Lichun Hao, He Yang, Ang Li, Haiqing Song, Jingjian He, Yuxiang Liang
{"title":"Study on the High-Temperature Bearing Test and Thermal-Oxidative Process of Aviation Lubricating Oils","authors":"Lichun Hao, He Yang, Ang Li, Haiqing Song, Jingjian He, Yuxiang Liang","doi":"10.1002/ls.1746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1746","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>With the development of aviation engine technology, the temperature in the lubricating system continues to rise. It is expected that aviation lubricating oils should have excellent thermal-oxidative stability. The high-temperature deposit and oil degradation characteristic test is adopted to evaluate the thermal stability of aviation lubricating oils in the performance specifications. In this study, a high-temperature bearing test machine was established first, and two typical aviation lubricating oils were measured by this developed test machine. The thermal-oxidative processes and ageing mechanisms of the aviation lubricating oils in the high-temperature bearing test were analysed. Moreover, the extreme-pressure and anti-wear performances of the aviation lubricating oils before and after the bearing test were studied. Experimental results indicated that the established high-temperature bearing test machine had good discriminability, and the high-temperature bearing test could meet the standard method requirements. Viscosity and total acid number (TAN) of the two aviation lubricating oils gradually increased with the high-temperature bearing test time. Antioxidants and anti-wear and extreme-pressure additives were consumed during the bearing test. Compared with dioctyldiphenylamine (DODPA), the antioxidant additive <i>n</i>-phenyl-<i>α</i>-naphthylamine (<i>α</i>-NPA) exhibited higher antioxidant activity under test conditions. The thermal-oxidative degradation of the aviation lubricating oils involved complex physical and chemical processes. The effects of the thermal oxidation on the extreme-pressure and anti-wear performances of the two aviation lubricating oils were significantly different.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 4","pages":"264-275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dynamic Investigation of Deep Groove Ball Bearings With Localised Failure of Outer Ring Considering the Effect of Starved Lubrication","authors":"Zhongtang Huo, Jianqi Chen, Lingjuan Hao, Jiansong Gao","doi":"10.1002/ls.1750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1750","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vibration response of locally defective ball bearings is closely related to their lubrication conditions. Previous bearing dynamics models mainly regarded the lubrication state as the ideal lubrication condition and failed to reveal the effect of insufficient lubricant on the vibration behaviour of defective bearings. In this paper, the interaction within the system under starvation condition was considered, and a dynamics model of defective Deep groove ball bearing (DGBB) with insufficient lubricant was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified experimentally. The results showed that the outer ring failure through frequency was modulated by the cage rotational speed, and the increase of the degree of starved lubrication significantly increased the friction, which led to the increase of cage rotational speed, and ultimately led to the increase of failure frequency. At the same time, the increase in rotational speed made the slipping phenomenon more serious, leading to an increase in the deviation rate of the failure frequency at the same starved degree. The results of the study are useful for fault diagnosis and condition monitoring of related equipment.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 5","pages":"315-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fengqi Fan, Xinran Geng, Kang Zhou, Hai Yu, Chaoliang Wei, Huiying Lv
{"title":"High-Throughput Molecular Dynamics Calculations and Machine Learning Prediction of the Adsorption Properties of Ammonium Phosphate Esters on Metal Surfaces","authors":"Fengqi Fan, Xinran Geng, Kang Zhou, Hai Yu, Chaoliang Wei, Huiying Lv","doi":"10.1002/ls.1752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1752","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, we employed high-throughput all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the adsorption properties of various carbon chain lengths and branching forms of phosphate ester anions on metal surfaces. Two layers of high-throughput concurrent parallel algorithms were applied in the calculations. The results indicate that both chain length and branching forms influence the magnitude of the adsorption free energy. Longer carbon chains result in larger adsorption free energy, while more complex branching forms lead to smaller adsorption free energy. The analysis suggests that chain length and branching complexity have dual effects. As the carbon chain length increases, on the one hand, more adsorption sites between the molecule and the metal substrate are created, thereby increasing the adsorption free energy. On the other hand, more chemical bonds exist between adsorption sites, enhancing the pulling forces between atoms and reducing the adsorption effect. Furthermore, we employed a machine learning approach to establish a quantitative relationship between descriptors of phosphate ester anions and adsorption free energy. This work offers a universal high-throughput computational approach and machine learning prediction strategy for the molecular dynamics calculations of the adsorption properties of organic molecules on metal surfaces.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 5","pages":"328-335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wear Condition Evolution of Cylinder Liner-Piston Ring on the Two-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Through Long-Term Monitoring and Analysis of Cylinder Oil","authors":"Yicong Xu, Zhiwei Guo, Xiang Rao, Huabin Yin, Shaoli Jiang, Mingding Wu, Liwei Zhou, Chengqing Yuan","doi":"10.1002/ls.1748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1748","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, stringent policies on low-sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) usage in the shipping industry have raised concerns regarding the reliability of two-stroke marine engines. This study conducts a longitudinal investigation of the main engine on a wood-pulp carrier fuelled with LSFO, aiming to underlying causes of cylinder wear and develop solutions. Throughout an operation period of roughly 2500 h, drain oil was sampled with the following characteristics evaluated: viscosity, basicity, moisture contents, ferrography and compound containment, as well as the concentration of trace elements, seeking to monitor the wear and lubrication status of a two-stroke marine engine. The comparative analysis of representative lubricant samples revealed that the severity of cylinder wear intensifies with engine operation when using LSFO, transitioning from rubbing wear to fatigue, cutting and sliding wear, with the corrosion-induced wear being prevalent even during the early stage of the engine lifecycle. Meanwhile, intermittent replacement of high alkalinity cylinder oil has been proven an effective solution for improving cleanliness, mitigating cylinder wear and lubricant degradation. Viscosity and basicity with high sensitivity can serve as control parameters to determine the necessity of oil replacement. To prevent the generation of severe corrosive wear, intervals for oil replacement are advised to exceed no more than 500 h.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 4","pages":"283-302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143949990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Yang, Jingfu Chen, Tobias Amann, Chengqing Yuan, Ke Li
{"title":"Improved Oxidation Stability of 1,3-Diketone Superlubricity Fluid Using a Butylated Hydroxytoluene Additive","authors":"Yan Yang, Jingfu Chen, Tobias Amann, Chengqing Yuan, Ke Li","doi":"10.1002/ls.1747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1747","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As an oil-based superlubricity material on steel surfaces, 1,3-diketone fluid is promising for the friction reduction of mechanical devices. However, the unsaturation of its molecular structure would potentially cause the oxidation problem in industrial applications. In this study, the oxidation mechanism of diketone fluid 1-(4-ethyl phenyl) nonane-1,3-dione (EPND) was discovered through the accelerated oxidation experiment in an oven. By doping butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) anti-oxidation additive at an optimal concentration of 0.5%, both the oxidation onset temperature (OOT) and oxidation induction time (OIT) of EPND could be enhanced to a comparable level of 4121 commercial oil, which is a fully-formulated lubricant with a similar viscosity to EPND. Moreover, the friction test verified that the incorporated BHT additive induced negligible influence on the superlubricity performance of EPND. The result of this study is helpful for improving the weakness of the diketone superlubricity system and promotes a further step in its practical applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 4","pages":"276-282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lubrication Characteristics of Tilting Oil Pad Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing Applied to a Heavy CNC Machine Under Eccentric Load Conditions","authors":"Xiaodong Yu, Xianghui Wu, Xiuli Meng, Wenzhuo Qiao, Yankun Sun, Wenjie Ma, Ruichao Li, Ruichun Dai, Wentao Jia, Jianhua Jiao, Junfeng Wang, Hui Jiang","doi":"10.1002/ls.1749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1749","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When the hydrostatic thrust bearing is machining parts, the machined parts are easily disturbed by external factors and deviate from the centre of the workbench so that the hydrostatic thrust bearing is in the state of eccentric load. In order to explore the lubrication characteristics of hydrostatic thrust bearings under eccentric load conditions, the hydrostatic thrust bearing with 12 tilting oil pads is taken as the research object in this paper. Based on the tribology principle and lubrication theory, the flow equation, load capacity equation and oil film thickness equation of double rectangular oil cavity are derived from the working and structural parameters of hydrostatic thrust bearing. The matching relationship between load and oil film thickness is obtained. The effects of rotational speed, load, and offset distance on the oil film pressure field and temperature field are studied. The experimental platform of hydrostatic thrust bearing is built to verify the correctness of the simulation method of the oil film temperature field and pressure field.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 5","pages":"303-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144657546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rubalya Valantina S., Ghousiya Begum K., Amsavahini S., Janani S., Monisha G.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence–Based Characterisation of Eco-Friendly TiO2-Based Nanofluid Blended With Moringa oleifera Oil","authors":"Rubalya Valantina S., Ghousiya Begum K., Amsavahini S., Janani S., Monisha G.","doi":"10.1002/ls.1733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1733","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Characterisation of eco-friendly biodegradable lubricant is a significant investigation in the replacement of the toxic mineral/synthetic oil that creates a negative impact on health. In this study, the nanoparticle titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) was synthesised by the coprecipitate method and dispersed in the palm oil blended with \u0000 <i>Moringa oleifera</i>\u0000 seed oil (enriched palm oil-EPO) to prepare a biodegradable lubricant. Structural and compositional analysis of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles was carried out using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR). The biodegradable lubricant nature of TiO<sub>2</sub> dispersed at different volume fractions in EPO was investigated by varying viscosity and density with temperature (30°C–60°C), and the Brownian motion of the particle in the oil was studied through the diffusion constant, diffusion time and Brownian velocity. The biodegradable lubricant nature of TiO<sub>2</sub> has been analysed using machine learning (ML) techniques that categorise the lubricant nature of the blended oil.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 4","pages":"251-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143950036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of Lubrication Viscosity on Dynamic Characteristics of Full-Ceramic Bearings","authors":"Zhan Wang, Zhenpeng Liu, Zinan Wang, Peng Zhou, Shiyu Xing","doi":"10.1002/ls.1738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1738","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Full-ceramic bearings possess numerous exceptional attributes, such as enhanced rigidity and superior resistance to wear. Nevertheless, full-ceramic bearings consistently encounter elevated temperatures for extended periods of high-speed operation, which easily affect the processing performance of the equipment. Lubrication viscosity has a significant effect on bearing heat generation, so it is meaningful to approach the effect of lubrication viscosity with respect to the dynamics of full-ceramic bearings. Full-ceramic angular contact ball bearings are treated as research objects to analyse their optimal working condition in this article. A coupled fluid–solid simulation model is constructed for analysis of the fluid and solid in the bearing cavity. First, at the conditions of different lubricant viscosity, the oil volume distribution, temperature field distribution in the bearing cavity is analysed. Then, the vibration characteristics of the inner ring is examined by constructing a dynamic model of the inner ring. Meanwhile, temperature and vibration variation of full-ceramic bearings are verified through experiments under different rotational speeds. The results show that the lubricant volume distribution inside the bearing cavity is nonuniformly distributed, which the lubricant is mainly located in the outer ring groove position. Moreover, elevating the lubricant viscosity within a certain range promotes the enhancement of bearing lubrication properties. The maximum error of the bearing temperature between the simulation results and the experiment is 7.592%. Ultimately, the simulation analysis is validated through experiments, and it provides a theoretical foundation for selecting optimal parameters for the oil–air lubrication of full-ceramic bearing.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"237-249"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bin Lin, Ling Pan, Jiating Tang, Shiyang Tan, Jun Zhang
{"title":"Lubrication Performance and Wear Mechanism of Double-Circular-Arc Spiral Bevel Gears for Nutation Drive in Mixed Lubrication","authors":"Bin Lin, Ling Pan, Jiating Tang, Shiyang Tan, Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ls.1737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1737","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication model is combined with a wear model under mixed lubrication to investigate the lubrication performance and wear characteristics of double-circular-arc spiral bevel gears for nutation drive. Moreover, the effects of operating conditions on the characteristic parameters of the film are analysed under the mixed lubrication point-contact conditions. Furthermore, the characteristics of gears in terms of friction coefficient and wear depth are discussed. According to the results, the performance of lubrication and wear during the mutual meshing of the convex tooth surface of the external bevel gear and the concave tooth surface of the inner bevel gear is better than that during the mutual meshing of the other pair of tooth surfaces. The minimum film thickness of the whole meshing process occurs near the inner of the bevel gear due to the joint action of the load and the end edge effect. Moreover, an increase in torque at a certain rotational speed is favourable to the lubrication performance of the meshing process. The wear depth in the double-circular-arc spiral bevel gears' meshing process is heavily influenced by the roughness of the tooth surface.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"222-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wear Simulations of Involute Harmonic Gear Under Mixed Lubrication Condition","authors":"Yi Shen, Tao He, Jiangkai Feng","doi":"10.1002/ls.1735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.1735","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Harmonic gears are widely used in precise space technology, robotic, medical equipment and other fields, while the magnitude of surface topography changes due to wear is usually comparable to or larger than the original surface roughness and elastic deformation, leading to severe transmission failures. This paper reports a numerical approach to simulate the lubrication status considering wear evolution based on mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) and Archard models, in which the Reynolds equation is solved with finite difference method and surface deformation is calculated by the discrete convolution-fast Fourier transform (DC-FFT) algorithm. The interfacial pressure and film thickness distributions are validated by comparison with available results from literature. The harmonic gear lubrication and wear performances are calculated, including effects of machined surface, velocity, load, wear time and material properties, and the results suggest that avoiding long-term and high-torque working with a large wear coefficient can effectively prevent surface wear failure, which is beneficial for increasing the harmonic gears' lifespan.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":18114,"journal":{"name":"Lubrication Science","volume":"37 3","pages":"208-221"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143530574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}