Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Linking toxicity and predation in a venomous arthropod: the case of <i>Tityus fuhrmanni</i> (Scorpiones: Buthidae), a generalist predator scorpion.","authors":"Alejandra Arroyave-Muñoz,&nbsp;Arie van der Meijden,&nbsp;Sebastián Estrada-Gómez,&nbsp;Luis Fernando García","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Scorpions are arachnids that have a generalist diet, which use venom to subdue their prey. The study of their trophic ecology and capture behavior is still limited compared to other organisms, and aspects such as trophic specialization in this group have been little explored.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In order to determine the relationship between feeding behavior and venom toxicity in the scorpion species <i>Tityus fuhrmanni</i>, 33 specimens were offered prey with different morphologies and defense mechanisms: spiders, cockroaches and crickets. In each of the experiments we recorded the following aspects: acceptance rate, immobilization time and the number of capture attempts. The median lethal dose of <i>T. fuhrmanni</i> venom against the three different types of prey was also evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that this species does not have a marked difference in acceptance for any of the evaluated prey, but the number of capture attempts of spiders is higher when compared to the other types of prey. The immobilization time is shorter in spiders compared to other prey and the LD₅₀ was higher for cockroaches.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results indicate that <i>T. fuhrmanni</i> is a scorpion with a generalist diet, has a venom with a different potency among prey and is capable of discriminating between prey types and employing distinct strategies to subdue them.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8747031/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39862538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"King Cobra and snakebite envenomation: on the natural history, human-snake relationship and medical importance of <i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>.","authors":"Choo Hock Tan,&nbsp;Aymeric Bourges,&nbsp;Kae Yi Tan","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>King Cobra (<i>Ophiophagus hannah</i>) has a significant place in many cultures, and is a medically important venomous snake in the world. Envenomation by this snake is highly lethal, manifested mainly by neurotoxicity and local tissue damage. King Cobra may be part of a larger species complex, and is widely distributed across Southeast Asia, southern China, northern and eastern regions as well as the Western Ghats of India, indicating potential geographical variation in venom composition. There is, however, only one species-specific King Cobra antivenom available worldwide that is produced in Thailand, using venom from the snake of Thai origin. Issues relating to the management of King Cobra envenomation (<i>e.g.</i>, variation in the composition and toxicity of the venom, limited availability and efficacy of antivenom), and challenges faced in the research of venom (in particular proteomics), are rarely addressed. This article reviews the natural history and sociocultural importance of King Cobra, cases of snakebite envenomation caused by this species, current practice of management (preclinical and clinical), and major toxinological studies of the venom with a focus on venom proteomics, toxicity and neutralization. Unfortunately, epidemiological data of King Cobra bite is scarce, and venom proteomes reported in various studies revealed marked discrepancies in details. Challenges, such as inconsistency in snake venom sampling, varying methodology of proteomic analysis, lack of mechanistic and antivenomic studies, and controversy surrounding antivenom use in treating King Cobra envenomation are herein discussed. Future directions are proposed, including the effort to establish a standard, comprehensive Pan-Asian proteomic database of King Cobra venom, from which the venom variation can be determined. Research should be undertaken to characterize the toxin antigenicity, and to develop an antivenom with improved efficacy and wider geographical utility. The endeavors are aligned with the WHO´s roadmap that aims to reduce the disease burden of snakebite by 50% before 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8733962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39851709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recombinant expression and antigenicity of two peptide families of neurotoxins from <i>Androctonus</i> sp.","authors":"Samuel Cardoso-Arenas,&nbsp;Herlinda Clement,&nbsp;Iván Arenas,&nbsp;Felipe Olvera,&nbsp;Fernando Zamudio,&nbsp;Figen Caliskan,&nbsp;Ligia Luz Corrales-García,&nbsp;Gerardo Corzo","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2022-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2022-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Scorpion neurotoxins such as those that modify the mammalian voltage-gated sodium ion channels (Nav) are the main responsible for scorpion envenomation. Their neutralization is crucial in the production of antivenoms against scorpion stings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, two <i>in silico</i> designed genes - one that codes for a native neurotoxin from the venom of the Anatolian scorpion <i>Androctonus crassicauda,</i> named Acra 4 - and another non-native toxin - named consensus scorpion toxin (SccTx) obtained from the alignment of the primary structures of the most toxic neurotoxins from the Middle Eastern and North African scorpions - were recombinantly expressed in <i>E. coli</i> Origami.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following bacterial expression, the two expressed neurotoxins, hereafter named HisrAcra4 and HisrSccTx, were obtained from inclusion bodies. Both recombinant neurotoxins were obtained in multiple Cys-Cys isoforms. After refolding, the active protein fractions were identified with molecular masses of 8,947.6 and 9,989.1 Da for HisrAcra4 and HisrSccTx, respectively, which agreed with their expected theoretical masses. HisrAcra4 and HisrSccTx were used as antigens to immunize two groups of rabbits, to produce either anti-HisrAcra4 or anti-HisrSccTx serum antibodies, which in turn could recognize and neutralize neurotoxins from venoms of scorpion species from the Middle East and North Africa. The antibodies obtained from rabbits neutralized the 3LD₅₀ of <i>Androctonus australis, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus</i> and <i>Buthus occitanus</i> venoms, but they did not neutralize <i>A. crassicauda</i> and <i>A. mauritanicus</i> venoms. In addition, the anti-HisrAcra4 antibodies did not neutralize any of the five scorpion venoms tested. However, an antibody blend of anti-HisrAcra4 and anti-HisrSccTx was able to neutralize <i>A. crassicauda</i> and <i>A. mauritanicus</i> venoms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Two recombinant Nav neurotoxins, from different peptide families, were used as antigens to generate IgGs for neutralizing scorpion venoms of species from the Middle East and North Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9769139/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10510328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospecting for candidate molecules from <i>Conus virgo</i> toxins to develop new biopharmaceuticals.","authors":"Anas A Mohamed,&nbsp;Zohour I Nabil,&nbsp;Mohamed S El-Naggar","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A combination of pharmacological and biomedical assays was applied in this study to examine the bioactivity of <i>Conus virgo</i> crude venom in order to determine the potential pharmacological benefit of this venom, and its <i>in vivo</i> mechanism of action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two doses (1/5 and 1/10 of LC₅₀, 9.14 and 4.57 mg/kg) of the venom were used in pharmacological assays (central and peripheral analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic), while 1/2 of LC₅₀ (22.85 mg/kg) was used in cytotoxic assays on experimental animals at different time intervals, and then compared with control and reference drug groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The tail immersion time was significantly increased in venom-treated mice compared with the control group. Also, a significant reduction in writhing movement was recorded after injection of both venom doses compared with the control group. In addition, only the high venom concentration has a mild anti-inflammatory effect at the late inflammation stage. The induced pyrexia was also decreased significantly after treatment with both venom doses. On the other hand, significant increases were observed in lipid peroxidation (after 4 hours) and reduced glutathione contents and glutathione peroxidase activity, while contents of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (after 24 hours) and catalase activity were depleted significantly after venom administration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that the crude venom of <i>Conus virgo</i> probably contain bioactive components that have pharmacological activities with low cytotoxic effects. Therefore, it may comprise a potential lead compound for the development of drugs that would control pain and pyrexia.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9761950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10481729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the first two toxins isolated from the venom of the ancient scorpion <i>Tityus (Archaeotityus) mattogrossensis</i> (Borelli, 1901).","authors":"Natiela Beatriz de Oliveira,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Martins Magalhães,&nbsp;Carlos Bloch,&nbsp;Paulo Sérgio Lacerda Beirão,&nbsp;Anita de Oliveira Silva,&nbsp;Rafael D Melani,&nbsp;Eder Alves Barbosa,&nbsp;Osmindo Rodrigues Pires,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Schwartz","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Almost all <i>Tityus</i> characterized toxins are from subgenera <i>Atreus</i> and <i>Tityus</i>, there are only a few data about toxins produced by <i>Archaeotityus</i>, an ancient group in <i>Tityus</i> genus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>Tityus (Archaeotityus) mattogrossensis</i> crude venom was fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography, the major fractions were tested in a frog sciatic nerve single sucrose-gap technique. Two fractions (Tm1 and Tm2) were isolated, partially sequenced by MALDI-TOF/MS and electrophysiological assayed on HEK293 Nav 1.3, HEK293 Nav 1.6, DUM and DRG cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sucrose-gap technique showed neurotoxicity in four fractions. One fraction caused a delay of action potential repolarization and other three caused a reduction in amplitude. An electrophysiological assay showed that Tm1 is active on HEK293 Nav 1.3, HEK293 Nav 1.6, DUM and DRG cells, and Tm2 on HEK293 Nav 1.3 and DRG cells, but not in HEK293 Nav 1.6. In addition, Tm1 and Tm2 did promote a shift to more negative potentials strongly suggesting that both are α-NaScTx.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although <i>Tityus (Archaeotityus) mattogrossensis</i> is considered an ancient group in <i>Tityus</i> genus, the primary structure of Tm1 and Tm2 is more related to <i>Tityus</i> subgenus. The patch clamp electrophysiological tests suggest that Tm1 and Tm2 are NaScTx, and also promoted no shift to more negative potentials, strongly suggesting that both are α-NaScTx. This paper aimed to explore and characterize for the first time toxins from the ancient scorpion <i>Tityus (Archaeotityus) mattogrossensis.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8670738/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39851473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of biological activities of <i>Tityus pachyurus</i> venom from two Colombian regions.","authors":"Jennifer Alexandra Solano-Godoy,&nbsp;Julio César González-Gómez,&nbsp;Kristian A Torres-Bonilla,&nbsp;Rafael Stuani Floriano,&nbsp;Ananda T Santa Fé Miguel,&nbsp;Walter Murillo-Arango","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the present study, we have tested whether specimens of the medically relevant scorpion <i>Tityus pachyurus</i>, collected from two climatically and ecologically different regions, differ in the biological activities of the venom.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Scorpions were collected in Tolima and Huila, Colombia. Chemical profiles of the crude venom were obtained from 80 scorpions for each region, using SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. Assays for phospholipase A₂, direct and indirect hemolytic, proteolytic, neuromuscular, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities were carried out.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The electrophoretic profiles of venom from the two regions showed similar bands of 6-14 kDa, 36-45 kDa, 65 kDa and 97 kDa. However, bands between 36 kDa and 65 kDa were observed with more intensity in venoms from Tolima, and a 95 kDa band occurred only in venoms from Huila. The chromatographic profile of the venoms showed differences in the intensity of some peaks, which could be associated with changes in the abundance of some components between both populations. Phospholipase A₂ and hemolytic activities were not observable, whereas both venoms showed proteolytic activity towards casein. Insecticidal activity of the venoms from both regions showed significant variation in potency, the bactericidal activity was variable and low for both venoms. Moreover, no differences were observed in the neuromuscular activity assay.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results reveal some variation in the activity of the venom between both populations, which could be explained by the ecological adaptations like differences in feeding, altitude and/or diverse predator exposure. However more in-depth studies are necessary to determine the drivers behind the differences in venom composition and activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8651215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39851472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions amongst inflammation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and kallikrein-kinin systems: suggestive approaches for COVID-19 therapy.","authors":"Lilian Caroline Gonçalves Oliveira,&nbsp;Nayara Azinheira Nobrega Cruz,&nbsp;Bruna Ricelli,&nbsp;Helio Tedesco-Silva,&nbsp;José Osmar Medina-Pestana,&nbsp;Dulce Elena Casarini","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapid-spread infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can culminate in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) and kallikrein-kinin (KKS) systems imbalance, and in serious consequences for infected patients. This scoping review of published research exploring the RAAS and KKS was undertaken in order to trace the history of the discovery of both systems and their multiple interactions, discuss some aspects of the viral-cell interaction, including inflammation and the system imbalance triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and their consequent disorders. Furthermore, we correlate the effects of continued use of the RAAS blockers in chronic diseases therapies with the virulence and physiopathology of COVID-19. We also approach the RAAS and KKS-related proposed potential therapies for treatment of COVID-19. In this way, we reinforce the importance of exploring both systems and the application of their components or their blockers in the treatment of coronavirus disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8651214/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39851470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pain-related toxins in scorpion and spider venoms: a face to face with ion channels.","authors":"Sylvie Diochot","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pain is a common symptom induced during envenomation by spiders and scorpions. Toxins isolated from their venom have become essential tools for studying the functioning and physiopathological role of ion channels, as they modulate their activity. In particular, toxins that induce pain relief effects can serve as a molecular basis for the development of future analgesics in humans. This review provides a summary of the different scorpion and spider toxins that directly interact with pain-related ion channels, with inhibitory or stimulatory effects. Some of these toxins were shown to affect pain modalities in different animal models providing information on the role played by these channels in the pain process. The close interaction of certain gating-modifier toxins with membrane phospholipids close to ion channels is examined along with molecular approaches to improve selectivity, affinity or bioavailability <i>in vivo</i> for therapeutic purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39739021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BM-MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from trained animals presented nephroprotective potential in unilateralureteral obstruction model.","authors":"Rafael da Silva Luiz,&nbsp;Rodolfo Rosseto Rampaso,&nbsp;Alef Aragão Carneiro Dos Santos,&nbsp;Marcia Bastos Convento,&nbsp;Dulce Aparecida Barbosa,&nbsp;Cassiane Dezoti da Fonseca,&nbsp;Andréia Silva de Oliveira,&nbsp;Agnaldo Caires,&nbsp;Andrei Furlan,&nbsp;Nestor Schor,&nbsp;Fernanda Teixeira Borges","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) and its extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated for a broad spectrum of indications, including kidney diseases. However, BM-MSC donor characteristics and their potential are not usually considered. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the nephroprotective capacity of sEV secreted by BM-MSC from trained rats inunilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BM-MSC was characterized by their differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. The sEV were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Its miRNA cargo was examined by quantitative PCR analysis for miR-26a, 126a, and 296. Wistar rats were submitted to UUO procedure and concomitantly treated with sEV secreted by BM-MSC from the untrained andtrained rats. The kidney tissue from all groups was evaluated for fibrosis mediators (transforming growth factor beta1 and collagen), CD34-angiogenesis marker, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Treadmill training stimulated in BM-MSC the production of sEV loaded with pro-angiogenic miR-296. The treatment with this sEVin UUO-rats was able to attenuate collagen accumulation and increase CD34 and HIF-1α in the kidney tissue when compared to untrained ones. Tubular proximal cells under hypoxia and exposed to BM-MSC sEV demonstrate accumulation in HIF-1α and NFR-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), possibly to mediate the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, under these conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The BM-MSC sEV from trained animals presented an increased nephroprotective potential compared to untrained vesicles by carrying 296-angiomiR and contributing to angiogenesis in UUO model.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8650265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39851471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Amazonian scorpions and scorpionism: integrating toxinological, clinical, and phylogenetic data to combat a human health crisis in the world's most diverse rainfores.","authors":"Adolfo Borges, Matthew R Graham, Denise M Cândido, Pedro P O Pardal","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Venom from Amazonian scorpions of the genus <i>Tityus</i> contains components capable of eliciting a distinct clinical, mostly neurological, syndrome. This contrasts with the mainly autonomic manifestations produced after envenomation by congeneric southern and northern South American species. Herein, we summarize Pan-Amazonian scorpionism by synthesizing available toxinological, clinical, and molecular data gathered from all affected areas in Amazonia, including Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, and French Guiana. We searched multiple databases, as well as our own records, for reports of scorpion envenomations in Amazonia by confirmed <i>Tityus</i> spp., and compared the clinical manifestations. To help uncover clinical and venom relationships among problematic species, we explored phylogenetic relationships with a rate-calibrated analysis of mitochondrial COI data from available species. The possible existence of diversity gradients for venom toxic and immunogenic components despite the predicted strong phylogenetic association among species is underscored by discussed clinical and toxinological findings. A multicentric effort, involving all nations affected by this neglected disease, is urgently needed to offer alternatives for treating and understanding this pathology, including the preparation of neutralizing antibodies with a broad range of efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8629433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39822459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}