Legume Science最新文献

{"title":"Gas Chromatography-Based Methods for Profiling Volatile Off-Aroma Compounds in Grain Legumes: A Review","authors":"Piyumi Chathurangi Wanniarachchi,&nbsp;K. G. Upul Kumarasinghe,&nbsp;Mauro Mocerino,&nbsp;Ranil Coorey","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70099","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Instrumental characterisation of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), responsible for off-aroma, is mainly centred on gas chromatography-based techniques. Despite previous reviews that have addressed the chemical compounds and biosynthetic pathways of off-aroma generation, to date, there is a lack of a comprehensive review that critically evaluates and compares the different isolation methods, quantification techniques and gas chromatography-based analytical instrumentation employed for characterising volatile off-aroma compounds in legumes and legume-based food products. Considering this paucity of knowledge, this review critically analyses the strengths and weaknesses of VOC extraction techniques and quantification methods used in gas chromatography-based techniques to determine off-aroma compounds. Special emphasis is also placed on the selection criteria for optimal column chemistries and detector configurations that influence analytical performance, with the aim of guiding method development for accurate and reliable off-aroma profiling in common legumes used in everyday life. This is supported by a concise summary of different off-aroma characterisation studies conducted over the last 6 years on legumes. The overarching aim is to offer researchers a comparative perspective to support method selection, identify knowledge gaps and guide future research directions, providing recommendations where possible. Accurate identification of these off-aroma compounds is crucial in order to develop mitigation strategies to remove or limit their impact on flavour, enhancing product acceptability.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Salt-Tolerant Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) Genotypes Based on Physiological, Biochemical, and Yield-Related Traits","authors":"WarqaaMuhammed ShariffAl-Sheikh,&nbsp;Sahar A. A. Malik Al-Saadi,&nbsp;Karzan Omer Qader,&nbsp;Heidar Meftahizade","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/leg3.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The 15 guar genotypes were exposed to different concentrations of salt (0, 10, and 15 dS m⁻¹ NaCl) in a factorial experiment (RCBD, r = 3) and different morpho-physiological, physiological, growth, and yield characteristics were assessed. The lowest seed gum (21.11%), carbohydrate (23.59%), protein content (24.20%), fat (2.21%), fiber (9.38%), digestible dry matter (37.90%), and yield (3865.50 kg/ha) were measured in plants treated with 15 dS/m salt; also, the highest ash content (5.08%), proline (82.88 μg/g FW), flavonoids (0.35%), phenols (2.37%), tannins (3.27%), and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD 104.28, CAT 30.92, APX 74.80, and POD 40.20 units/mg protein) were observed in plants treated with 15 dS/m salt. Yield-related traits also differed significantly among genotypes (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05). The highest plant yield (8124.31 kg) was gained from RGC-986 genotype under control conditions (0 dS/m). Furthermore, RGC-986 demonstrated the highest 1000-seed weight (48.22 g), number of seeds per plant (395.6), and overall average plant yield of 6458.9 kg/ha under three salinity levels, indicating strong genetic potential for commercial cultivation. S6673 and S6260 followed with plant yields of 5632.7 kg/ha and 5829.2 kg/ha, respectively. Pishen recorded the lowest values for all yield-related parameters, including 1000-seed weight (32.22 g), seeds per plant (152.7), and yield (4565.8 kg/ha). In terms of seed quality, the genotypes RGC-986, S-5885, S-6581, Saravan, and RGC-1031 demonstrated better resilience to salt stress, maintaining seed quality traits, while genotypes BR-99, S-6560, and Grembite were more sensitive, exhibiting marked declines across these parameters. Overall, the RGC-986 genotype was the Top-Performing Genotype (excellence) with high biochemical performance, lowest tannin, and yield superiority. The PCA confirmed the results of the Duncan test and highlighted the superiority of RGC-986 as an elite genotype under experimental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147686290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Cooking Time on Rhizopus oligosporus Growth, Anti-Nutritional Factors, and Isoflavones in Solid-State Fermented Soybeans","authors":"Charlène Gbedo,&nbsp;Adrien Servent,&nbsp;Romain Domingo,&nbsp;Tina Julien,&nbsp;Caroline Strub,&nbsp;Elodie Arnaud","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study analyzed the coupling between cooking and the subsequent fermentation in fermented legume seed processing. It is, to our knowledge, the first to evaluate how cooking time modulates fermentation. Soybeans were cooked for 10 and 30 min before being fermented with <i>Rhizopus oligosporus</i>. α-Galactosides, phytic acid, phytase activity, trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and isoflavones were determined during cooking and fermentation. Diffusion into the cooking water was also characterized, and fungal fermentation results were compared with a non-inoculated treatment. Fermentation of seeds cooked for 10 min resulted in slower mycelial growth and needed to be prolonged to reach a reduction in α-galactosides and an increase in aglycones comparable to those obtained for seeds cooked for 30 min. Additionally, fermentation with the fungal strain had a low impact on phytic acid in seeds cooked for either 10 or 30 min. The combination of 10-min cooking and 72-h fermentation of soybeans resulted in a 90% reduction in total α-galactosides, a 17% reduction in phytic acid, and an increase in aglycones to 40 mg/100 g DM (dry matter), whereas the combination of 30-min cooking and 48-h fermentation of soybeans resulted in an 84% reduction in total α-galactosides, an 18% reduction in phytic acid, and an increase in aglycones to 39 mg/100 g DM. Trypsin inhibitors and lectins remained present in seeds cooked for 10 min, and <i>R. oligosporus</i> could not hydrolyze all the trypsin inhibitors and had no effect on the remaining lectins. This study provides new insights for the fermented legumes food processing sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Processing, Anti-Nutritional Factors Reduction and Nutrient Bioavailability in Selected Legumes","authors":"Leonard R. Ndibalema,&nbsp;Edmond Alavaisha,&nbsp;Joseph Kalonga,&nbsp;Mkabwa L. K. Manoko,&nbsp;Charles O. Joseph","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70097","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Legumes such as lablab (<i>Lablab purpureus</i>), common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) and cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) are essential dietary sources of protein, complex carbohydrates and micronutrients, while also contributing to sustainable agriculture through nitrogen fixation. However, their nutritional potential is often limited by anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) including phytates, tannins, lectins and oligosaccharides, which can impair nutrient bioavailability and digestibility. This review provides a comparative assessment of ANF profiles in lablab (<i>Lablab purpureus</i>), common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) and cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) and examines strategies for mitigating these compounds through traditional methods such as soaking, boiling, germination and fermentation, as well as modern approaches including controlled microbial fermentation, extrusion cooking and enzymatic or chemical treatments. Evidence indicates that processing conditions such as soaking duration, fermentation type and temperature significantly influence ANF reduction, nutrient retention and sensory attributes across these legumes. For instance, sprouting in cowpeas preserves heat-sensitive vitamins, while controlled fermentation in lablab improves protein digestibility and reduces oligosaccharides. Overall, integrating traditional and modern processing techniques offers effective strategies to enhance bioavailability, improve sensory quality and expand the dietary and industrial utilization of these legumes, supporting sustainable, nutrient-rich, plant-based diets globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Hidden Volumetric Changes Caused by the Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula, on Soybean Pods Using Micro-CT Imaging","authors":"Szilvia Gibicsár,&nbsp;Tamás Donkó,&nbsp;Ádám Csóka,&nbsp;András Kovács,&nbsp;Gergely Orsi,&nbsp;Sándor Keszthelyi","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) is an important arable crop playing a major role in human nutrition and animal feed. Piercing-sucking pests are compromising the safety of soybean cultivation worldwide, mostly by their enzyme-containing saliva causing deformation, and tissue death within the pierced plant parts. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) method enables us to nondestructively study the detailed anatomical and morphological changes of stink bug damaged plant tissues. To examine the effect of southern green stink bug's (<i>Nezara viridula</i> L., 1758) feeding on soybean, 0, 3, and 5 bugs were placed on the pods and subsequently, micro-CT images were taken at various time points after infestation to determine the changes in inner tissue structures. The measured feeding frequency of <i>N. viridula</i> adults was 14.20 feedings in the first 24 h. Imaging clearly identified the damage caused by <i>N. viridula</i>, as areas of reduced density. Despite the lack of gross volume difference (size of the pods) between the groups, internal tissue alterations were prevalent and captured by the increase of “void” volume (volume of areas &lt; 4000 a.u. intensity) as a function of infestation duration and severity. Moreover, histogram analysis of pod intensities identified significant, damage-related alterations as early as 24 h post infestation. We can assume that the seed damage caused by enzymes becomes much more pronounced even days after feeding, increasing in both extent and severity. Our results contribute fundamentally to a more objective understanding of the damage spectrum of this invasive agricultural pest and to the assessment of its actual damage potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147567117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterisation of Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) Genotype Diversity Identified Key Agronomic Traits for Central European Environments","authors":"Jéssica Bubolz,&nbsp;Christine Boldischar,&nbsp;Sabine Zikeli,&nbsp;Ulrike Lohwasser,&nbsp;Thomas F. Döring,&nbsp;Moritz Reckling","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate scenarios for Central Europe forecast an increase in average temperature and a higher occurrence of drought and heavy rain events, calling for identifying crops able to tolerate weather extremes. Grass pea (<i>Lathyrus sativus</i> L.) is a minor legume crop known for its ability to tolerate temperature extremes, drought and waterlogging as well as for its capability to grow in a wide range of soils. Hence, we investigated the suitability of grass pea in diverse environments across Germany. The objective was to identify agronomical and morphological traits associated with productivity parameters. We characterised 50 grass pea genotypes in six environments, evaluating two parameters related to plant development, six related to agronomy and plant morphology and five related to productivity. Higher grain yield was associated with a higher position of the first pod at plant stem, a total number of at least 20 pods per plant and a minimum of 40 seeds per plant. Genotypes with white flowers or white/blue flower wings had higher yields compared to those with blue flower wings. The study identified relevant breeding traits for selection and release of varieties adapted to Central European conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Diversity and Relationships Among Newly Developed Cowpea Mutant Lines Using SSR Markers and Agro-Morphological Traits","authors":"Kwazi A. K. Mkhonta,&nbsp;Hussein Shimelis,&nbsp;Seltene Abady","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> [L.] Walp.) is a drought-resilient and protein-rich legume of major importance in arid and semiarid regions, including Eswatini, where it contributes to food, feed, and nutritional security. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and relationships among 30 cowpea genotypes, comprising 24 advanced mutant lines, three founder parents, and three local checks, using polymorphic SSR markers and agro-morphological traits to identify promising genotypes for breeding and production. Genotyping with 10 SSR markers detected 54 alleles across all genotypes, with alleles per locus ranging from 3 to 8 and polymorphic information content values between 0.33 and 0.78. The most informative markers—SSR6800, SSR6844, and SSR6239—recorded the highest allelic diversity and discrimination power. Field evaluation across two sites revealed significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) genotype × location interactions for phenotypic traits. Elite mutant lines NKL9P7, BRR4P11, SHR9P5, and NKL9P7-2 exhibited higher grain yields ranging from 2255.8 to 3158.8 kg/ha. Cluster analysis based on phenotypic traits grouped genotypes into two major clusters, whereas SSR markers resolved them into three clusters. A combined tanglegram indicated differences in grouping patterns, although SHL2P4 and SHL3P7-2 consistently maintained stable positions, underscoring their potential as reference genetic stocks. The highest genetic distances were observed among NKL9P7-2, SHR3P4, SHL7P1, NKR193, NKR2P9, NKR10P5, and BRR11P2, suggesting their suitability as parents for hybridization and genetic improvement. Overall, this study demonstrates substantial genetic and phenotypic diversity among cowpea genotypes in Eswatini, providing a strong foundation for targeted breeding and yield improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intercropping Chickpea with Flax in Saskatchewan, Canada, Reduces Ascochyta Blight","authors":"Michelle Hubbard,&nbsp;Lana Shaw,&nbsp;Craig Stevenson,&nbsp;Zakir Hossain,&nbsp;Victoria A. Marchesini,&nbsp;William E. May","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70087","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chickpea is a nutritious crop grown in drier parts of Saskatchewan. The disease Ascochyta blight, caused by <i>Ascochyta rabiei</i>, makes production risky. Small plot trials at four Saskatchewan locations from 2018 to 2022 aimed to test the hypothesis that intercropping chickpea with flax reduces Ascochyta blight. Three factors were tested: flax seeding rate, row arrangement (both crops in the same rows vs. in alternating rows) and nitrogen fertilizer application. Intercropping with flax reduced disease when all site-years were considered. The site-years differed in disease, ranging from &lt; 1 on a 0–9 scale to 4.0, considered moderate disease. At the one site-year where seed infection was seen, higher flax seeding rates reduced the fraction of infected seeds. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in more severe disease overall; the results differed between site-years. Row arrangement had no overall effect on disease but had an impact on disease severity at some site-years. Higher flax seeding rates resulted in the lowest chickpea pods being higher above the ground and fewer lateral branches. Nitrogen application had the opposite impact. Mean canopy relative humidity and temperature in the 5 days before the highest disease was recorded were impacted by intercropping, as compared to monocropping, at only one and two site-years, respectively. Changes in canopy microclimate may contribute to disease reduction in chickpea/flax intercropping under high relative humidity. Changes in chickpea morphology, such as pod height and lateral branches, may also play a role. Intercropping flax with chickpea has potential for Ascochyta blight management in Saskatchewan. Additional research under wetter conditions with more severe Ascochyta blight is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70087","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Valorizing Underutilized Cereals and Legumes: Optimizing Functional Properties of Composite Flour and Nutritional Composition of Extruded Puffed Snack From Fonio and Winged Bean Flour Blends","authors":"Temitope Babatunde,&nbsp;Adekola Adegoke,&nbsp;Celestina Omohimi,&nbsp;Olajide Sobukola,&nbsp;Oluseye Onabanjo,&nbsp;Abdul-Rasaq Adebowale","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigated quality attributes of fonio and winged bean composite flour and its extruded puffed snacks (EPSs). A simplex lattice mixture design was employed to obtain nine flour combinations. The functional properties of the composite flour were determined and thereafter it was processed into EPS using a twin-screw extruder. Proximate composition, mineral content, and anti-nutrient content of the EPS were determined. Significant differences were observed in the functional and pasting properties of the composite flour. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents of the snacks ranged from 3.33% to 4.18%, 16.45% to 24.51%, 8.23% to 11.22%, 4.30% to 4.80%, 3.47% to 5.32%, and 50.06% to 64.07%, respectively. Phytate, oxalate, tannin, trypsin inhibitor, haemagglutinin, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium contents ranged from 17.38 to 55.07 mg/100 g, 1.27 to 3.07 mg/100 g, 0.77 to 3.22 mg/100 g, 1.07 to 0.05 IU/100 g, 0.58 to 1.09HUI/100 g, 81.24 to 95.45 mg/100 g, 21.01 to 29.96 mg/100 g, 0.72 to 1.20 mg/100 g, 1.17 to 2.35 mg/100 g, 41.03 to 75.61 mg/100 g, 90.37 to 106.44 mg/100 g, and 24.72 to 34.01 mg/100 g, respectively. The optimum ingredient combination was 70:30 fonio:winged bean with a desirability of 73.33%. In conclusion, a nutritious and quality EPS was developed from fonio and winged bean composite flour.</p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70086","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 8, Issue 1","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/leg3.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image is based on the article <i>Leafspot Disease Progression and Components of Resistance Among Selected Peanut Genotypes in Ghana</i> by Isaac Boatey Akpatsu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.70085.\u0000\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":17929,"journal":{"name":"Legume Science","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/leg3.70095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}