&nbsp;Luiza O. Costa,&nbsp;Vinicius F. Farjalla,&nbsp;Aliny P. F. Pires","doi":"10.1002/lom3.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate change poses a major threat to ecosystems worldwide, with temperature changes being a key driver of ecological disruption in aquatic environments due to the limited ability of many aquatic species to relocate in response. Despite advances in aquatic experimental approaches to temperature control, most studies rely on simplified warming models that fail to capture the temporal complexity projected in climate change scenarios. Bridging the gap between predictive modeling and realistic field simulations remains a key challenge in climate research. Here, we present a novel method for simulating projected temperature changes predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in field-based aquatic mesocosms. We manipulated temperature trajectories according to three climate scenarios represented by historical baseline conditions, a mitigation (RCP 4.5), and a business-as-usual (RCP 8.5) future scenario for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We employed an automated temperature control system, the Nayad Limno device, designed to replicate projected temperature trajectories with high precision within a 3-h window. The Nayad Limno device achieved an overall accuracy of 95% in maintaining target temperatures across all scenarios, with low error margins (mean absolute deviation &lt; 0.1°C; root mean squared error &lt; 1.0°C). Time series and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with eXogenous variable analyses supported strong alignment between observed and modeled temperatures, despite sensor-level variability. The system can be readily adapted to diverse experimental contexts by following the methodology established here, using low-cost and commercially available components. Our approach enhances the realism of climate change simulations in aquatic environments, offering a flexible and scalable framework for investigating ecosystem responses under projected climate scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":18145,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography: Methods","volume":"24 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lom3.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147288310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}