Legume Science最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of bioactive compounds in faba bean using infrared spectroscopy","authors":"Joel B. Johnson,&nbsp;Kerry B. Walsh,&nbsp;Mani Naiker","doi":"10.1002/leg3.203","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.203","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Faba bean (<i>Vicia faba</i>) is growing in popularity in Australia, partly due to its higher levels of health-benefiting compounds compared to other grain crops. This study investigated infrared spectroscopy for predicting levels of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and phenolics in faba bean flour. Calibration models were performed on 60 samples of faba bean, comprising 10 varieties grown across two field locations in 1 year. For model validation, an independent test set comprising the same varieties grown in a different year was utilised. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) showed promise for the prediction of total phenolic content, with an R²_pred of 0.66 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 76 mg/100 g. Similarly, prediction of ferric reducing antioxidant power, a measure of antioxidant activity, gave an R²_pred of 0.59 and RMSEP of 87 mg/100 g. Additionally, moving window optimisation was used to determine the most important wavelength region for the prediction of these analytes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy did not yield any suitable models for the analytes investigated. Although the NIRS models developed were not capable of exactly quantifying phenolic or antioxidant content, infrared spectroscopy appears useful for rapidly discriminating between samples containing high and low levels of phenolics or antioxidant compounds. With further refinement, this technique could potentially be applied for the quality assurance of phenolic content or antioxidant capacity in faba bean seeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42386198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumption patterns and usage of selected underutilized legumes in a Ghanaian community","authors":"Pearl Boamah Agyekum,&nbsp;Jannika Dombrowski,&nbsp;Herman E. Lutterodt,&nbsp;Isaac W. Ofosu","doi":"10.1002/leg3.202","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.202","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Underutilized legumes are a good source of plant proteins, but they exhibit a hard-to-cook nature and poor digestibility due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors. This study focused on the factors that drive the utilization of selected underutilized legumes in the Techiman municipality of Ghana. The legumes studied were <i>Vigna subterrenea</i> (Bambara groundnut), <i>Cajanus cajan</i> (Pigeon pea), <i>Phaseolus lunatus</i> (Lima bean), <i>Parkia biglobosa</i> (African Locust bean), and <i>Canavalia gladiata</i> (Sword bean). The survey provided insight into the familiarity, uses, preparation methods, and the extent of knowledge of their nutritional benefits. The demographics of the participants studied were also described, and statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the legumes were well recognized despite their underutilized status and they find use primarily in domestic savory food preparation. Consumption was mostly occasional despite the knowledge of its nutritional benefits. Processing mainly referred to boiling with prior removal of foreign materials and soaking in water. Nutrition stood out as the most desired property. Strategies aiming at maximizing the use of these legumes must be considered and developed since these legumes appear to be a formidable resource for combating the prevalent food insecurity in Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48154513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed storage proteins and seed coat compounds additively influence Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. tolerance in selected cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) varieties","authors":"Oluwafemi Daniel Amusa,&nbsp;Emmanuella Adaeze Emereuwa,&nbsp;Solomon Tayo Akinyosoye,&nbsp;Oreoluwa Ideraoluwa Olayiwola,&nbsp;Omotola Victoria Osunkojo,&nbsp;Azeezat Adeola Adetola,&nbsp;Fechi Daniella Ugbo,&nbsp;Liasu Adebayo Ogunkanmi,&nbsp;Bolanle Olufunmilayo Oboh","doi":"10.1002/leg3.201","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.201","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cowpea weevil, <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i>, is a major threat to stable cowpea production, especially in storage, and has been reported to facilitate postharvest losses in cowpea grains. Host resistance has been suggested as the best control method but with conflicting knowledge on the source of resistance. Hence, the study seeks to evaluate seed storage proteins (SSPs) and seed coat compounds (SCCs) associated with tolerance to <i>C. maculatus</i>. SSPs and SCCs were assayed and associated with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance in 19 cowpea varieties with varied tolerance levels using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Top <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerants were TVu-2027, TVu-11952, TVu-11953, and TVu-145. The protein fraction with a mass of 51 kDa was a significant predictor associated with percentage adult insect emergence (PAE) and host suitability index (H.S.I.), and 57 and 71 kDa were associated with mean development period (MDP) whereas 59 and 131 kDa were associated with seed damage tolerance (TolSD). Several SCCs identified were associated with the <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerant measures used in the study. However, Thiazole, tetrahydro- and Undecane were consistently identified with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance. Higher phenotypic variability was accounted for by SCC than SSP fractions associated with <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance in the study indicating that SCCs contributed more to the <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerance than the SSPs identified. These compounds can be incorporated into breeding for <i>C. maculatus</i> tolerant in cowpea and biopesticide formulations whereas cowpea varieties with the high or significant amount of these compounds can also be recommended to the farmers or to the cowpea producers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.201","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45533841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forage accumulation and nutritive value of four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) market types in the US Southern Great Plains","authors":"Travis Witt,&nbsp;Brian Northup,&nbsp;Manisha Ojha,&nbsp;Naveen Puppala","doi":"10.1002/leg3.198","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.198","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dual use crops are becoming popular as resources like land and water become scarcer. Annual peanuts are an important food crop grown worldwide that can also be used as forage or hay. Replicated trials evaluated the late season (≥15 weeks after planting) forage accumulations and nutritive values (acid detergent fiber, carbon content, crude protein, invitro true digestibility, neutral detergent fiber, nitrogen content, and relative feed value) of four market types near Clovis, NM and El Reno, OK in 2019 and 2020. Statistical analyses (<i>p ≤</i> .05) showed all traits were affected by the interaction between market type and growing environment. Overall, forage accumulations for all market types ranged from 2.7 to 6.5 Mg ha⁻¹ with relative feed values of 107–155. The location average across sites was 4.45 Mg ha⁻¹ with relative feed value of 132. The Virginia market types produced large amounts of biomass. However, the Valencia market type generated the greatest nutritive values. This study indicates harvesting late-season biomass of peanuts for hay may be an option that allows producers to generate more income from limited land and water resources. However, both market type and environmental factors, such as rainfall/irrigation, play important roles in production and forage nutritive values of peanut forage.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45820754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of indigenous legume fodder tree and shrubs to animal feed and mitigation of methane emission in the semi-humid condition of southern Ethiopia","authors":"Getachew Abraham,&nbsp;Yisehak Kechero,&nbsp;Dereje Andualem","doi":"10.1002/leg3.200","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.200","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The study was conducted to investigate the in vitro gas production characteristics and methane (CH4) emission potential of indigenous legume fodder trees and shrubs (ILFTS). The most predominant 11 ILFTS species were selected, and leaves and fruit/pod samples were collected, oven dried, and ground. The potential leaf biomass yield (PBY), dry matter (DM), ether extract, digestible crude protein, carbohydrate (CHO), acid detergent lignin, ash, total phenol, condensed tannin, gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy (ME), gas production characteristics, CH4 emissions, organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined. ANOVA and independent <i>t</i> test were used to examine variation among species in plants nature and between fruits and pods within agroecosystems, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine relationships among parameters. The study indicated that only DM and CHO showed substantial variation in nutritional quality parameters among trees, shrubs, and fruit/pods in the lowlands. Fruits/pods and trees displayed significant differences in gas production characteristics in the lowlands, unlike shrubs, which had non-substantial variations. Moreover, the PBY, CH4 emission, OMD, and ME of ILFTS revealed substantial variation (<i>P</i> &lt; .05) with species and among trees, shrubs, and fruits/pods in both agroecosystems. Besides, CH4 production showed a positive significant correlation with gas volume and (b) substantiating the effect of rate and degree of fiber fermentation on CH4 emission. It was discovered that there was a positive significant correlation between the 6 and 24 h incubation period, (c) which substantiated the need for optimal microbial density and substrate for high rate constant gas production of b (c). In conclusion, ILFTS produce considerable biomass rich in nutrients but vary in the degradability of CHO with plant nature, species, and forage origin. This elicits differences in gas production characteristics and CH4 emission with in vitro fermentation, resulting in differences in the corresponding OMD, ME, and SCFA values.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.200","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45847327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive potential of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) on a range of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) accessions","authors":"Henrik Skovgård,&nbsp;Frederick L. Stoddard","doi":"10.1002/leg3.199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The black bean aphid is one of the main insect pests of faba bean, leading to yield losses in many countries. The aphid inflicts damage to faba bean through direct phloem feeding and indirectly by transmission of several viruses. Sources of genetic resistance or tolerance to the aphid have been hard to identify and to use in breeding because of the high environmental variability of the attack, the weak and partial nature of the resistance when found, and the low repeatability of experiments. A range of molecular genotyping tools is now available for identifying the genes underlying key traits in faba bean. Hence, we screened the responses of eight inbred lines (Columbo, Albus, Closed-flower, Diana, Hedin/2, Icarus, ILB938/2, and Mélodie/2) of faba bean, derived from commercial cultivars and experimental germplasm, to aphid infestation in controlled (no-choice-test) and field (preference test) conditions. In the controlled environment, aphid performance was assessed by measuring fecundity and determining the intrinsic rate of natural increase (<i>r</i>_m). In the field experiment, population growth was examined on Columbo, Closed-flower, Hedin/2, and ILB938/2 during June and July. Each week, 10 plants in each plot, randomly chosen at the start, were screened for aphid colonization and number of plants attacked. For each plant, an index number was given reflecting the severity of aphid presence. Our results demonstrate a clear conformity between the results obtained from the indoor pot experiments and the field experiments. In both experiments, ILB938/2 showed partial resistance with significantly lower fecundity, <i>r</i>_m, and field infestation when compared with the known susceptible line Columbo. The consistently strong performance of ILB938/2 against the black bean aphid suggests that it carries a factor or factors rendering it unconducive to aphid landing, feeding, and/or reproduction. Further investigation into the resistance mechanisms of ILB938/2 is planned.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47120781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney bean: Protein's treasure trove and creates avenues for a healthy lifestyle","authors":"Dekka Srenuja,&nbsp;Vincent Hema,&nbsp;Maria Tito Anand,&nbsp;Rangarajan Jagan Mohan,&nbsp;Rajagopal Vidyalakshmi","doi":"10.1002/leg3.193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kidney beans (KBs) are a nutrient-dense and inexpensive legume crop that plays a crucial role in ensuring food security and is consumed globally. They are a treasure trove of nearly 20–30% protein, called vicilin or phaseolin, and these beans are also fair sources of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. These protein compounds have significant potential as plant-based protein sources, owing to their functional properties and nutritional benefits. The current article provides an enthralling insight into the nutritional profile, constraints on its usage, production, and other basic details of KB. It highlighted the processing technology of the kidney bean protein isolates (KBPIs), and an in-depth discussion was done on the KBPI's structural and functional traits to explore their potential, which is helpful in the formulation of novel foods and beverages. In the present scenario, KBPI in large-scale industrial applications is skimpy; hence, the present article provides the applications of KB proteins in foods and edible films, which could be beneficial in the futuristic world. The current article opens up new avenues for investigating the utilization of KBs and their proteins in research and development (R&amp;D) and manufacturing. This approach encourages further exploration of KB and their proteins in R&amp;D, manufacturing, and commercialization. Such efforts have the potential to add significant value to KBs, promote healthy lifestyles among consumers, and boost the economy. Overall, the article presents a compelling case for expanding the utilization of KB in various applications, highlighting the possibilities for innovation and Legume Science development in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49153604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional significance, value-added applications, and consumer perceptions of food legumes: A review","authors":"Nicole S. Affrifah,&nbsp;Mark A. Uebersax,&nbsp;Samir Amin","doi":"10.1002/leg3.192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Legume crops are widely grown worldwide and a primary source of proteins across many least developed countries. These food crops are inherently produced in environmentally sustainable manner and are also an economical source of plant-based proteins versus animal-based proteins. The nutrient composition of legumes is very rich, that is, high content of protein, fiber, and bioactive compounds and relatively lower carbohydrates than cereal crops. Although food legumes are a staple in more than 70 countries mostly in Asian, African, and South American regions, the per capita consumption in the Western countries continues to be low in spite of legumes' demonstrated health benefits. However, emerging consumer trends and preferences toward heathy foods, animal protein alternatives, and environmental concerns can enhance the consumption of legume-based foods. The functional attributes of legume ingredients (e.g., thickening, water-holding index, gelation, emulsification, and foaming capacity) make legumes suitable for replacing proteins from other sources. The development and marketing of legume-based ingredients for use in various value-added food applications have been increasing. The value-added use of pulse protein isolates and concentrates is expanding fast with substantial use as meat extenders/replacers and meat analogs, milk substitutes, and gluten-free applications. To increase the utilization of legumes, including legume-based foods, it is important to focus on research and development efforts that promote “easy-to-cook”/prepare foods for consumers, who often avoid legumes due to long cooking times. Addressing this aspect of convenience is particularly critical in developed countries due to the busy lifestyles of consumers and potentially increase legume consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41849920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochemical composition, bioactivity, processing, and food applications of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus): A review","authors":"Rejaul Hoque Bepary,&nbsp;Arnab Roy,&nbsp;Khanin Pathak,&nbsp;Sankar Chandra Deka","doi":"10.1002/leg3.187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The winged bean, <i>Psophocarpus tetragonolobus</i> (L.) D.C., is called the four-angled bean or Goa bean, which is an underutilized, non-conventional, and multipurpose tropical legume cultivated in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea. The objective of this article was to reveal a comprehensive view on the nutritional properties, biochemical compositions, health benefits, processing, and food applications of winged beans. The average moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, and ash content of 138 genotypes of winged bean seeds were found as 9.09 ± 1.73%, 26.81 ± 6.88%, 34.98 ± 4.63%, 18.01 ± 2.27%, 10.24 ± 5.49%, and 4.16 ± 0.41%, respectively. Leaves of winged beans are good sources of vitamins such as vitamin C (14.5–128 mg/100 g), thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆, folate, vitamin A (5240–20,800 IU), and vitamin E. The seed of winged beans is rich in calcium, iron, phosphorus, zinc, and copper. The anti-nutritional factors, namely, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, phytic acid, saponin, tannin, oxalate, and flatulence saccharides of winged bean, were reported to be in the range of 40–99.5 TIU/mg of protein, 86.4–109.6 CIU/mg of protein, 4.09%–9.96%, 0.6%, 0.77%–0.97%, 0.5%, and 0.04%–0.18%, respectively. This bean can prevent diabetes, cancer, and asthma, boost immunity, and promote women's and men's reproductive health. Winged are transformed into consumable form by processing methods such as soaking, cooking, sprouting, fermentation, roasting, and so forth. This bean is processed into traditional products (curries, soup, pickles, etc.) and contemporary products (milk, tofu, tempeh, etc.). Future research should focus on promoting its utilization as an alternative to soybeans toward meeting global food and nutritional security.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44461602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Market chain analysis of chickpea in Northwest Ethiopia","authors":"Chernet Worku,&nbsp;Mulat Mengistu,&nbsp;Sosina Bezie","doi":"10.1002/leg3.191","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.191","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of the paper is to explain the organization, behaviours and output of smallholder farmers of chickpea market and to analyse the structure–conduct–performance (S-C-P) of chickpea in the study area. The study was supported by a recent empirical study and used primary and secondary data from 122 respondents, as well as published and unpublished documents, to better understand how market structure and seller behaviour affect market performance. The study was conducted using the S-C-P model analytical approach. Weak oligopoly dominates the chickpea market in the research area (concentrated in the hands of few traders). The goal of the study was to fill the knowledge gap that existed on the topic, contribute to a proper understanding of the difficulties and enhance market development strategies for the benefit of producers, traders and other market participants. According to the research of the market structure, the district market has an oligopolistic market structure with a concentration ratio of 43.35%. In addition, the market is restricted by entry-level obstacles such as a lack of funding, licensing requirements, the issue of constant supply and a lack of prior expertise in chickpea trading activities. The oligopolistic market structure has also led to chickpea market behaviours that is distinguished by a market strategy where the traders have the upper hand in determining the chickpea price. The study focuses on raising farmers' educational levels, enhancing extension and finance services, building transportation facilities to provide producers more negotiating leverage and accessing improved production techniques as a way to choose the best marketing outlet. Government agencies and relevant parties must step in to address the issues by disseminating current market data on the chickpea industry, enhancing market connectivity and supplying the market with their goods at competitive prices.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"5 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45091268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}