Legume Science最新文献

{"title":"Identification of stable chickpeas under dryland conditions by mixed models","authors":"Rahmatollah Karimizadeh,&nbsp;Payam Pezeshkpour,&nbsp;Amir Mirzaee,&nbsp;Mohammad Barzali,&nbsp;Peyman Sharifi,&nbsp;Ehsan Allah Khoshkhoy Nilash,&nbsp;Soheil Roshanravan,&nbsp;Mohammad Reza Safari Motlagh","doi":"10.1002/leg3.206","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.206","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) is one of the most important legume crops, mainly grown in tropical and subtropical climates. Evaluation of yield performance in crops under multienvironments is applied to verify the stability of cultivars. The aim of this study is to apply the analytical and experimental models to identify the high-yielding and stable genotypes of chickpea under dryland conditions. Sixteen chickpea lines and two control cultivars were cultivated in randomized complete block design with three replications in four regions at three cropping seasons (2016–2019). Third type of biplot showed that G4, G15, G10, G9, and G18 were highly productive and widely stable. A selection index based on different weights of seed yield and WAASB stability indicated genotypes G7, G9, G15, G4, G16, G18, G12, and G5 were high yielding and stable. Data mining showed that high rainfall in winter can lead to high yield. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis indicated that rainfall in autumn and spring and low temperature in all of the three seasons involved in genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Factorial regression (FR) also indicated that temperature during spring and winter plays an important role in GEI. In conclusion, based on all experimental approaches, G15, G16, and G5 were stable and high-yielding genotypes. The PLSR biplot indicated G15 was the genotype that less affected by high temperature in three seasons and lack of rainfall in spring and autumn, it can be used in cultivar introduction processes for dryland cultivation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135206862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A narrative review on nutritional and health benefits of underutilized summer crop to address agriculture challenges: Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia L.)","authors":"Jyoti Rani,&nbsp;Sanju Bala Dhull,&nbsp;Joyce Kinabo,&nbsp;Mohd. Kashif Kidwai,&nbsp;Amit Sangwan","doi":"10.1002/leg3.204","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.204","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A reasonable plant-based protein supply needs to be found in order to fight protein undernourishment, especially in developing nations. One of the most prominent and underutilized members of the Fabaceae family, moth bean (<i>Vigna aconitifolia</i> L.), has outstanding nutritional and bioactive components. Moth bean is a tropical crop and has ability to grow well at arid and semiarid areas. In addition to vitamins, minerals, lipids, fatty acid, and carbohydrate, moth bean seeds also provide an abundant protein source. Furthermore, the antioxidant and phenolic content of moth bean seeds is also high. If consumed on a regular basis, moth bean legume possesses countless beneficial effect on health and immune system, including the ability to prevent obesity, diabetes, and cardiac diseases in humans. This review focuses on the uses, improved varieties, adaptive constrain, nutritional bioavailability, and health benefits of <i>V. aconitifolia</i> seeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48518873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of bioactive compounds in faba bean using infrared spectroscopy","authors":"Joel B. Johnson,&nbsp;Kerry B. Walsh,&nbsp;Mani Naiker","doi":"10.1002/leg3.203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Faba bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>) is growing in popularity in Australia, partly due to its higher levels of health-benefiting compounds compared to other grain crops. This study investigated infrared spectroscopy for predicting levels of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and phenolics in faba bean flour. Calibration models were performed on 60 samples of faba bean, comprising 10 varieties grown across two field locations in 1 year. For model validation, an independent test set comprising the same varieties grown in a different year was utilised. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) showed promise for the prediction of total phenolic content, with an R²_pred of 0.66 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 76 mg/100 g. Similarly, prediction of ferric reducing antioxidant power, a measure of antioxidant activity, gave an R²_pred of 0.59 and RMSEP of 87 mg/100 g. Additionally, moving window optimisation was used to determine the most important wavelength region for the prediction of these analytes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy did not yield any suitable models for the analytes investigated. Although the NIRS models developed were not capable of exactly quantifying phenolic or antioxidant content, infrared spectroscopy appears useful for rapidly discriminating between samples containing high and low levels of phenolics or antioxidant compounds. With further refinement, this technique could potentially be applied for the quality assurance of phenolic content or antioxidant capacity in faba bean seeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42386198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumption patterns and usage of selected underutilized legumes in a Ghanaian community","authors":"Pearl Boamah Agyekum,&nbsp;Jannika Dombrowski,&nbsp;Herman E. Lutterodt,&nbsp;Isaac W. Ofosu","doi":"10.1002/leg3.202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Underutilized legumes are a good source of plant proteins, but they exhibit a hard-to-cook nature and poor digestibility due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. This study focused on the factors that drive the utilization of selected underutilized legumes in the Techiman municipality of Ghana. The legumes studied were <i>Vigna subterrenea</i> (Bambara groundnut), <i>Cajanus cajan</i> (Pigeon pea), <i>Phaseolus lunatus</i> (Lima bean), <i>Parkia biglobosa</i> (African Locust bean), and <i>Canavalia gladiata</i> (Sword bean). The survey provided insight into the familiarity, uses, preparation methods, and the extent of knowledge of their nutritional benefits. The demographics of the participants studied were also described, and statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the legumes were well recognized despite their underutilized status and they find use primarily in domestic savory food preparation. Consumption was mostly occasional despite the knowledge of its nutritional benefits. Processing mainly referred to boiling with prior removal of foreign materials and soaking in water. Nutrition stood out as the most desired property. Strategies aiming at maximizing the use of these legumes must be considered and developed since these legumes appear to be a formidable resource for combating the prevalent food insecurity in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed storage proteins and seed coat compounds additively influence Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. tolerance in selected cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) varieties","authors":"Oluwafemi Daniel Amusa,&nbsp;Emmanuella Adaeze Emereuwa,&nbsp;Solomon Tayo Akinyosoye,&nbsp;Oreoluwa Ideraoluwa Olayiwola,&nbsp;Omotola Victoria Osunkojo,&nbsp;Azeezat Adeola Adetola,&nbsp;Fechi Daniella Ugbo,&nbsp;Liasu Adebayo Ogunkanmi,&nbsp;Bolanle Olufunmilayo Oboh","doi":"10.1002/leg3.201","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.201","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cowpea weevil, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>, is a major threat to stable cowpea production, especially in storage, and has been reported to facilitate postharvest losses in cowpea grains. Host resistance has been suggested as the best control method but with conflicting knowledge on the source of resistance. Hence, the study seeks to evaluate seed storage proteins (SSPs) and seed coat compounds (SCCs) associated with tolerance to <i>C. maculatus</i>. SSPs and SCCs were assayed and associated with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance in 19 cowpea varieties with varied tolerance levels using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Top <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerants were TVu-2027, TVu-11952, TVu-11953, and TVu-145. The protein fraction with a mass of 51 kDa was a significant predictor associated with percentage adult insect emergence (PAE) and host suitability index (H.S.I.), and 57 and 71 kDa were associated with mean development period (MDP) whereas 59 and 131 kDa were associated with seed damage tolerance (TolSD). Several SCCs identified were associated with the <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerant measures used in the study. However, Thiazole, tetrahydro- and Undecane were consistently identified with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance. Higher phenotypic variability was accounted for by SCC than SSP fractions associated with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance in the study indicating that SCCs contributed more to the <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance than the SSPs identified. These compounds can be incorporated into breeding for <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerant in cowpea and biopesticide formulations whereas cowpea varieties with the high or significant amount of these compounds can also be recommended to the farmers or to the cowpea producers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45533841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forage accumulation and nutritive value of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) market types in the US Southern Great Plains","authors":"Travis Witt,&nbsp;Brian Northup,&nbsp;Manisha Ojha,&nbsp;Naveen Puppala","doi":"10.1002/leg3.198","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dual use crops are becoming popular as resources like land and water become scarcer. Annual peanuts are an important food crop grown worldwide that can also be used as forage or hay. Replicated trials evaluated the late season (≥15 weeks after planting) forage accumulations and nutritive values (acid detergent fiber, carbon content, crude protein, invitro true digestibility, neutral detergent fiber, nitrogen content, and relative feed value) of four market types near Clovis, NM and El Reno, OK in 2019 and 2020. Statistical analyses (<i>p ≤</i> .05) showed all traits were affected by the interaction between market type and growing environment. Overall, forage accumulations for all market types ranged from 2.7 to 6.5 Mg ha⁻¹ with relative feed values of 107–155. The location average across sites was 4.45 Mg ha⁻¹ with relative feed value of 132. The Virginia market types produced large amounts of biomass. However, the Valencia market type generated the greatest nutritive values. This study indicates harvesting late-season biomass of peanuts for hay may be an option that allows producers to generate more income from limited land and water resources. However, both market type and environmental factors, such as rainfall/irrigation, play important roles in production and forage nutritive values of peanut forage.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45820754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of indigenous legume fodder tree and shrubs to animal feed and mitigation of methane emission in the semi-humid condition of southern Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Abraham,&nbsp;Yisehak Kechero,&nbsp;Dereje Andualem","doi":"10.1002/leg3.200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study was conducted to investigate the in vitro gas production characteristics and methane (CH4) emission potential of indigenous legume fodder trees and shrubs (ILFTS). The most predominant 11 ILFTS species were selected, and leaves and fruit/pod samples were collected, oven dried, and ground. The potential leaf biomass yield (PBY), dry matter (DM), ether extract, digestible crude protein, carbohydrate (CHO), acid detergent lignin, ash, total phenol, condensed tannin, gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy (ME), gas production characteristics, CH4 emissions, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined. ANOVA and independent <i>t</i> test were used to examine variation among species in plants nature and between fruits and pods within agroecosystems, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among parameters. The study indicated that only DM and CHO showed substantial variation in nutritional quality parameters among trees, shrubs, and fruit/pods in the lowlands. Fruits/pods and trees displayed significant differences in gas production characteristics in the lowlands, unlike shrubs, which had non-substantial variations. Moreover, the PBY, CH4 emission, OMD, and ME of ILFTS revealed substantial variation (<i>P</i> &lt; .05) with species and among trees, shrubs, and fruits/pods in both agroecosystems. Besides, CH4 production showed a positive significant correlation with gas volume and (b) substantiating the effect of rate and degree of fiber fermentation on CH4 emission. It was discovered that there was a positive significant correlation between the 6 and 24 h incubation period, (c) which substantiated the need for optimal microbial density and substrate for high rate constant gas production of b (c). In conclusion, ILFTS produce considerable biomass rich in nutrients but vary in the degradability of CHO with plant nature, species, and forage origin. This elicits differences in gas production characteristics and CH4 emission with in vitro fermentation, resulting in differences in the corresponding OMD, ME, and SCFA values.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45847327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive potential of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) on a range of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions","authors":"Henrik Skovgård,&nbsp;Frederick L. Stoddard","doi":"10.1002/leg3.199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The black bean aphid is one of the main insect pests of faba bean, leading to yield losses in many countries. The aphid inflicts damage to faba bean through direct phloem feeding and indirectly by transmission of several viruses. Sources of genetic resistance or tolerance to the aphid have been hard to identify and to use in breeding because of the high environmental variability of the attack, the weak and partial nature of the resistance when found, and the low repeatability of experiments. A range of molecular genotyping tools is now available for identifying the genes underlying key traits in faba bean. Hence, we screened the responses of eight inbred lines (Columbo, Albus, Closed-flower, Diana, Hedin/2, Icarus, ILB938/2, and Mélodie/2) of faba bean, derived from commercial cultivars and experimental germplasm, to aphid infestation in controlled (no-choice-test) and field (preference test) conditions. In the controlled environment, aphid performance was assessed by measuring fecundity and determining the intrinsic rate of natural increase (<i>r</i>_m). In the field experiment, population growth was examined on Columbo, Closed-flower, Hedin/2, and ILB938/2 during June and July. Each week, 10 plants in each plot, randomly chosen at the start, were screened for aphid colonization and number of plants attacked. For each plant, an index number was given reflecting the severity of aphid presence. Our results demonstrate a clear conformity between the results obtained from the indoor pot experiments and the field experiments. In both experiments, ILB938/2 showed partial resistance with significantly lower fecundity, <i>r</i>_m, and field infestation when compared with the known susceptible line Columbo. The consistently strong performance of ILB938/2 against the black bean aphid suggests that it carries a factor or factors rendering it unconducive to aphid landing, feeding, and/or reproduction. Further investigation into the resistance mechanisms of ILB938/2 is planned.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney bean: Protein's treasure trove and creates avenues for a healthy lifestyle","authors":"Dekka Srenuja,&nbsp;Vincent Hema,&nbsp;Maria Tito Anand,&nbsp;Rangarajan Jagan Mohan,&nbsp;Rajagopal Vidyalakshmi","doi":"10.1002/leg3.193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kidney beans (KBs) are a nutrient-dense and inexpensive legume crop that plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and is consumed globally. They are a treasure trove of nearly 20–30% protein, called vicilin or phaseolin, and these beans are also fair sources of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. These protein compounds have significant potential as plant-based protein sources, owing to their functional properties and nutritional benefits. The current article provides an enthralling insight into the nutritional profile, constraints on its usage, production, and other basic details of KB. It highlighted the processing technology of the kidney bean protein isolates (KBPIs), and an in-depth discussion was done on the KBPI's structural and functional traits to explore their potential, which is helpful in the formulation of novel foods and beverages. In the present scenario, KBPI in large-scale industrial applications is skimpy; hence, the present article provides the applications of KB proteins in foods and edible films, which could be beneficial in the futuristic world. The current article opens up new avenues for investigating the utilization of KBs and their proteins in research and development (R&amp;D) and manufacturing. This approach encourages further exploration of KB and their proteins in R&amp;D, manufacturing, and commercialization. Such efforts have the potential to add significant value to KBs, promote healthy lifestyles among consumers, and boost the economy. Overall, the article presents a compelling case for expanding the utilization of KB in various applications, highlighting the possibilities for innovation and Legume Science development in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49153604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional significance, value-added applications, and consumer perceptions of food legumes: A review","authors":"Nicole S. Affrifah,&nbsp;Mark A. Uebersax,&nbsp;Samir Amin","doi":"10.1002/leg3.192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Legume crops are widely grown worldwide and a primary source of proteins across many least developed countries. These food crops are inherently produced in environmentally sustainable manner and are also an economical source of plant-based proteins versus animal-based proteins. The nutrient composition of legumes is very rich, that is, high content of protein, fiber, and bioactive compounds and relatively lower carbohydrates than cereal crops. Although food legumes are a staple in more than 70 countries mostly in Asian, African, and South American regions, the per capita consumption in the Western countries continues to be low in spite of legumes' demonstrated health benefits. However, emerging consumer trends and preferences toward heathy foods, animal protein alternatives, and environmental concerns can enhance the consumption of legume-based foods. The functional attributes of legume ingredients (e.g., thickening, water-holding index, gelation, emulsification, and foaming capacity) make legumes suitable for replacing proteins from other sources. The development and marketing of legume-based ingredients for use in various value-added food applications have been increasing. The value-added use of pulse protein isolates and concentrates is expanding fast with substantial use as meat extenders/replacers and meat analogs, milk substitutes, and gluten-free applications. To increase the utilization of legumes, including legume-based foods, it is important to focus on research and development efforts that promote “easy-to-cook”/prepare foods for consumers, who often avoid legumes due to long cooking times. Addressing this aspect of convenience is particularly critical in developed countries due to the busy lifestyles of consumers and potentially increase legume consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}