Journal of virological methods最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of inactivated snakehead rhabdovirus as an internal positive control for RT-qPCR diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus in fish","authors":"Myoung Gwang Choi ,&nbsp;Do-Hyung Kim ,&nbsp;Hyoung Jun Kim ,&nbsp;Ki Hong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a significant pathogen causing mass mortalities in marine and freshwater fish worldwide. Accurate diagnosis through quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) is essential to prevent its spread, but false negatives can compromise results. In this study, we evaluate the use of heat-inactivated snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV) as an internal positive control (IPC) for VHSV diagnosis. SHRV's similarity to VHSV in viral structure and genome makes it an ideal IPC. The introduction of SHRV IPC into the RT-qPCR workflow can improve the reliability of diagnostic results by enabling the detection of technical failures during the RNA extraction or amplification process. Our results show that heat-inactivated SHRV preserved RNA integrity for IPC use, and SHRV IPC can provide a useful tool for detecting and interpreting false negatives without affecting assay sensitivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115128"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and validation of a point-of-care molecular assay for sacbrood virus (SBV) diagnosis in apiaries","authors":"Juhaeng Heo ,&nbsp;Doo-Sung Cheon ,&nbsp;Nyun-Ki Chung ,&nbsp;Yongrae Kim ,&nbsp;Dae-Yong Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115126","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115126","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sacbrood virus (SBV) is a significant pathogen affecting honeybee health, leading to substantial economic losses in apiculture. Although traditional methods, like reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, offer accurate detection and quantification of SBV, they have limitations for use in field settings, such as apiaries. Here, we developed and evaluated the XQ SBV Dx Kit as a diagnostic tool for the XQ Station point-of-care (POC) RT-qPCR device, which integrates nucleic acid extraction, gene amplification, and detection for on-site molecular diagnosis. Diagnostic performance was assessed using clinical samples infected with SBV and was compared with that of standard laboratory-based RT-qPCR. The limit of detection (LOD) for both methods was 10² copies per reaction, with the XQ SBV Dx Kit consistently demonstrating superior sensitivity, detecting 83.3 % of replicates at 10¹ copies per reaction compared to 58.3 % with RT-qPCR. Specificity testing against 11 other honeybee pathogens confirmed the absence of cross-reactivity, highlighting the diagnostic precision of the XQ SBV Dx Kit. Clinical evaluation revealed 98.4 % sensitivity and 97.0 % specificity, validating its reliability for field applications. Overall, the XQ SBV Dx Kit is an essential advancement in honeybee health management, offering practical and timely solutions for supporting sustainable apicultural practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115126"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143437877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of an N1 NA antibody-specific enzyme-linked lectin assay for detection of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in vaccinated birds","authors":"Sherif Ibrahim,&nbsp;Erica Spackman,&nbsp;David L. Suarez,&nbsp;Iryna V. Goraichuk,&nbsp;Chang-Won Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unprecedented H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks are occurring around the world and there is growing interest in the use of vaccines in affected regions. Vaccination when properly applied can contribute to HPAI control by significantly reducing virus shedding and breaking the transmission chain, but it requires robust surveillance to ensure that international trade is not affected. Thus, it is imperative to establish a test to differentiate vaccinated only animals from vaccinated and then infected animals (DIVA). In this study, we applied enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) to specifically detect N1 neuraminidase (NA) antibody by inhibition of NA activity and provide a proof-of-concept bench validation using reference and experimental serum samples. We used a wild-type low pathogenic H7N1 virus of North American lineage as the ELLA antigen. The NA inhibition ELLA (NI-ELLA) was evaluated for its specificity and sensitivity using reference and experimental samples. The results demonstrated that the NI-ELLA was highly specific with low background NI activity against influenza-negative sera from different species although varying level of cross-reactivity was observed against sera of different NA subtypes with highest cross-reactivity against N4 subtype sera. Using a conservative positive cut-off threshold of 50 % NI activity, NI-ELLA provides 100 % specificity with all reference sera of 9 different NA subtypes. The relative sensitivity of NI-ELLA was evaluated in detecting H5N1 infection in vaccinated and then challenged birds and NI-ELLA showed higher detection rate of H5N1 infection compared with commercial NP ELISAs and real-time RT-PCR. Overall, the NI-ELLA shows high specificity and sensitivity and has the potential for application in DIVA surveillance with further validation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115127"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143433352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenol-free in-house kit for RNA extraction with applicability to SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing studies: A contribution to biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia","authors":"Bertha Gastelbondo-Pastrana ,&nbsp;Luis Flórez ,&nbsp;Camilo Guzmán ,&nbsp;Karina Torres ,&nbsp;Evelin Garay ,&nbsp;Jolaime Ballesteros-Villamizar ,&nbsp;Rosa Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Daniel Echeverri-De la Hoz ,&nbsp;Yésica López ,&nbsp;Héctor Contreras ,&nbsp;Germán Arrieta ,&nbsp;Héctor Serrano-Coll ,&nbsp;Caty Martínez ,&nbsp;Nérlis Pájaro-Castro ,&nbsp;Bárbara Arroyo-Salgado ,&nbsp;Ricardo Rivero-Herrera ,&nbsp;Eliana Hurtado ,&nbsp;João Pessoa Araújo Jr. ,&nbsp;Salim Mattar","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115116","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the COVID-19 pandemic, reagents for SARS-CoV-2 detection were scarce or sold at high prices, particularly in Latin America. In this study, a significant step towards self-sufficiency was achieved through the development of an in-house extraction kit for detecting SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swab samples. The purity and concentration of the RNA extracted using the in-house kit were compared to those obtained using the GeneJET RNA Purification Kit (Thermo-Scientific®) as a reference. The applicability of the RNA extracted using the kit was evaluated using four samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 by NGS sequencing with Illumina®. There were no significant differences between the results obtained with the in-house kit and those obtained with the commercial kit. These findings confirm that the in-house protocol demonstrated satisfactory diagnostic accuracy for detecting the virus in patients with COVID-19. The in-house extraction kit works effectively, providing optimal RNA extraction for genomic characterization and lineage assignment of SARS-CoV-2 within the four positive samples analyzed. This phenol-free kit represents a local design and production achievement, offering an effective solution for RNA extraction and detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. The data highlight the essential contribution of this study to health and biotechnological sovereignty in Colombia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115116"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an ARMS-Quadruplex-qPCR assay for the rapid identification of MPXV and the clades Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb","authors":"Bohan Xu ,&nbsp;Dongyan Xiong ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongping Wei ,&nbsp;Junping Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monkeypox was re-emerging in 2022 and spread to more than 100 countries. Two clades of Monkeypox virus (MPXV) result in different lethality rates and varying transmission capabilities. Rapid identification of MPXV and differentiation of its clades and subclades are crucial for effective control of the disease. In this study, we developed an ARMS-Quadruplex-qPCR method to detect MPXV and distinguish clades (Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb). F3L gene was used to detect all clades of MPXV from other orthopoxviruses. A 1953 bp fragment containing the C3L gene was found to be completely absent in clade II. Additionally, a sequence spanning from the 177th to the 1318th position (1142 bp) within the 1953 bp fragment was missing in Ib. Therefore, the 1142 bp sequence was used to distinguish Ia from other subclades, and the sequence with the 1142 bp region missing in Ib was used to discriminate Ib from other subclades. Since subclades IIa and IIb are too close to have large deletions and insertions, a unique single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was used to design a primer/probe set for ARMS-qPCR to differentiate clade IIa from IIb. The ARMS-Quadruplex-qPCR system can detect down to 2 copies per reaction of MPXV and effectively differentiate all the four subclades. Altogether, four qPCR primer/probe sets in one tube were deployed to recognize MPXV and differentiate MPXV subclades. The high sensitivity, rapidity and specificity of the developed system make it a promising alternative for the diagnosis of MPXV and the determination of the subclades of the infected MPXV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115125"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming the woody barrier: Dodder enables efficient transfer of infectious clones to woody plants","authors":"Andrea Sierra-Mejia ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hajizadeh ,&nbsp;Habeeb Yinka Atanda ,&nbsp;Ioannis E. Tzanetakis","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Woody hosts are notoriously resistant to genetic transformation. Traditional methods, such <em>as Agrobacterium-</em>mediated transformation<em>,</em> are often inefficient, and this limitation extends to delivering infectious clones to woody plants. Dodder species (<em>Cuscuta spp.)</em> are holoparasitic plants that can establish direct connections with the vascular tissue of the parasitized plants, allowing them to facilitate virus transmission between unrelated botanical species. We demonstrated that a novel dodder-based approach achieved superior transmission in <em>Rubus</em> spp. compared to direct agroinoculation. The transmission rates for systemic blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus transmission increased from 9 % to 73 %, whereas the transmission of the phloem-limited blackberry yellow vein associated virus rose from 0 % to 46 %. This novel method expands the toolbox available to plant biologists to study virus-host interactions in woody plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid next-generation sequencing protocol for testing HIV-2 drug resistance","authors":"Fátima Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Joaquim Cabanas ,&nbsp;Inês Costa ,&nbsp;Margarida Veloso ,&nbsp;Marta Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Sandra Fernandes ,&nbsp;Isabel Diogo ,&nbsp;Cruz S. Sebastião ,&nbsp;Marta Pingarilho ,&nbsp;Victor Pimentel ,&nbsp;Ana Abecasis ,&nbsp;Perpétua Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>HIV-2 affects over 1 million people globally and can lead to AIDS if untreated. Treating people living with HIV-2 (PLHIV-2) is challenging because the virus is inherently resistant to some drugs. Effective treatment monitoring, particularly drug resistance testing, is critical for managing therapeutic failure. Without commercial tests to identify drug resistance mutations (DRM), laboratories have felt the need to develop in-house methods. NGS provides improved sensitivity for detecting minority DRM, which is crucial for effectively treating individuals, especially with limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a hybrid NGS Ion Torrent protocol for the detection of DRM in PLHIV-2 and its use in clinical practice. One hundred samples from PLHIV-2 collected from hospitals across Portugal were analyzed using a hybrid NGS protocol. Of these, 48 samples were also subjected to Sanger sequencing for comparative purposes. NGS successfully amplified 92 % of protease, 91 % of reverse transcriptase, and 49 % of integrase regions. The two sequencing methods agreed on the majority of DRM identified, with the only difference in two samples for the reverse transcriptase, which NGS identified as K70E and M184V, while Sanger did not. Hybrid NGS was able to identify DRM, demonstrating strong statistical agreement. In conclusion, hybrid NGS detected all DRM identified by Sanger, with the added ability to detect minority variants. The implementation of NGS-based protocol can provide clinicians with more comprehensive data, allowing for adjustments to ART regimens, and ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of care for PLHIV-2.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and evaluation of IgY against human papillomavirus","authors":"Weiguang Chen ,&nbsp;Huanxin Xiao ,&nbsp;Mingxia Lin ,&nbsp;Jiqing Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiancheng Xuan ,&nbsp;Xiping Cui ,&nbsp;Suqing Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major global health challenge and is closely related to the occurrence of diseases such as cervical cancer. Unfortunately, effective treatments are still lacking. In view of the advantages of antibody drugs, antibody-targeted therapy may become one of the means of treatment and prevention of HPV infection. This study explores the potential of antibody-targeted therapy using immunization with HPV nine-valent vaccine in Leghorn chickens. The resulting egg yolk antibodies (IgY) was extracted from eggs using the bitter-ammonium sulfate method and confirmed through SDS-PAGE analysis. The neutralizing titer was performed by pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody experiments, which could reach 1:2000 (18.2 μg/mL). This successful preparation of IgY against HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58-L1 protein showed its potential as a therapeutic agent, particularly post-HPV16 infection. This work lays the groundwork for HPV-specific IgY preparation and contributes to advancing targeted therapies for cervical cancer, prompting further research in HPV-related therapeutic approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"334 ","pages":"Article 115115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143374446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a urinary antigen test for BK Polyomavirus to help clinicians in patients’ follow-up","authors":"Etienne Brochot ,&nbsp;Ophélie Fourdinier ,&nbsp;Baptiste Demey ,&nbsp;Aurélien Aubry ,&nbsp;Louison Collet ,&nbsp;Véronique Descamps ,&nbsp;Virginie Morel ,&nbsp;Pauline Gaboriaud ,&nbsp;Sandrine Castelain ,&nbsp;François Helle ,&nbsp;Antoine Touzé","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2025.115113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is responsible for hemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy in bone marrow- and kidney transplant recipients, respectively. Monitoring BKPyV DNAuria and/or DNAemia by quantitative molecular tests is thus a common practice in the management of these patients. However, critical issues have been raised regarding these methods and the detection of viral genomes by positive PCR is not always associated with true viral replication. Identification of novel biomarkers and development of new assays are thus needed to help clinicians in patients’ follow-up and enable timely and beneficial therapeutic interventions. Here, we describe the development of a urinary lateral flow assay that specifically detects the major BKPyV VP1 protein in a few minutes. This assay was characterized using cell culture-produced virus, pseudoviruses as well as VP1 pentamers representing the four BKPyV genotypes, diluted in urine matrix. The limit of detection was around 1 µg/mL of purified VP1 pentamers. This assay also enabled to detect BKPyV VP1 in frozen urine from transplant patients with high DNAuria. Clinical validation studies are now needed to evaluate the performance of this assay in real life and its relevance for interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"333 ","pages":"Article 115113"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143176803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of TaqMan™ Arbovirus Triplex Kit (ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV) for detection and differentiation of dengue and chikungunya viral RNA in serum samples of symptomatic patients","authors":"Kakhangchung Panmei ,&nbsp;Abdul Hakeem Syed ,&nbsp;Obiageli Okafor ,&nbsp;Shoba Mammen ,&nbsp;Asha Mary Abraham","doi":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Global outbreaks of mosquito-transmitted arbovirus infections, such as dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), are increasing. Differentiating these infections is challenging due to non-specific symptoms and serology limitations. PCR-based approaches offer higher sensitivity and specificity. This study evaluated the performance of TaqMan™ Arbovirus Triplex Kit (ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV) (TaqMan™ Kit) to detect DENV and CHIKV in clinical samples from patients in south India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In total, 280 serum samples with 90 DENV-positive, 90 CHIKV-positive, and 100 negative samples were tested with TaqMan™ Kit and CDC Trioplex Real-Time RT-PCR assay. No Zika virus was detected. The sensitivity and specificity of viral RNA detection were determined, and discordant results were resolved using comparator PCRs, dengue NS1 antigen detection, virus-specific antibody results, or previously de-identified in-house PCR results.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>TaqMan™ Kit showed 100 % agreement with the comparator for DENV detection in 92 positive samples. Among 188 samples negative for DENV by the comparator, 30 showed positive results with the TaqMan™ kit, and 23 of those were confirmed as true positives. The resulting sensitivity and specificity for DENV detection were 100 % and 95.1 %, respectively. For CHIKV, 77 positive and 195 negative results were concordant. Eight samples showed discordant results, but upon resolution testing, sensitivity and specificity for CHIKV were 93.9 % and 100.0 %, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>TaqMan™ Arbovirus Triplex Kit demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (&gt;93 %) for detecting circulating DENV and CHIKV strains. Multiplex PCR testing can improve case detection, surveillance, and public health responses while optimizing laboratory resources for outbreak control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of virological methods","volume":"332 ","pages":"Article 115072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142687360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}