Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases最新文献

{"title":"Acute kidney failure following severe viper envenomation: clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects.","authors":"Blaise Adelin Tchaou, Kofi-Mensa Savi de Tové, Charles Frédéric Tchégnonsi N'Vènonfon, Patrick Kouomboua Mfin, Abdou-Rahman Aguemon, Martin Chobli, Jean-Philippe Chippaux","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0059","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of snakebite envenomation, which is still little known in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to describe the clinical, biological and ultrasonographic aspects of AKI following severe snakebite envenomation managed in the intensive care unit.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A prospective observational survey was performed in Benin over a period of 18 months. All patients suffering severe snakebite envenomation (SBE) were included. The diagnosis of AKI was made using the KDIGO criteria. Kidney ultrasound exam was performed in all patients to assess internal bleeding and morphological and structural abnormalities of the kidneys.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty-one cases of severe SBE were included. All patients presented inflammatory syndrome and showed abnormal WBCT whereas bleeding was found in 46 of them (90%). The median time to hospital presentation was three days. The majority of patients were male (M/F sex ratio = 1.55) and the median age was 26. Sixteen patients (31%) showed AKI according to the KDIGO criteria. Severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 and 3) was observed in three patients, including one stage 2 and two stage 3. Kidney ultrasound revealed three cases of kidney capsular hematoma (6%), two cases of kidney hypertrophy (3%), three cases of kidney injury (4%), two stage 1 KDIGO and one stage 2 KDIGO. Only one patient benefited from hemodialysis. All patients showing AKI recovered without sequels. The median duration of hospital stays was four days. Seven patients died (14%) including four among the 16 AKI patients. Antivenom has been administered to 41 patients (80%). The comparison between patients without and with AKI did not show any significant difference except gender (p = 10^-2).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AKI is a common complication of severe snakebite envenomation. Resulting from inflammatory and hemorrhagic disorders, AKI may prove to be a short-term life-threatening factor.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200059"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7724935/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38724738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of crotoxin in coagulation: novel insights into anticoagulant mechanisms and impairment of inflammation-induced coagulation.","authors":"Bruna Terada Gimenez,&nbsp;Gabriel Neves Cezarette,&nbsp;Aline de Sousa Bomfim,&nbsp;Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro,&nbsp;Elisa Maria de Sousa Russo,&nbsp;Fabiani Gai Frantz,&nbsp;Suely Vilela Sampaio,&nbsp;Marco Aurelio Sartim","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snake venom phospholipases A₂ (svPLA₂) are biologically active toxins, capable of triggering and modulating a wide range of biological functions. Among the svPLA₂s, crotoxin (CTX) has been in the spotlight of bioprospecting research due to its role in modulating immune response and hemostasis. In the present study, novel anticoagulant mechanisms of CTX, and the modulation of inflammation-induced coagulation were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CTX anticoagulant activity was evaluated using platelet poor plasma (PPP) and whole blood (WB), and also using isolated coagulation factors and complexes. The toxin modulation of procoagulant and pro-inflammatory effects was evaluated using the expression of tissue factor (TF) and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and in WB.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that CTX impaired clot formation in both PPP and WB, and was responsible for the inhibition of both intrinsic (TF/factor VIIa) and extrinsic (factor IXa/factor VIIIa) tenase complexes, but not for factor Xa and thrombin alone. In addition, the PLA₂ mitigated the prothrombinase complex by modulating the coagulation phospholipid role in the complex. In regards to the inflammation-coagulation cross talk, the toxin was capable of reducing the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and was followed by decreased levels of TF and procoagulant activity from LPS-treated PBMC either isolated or in WB.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results obtained in the present study recognize the toxin as a novel medicinal candidate to be applied in inflammatory diseases with coagulation disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200076"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7702976/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38352120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken antibodies against venom proteins of Trimeresurus stejnegeri in Taiwan","authors":"Chi-Hsin Lee, Chia-I Liu, S. Leu, Yu-Ching Lee, J. Chiang, Liao-Chun Chiang, Y. Mao, Bor-Yu Tsai, Ching-Sheng Hung, Chi-Ching Chen, Yi-yuan Yang","doi":"10.1590/s1678-91992020000100338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-91992020000100338","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background: The venom of bamboo vipers (Trimeresurus stejnegeri - TS), commonly found in Taiwan, contains deadly hemotoxins that cause severe envenomation. Equine-derived antivenom is a specific treatment against snakebites, but its production costs are high and there are some inevitable side effects. The aim of the present work is to help in the development of an affordable and more endurable therapeutic strategy for snakebites. Methods: T. stejnegeri venom proteins were inactivated by glutaraldehyde in order to immunize hens for polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies production. After IgY binding assays, two antibody libraries were constructed expressing single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies joined by the short or long linker for use in phage display antibody technology. Four rounds of biopanning were carried out. The selected scFv antibodies were then further tested for their binding activities and neutralization assays to TS proteins. Results: Purified IgY from egg yolk showed the specific binding ability to TS proteins. The dimensions of these two libraries contain 2.4 × 107 and 6.8 × 107 antibody clones, respectively. An increase in the titers of eluted phage indicated anti-TS clones remarkably enriched after 2nd panning. The analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of selected scFv clones indicated that seven groups of short linkers and four groups of long linkers were identified. The recombinant scFvs showed significant reactivity to TS venom proteins and a cross-reaction to Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom proteins. In in vivo studies, the data demonstrated that anti-TS IgY provided 100% protective effects while combined scFvs augmented partial survival time of mice injected with a lethal amount of TS proteins. Conclusion: Chickens were excellent hosts for the production of neutralization antibodies at low cost. Phage display technology is available for generation of monoclonal antibodies against snake venom proteins. These antibodies could be applied in the development of diagnostic kits or as an alternative for snakebite envenomation treatment in the near future.","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84104124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken antibodies against venom proteins of <i>Trimeresurus stejnegeri</i> in Taiwan.","authors":"Chi-Hsin Lee, Chia-I Liu, Sy-Jye Leu, Yu-Ching Lee, Jen-Ron Chiang, Liao-Chun Chiang, Yan-Chiao Mao, Bor-Yu Tsai, Ching-Sheng Hung, Chi-Ching Chen, Yi-Yuan Yang","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0056","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The venom of bamboo vipers (<i>Trimeresurus stejnegeri</i> - TS), commonly found in Taiwan, contains deadly hemotoxins that cause severe envenomation. Equine-derived antivenom is a specific treatment against snakebites, but its production costs are high and there are some inevitable side effects. The aim of the present work is to help in the development of an affordable and more endurable therapeutic strategy for snakebites.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong><i>T. stejnegeri</i> venom proteins were inactivated by glutaraldehyde in order to immunize hens for polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies production. After IgY binding assays, two antibody libraries were constructed expressing single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies joined by the short or long linker for use in phage display antibody technology. Four rounds of biopanning were carried out. The selected scFv antibodies were then further tested for their binding activities and neutralization assays to TS proteins.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Purified IgY from egg yolk showed the specific binding ability to TS proteins. The dimensions of these two libraries contain 2.4 × 10⁷ and 6.8 × 10⁷ antibody clones, respectively. An increase in the titers of eluted phage indicated anti-TS clones remarkably enriched after 2^nd panning. The analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of selected scFv clones indicated that seven groups of short linkers and four groups of long linkers were identified. The recombinant scFvs showed significant reactivity to TS venom proteins and a cross-reaction to <i>Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus</i> venom proteins. In <i>in vivo</i> studies, the data demonstrated that anti-TS IgY provided 100% protective effects while combined scFvs augmented partial survival time of mice injected with a lethal amount of TS proteins.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chickens were excellent hosts for the production of neutralization antibodies at low cost. Phage display technology is available for generation of monoclonal antibodies against snake venom proteins. These antibodies could be applied in the development of diagnostic kits or as an alternative for snakebite envenomation treatment in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200056"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682652/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38679847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zika virus serological diagnosis: commercial tests and monoclonal antibodies as tools.","authors":"Isaura Beatriz Borges Silva,&nbsp;Aldacilene Souza da Silva,&nbsp;Mariana Sequetin Cunha,&nbsp;Aline Diniz Cabral,&nbsp;Kelly Cristina Alves de Oliveira,&nbsp;Elizabeth De Gaspari,&nbsp;Carlos Roberto Prudencio","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) of the <i>Flaviviridae</i> family, is a current issue worldwide, particularly because of the congenital and neurological syndromes associated with infection by this virus. As the initial clinical symptoms of all diseases caused by this group are very similar, clinical diagnosis is difficult. Furthermore, laboratory diagnostic efforts have failed to identify specific and accurate tests for each virus of the <i>Flaviviridae</i> family due to the cross-reactivity of these viruses in serum samples. This situation has resulted in underreporting of the diseases caused by flaviviruses. However, many companies developed commercial diagnostic tests after the recent ZIKV outbreak. Moreover, health regulatory agencies have approved different commercial tests to extend the monitoring of ZIKV infections. Considering that a specific and sensitive diagnostic method for estimating risk and evaluating ZIKV propagation is still needed, this review aims to provide an update of the main commercially approved serological diagnostics test by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Additionally, we present the technologies used for monoclonal antibody production as a tool for the development of diagnostic tests and applications of these antibodies in detecting ZIKV infections worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200019"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7685096/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38679846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum: Immunohistochemical investigation of neuronal injury in cerebral cortex of cobra-envenomed rats.","authors":"","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-2004000100005er","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-2004000100005er","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1590/S1678-91992004000100005.].</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e5376er"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7653900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38633990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifungal activity of liriodenine on agents of systemic mycoses, with emphasis on the genus <i>Paracoccidioides</i>.","authors":"Adriele Dandara Levorato Vinche, Iván de-la-Cruz-Chacón, Alma Rosa González-Esquinca, Julhiany de Fátima da Silva, Gisela Ferreira, Daniela Carvalho Dos Santos, Hans Garcia Garces, Daniela Vanessa Moris de Oliveira, Camila Marçon, Ricardo de Souza Cavalcante, Rinaldo Poncio Mendes","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0023","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endemic systemic mycoses remain a health challenge, since these opportunistic diseases are increasingly infecting immunosuppressed patients. The simultaneous use of antifungal compounds and other drugs to treat infectious or non-infectious diseases has led to several interactions and undesirable effects. Thus, new antifungal compounds should be investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the activity of liriodenine extracted from <i>Annona macroprophyllata</i> on agents of systemic mycoses, with emphasis on the genus <i>Paracoccidioides</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) were determined by the microdilution method. The cellular alterations caused by liriodenine on a standard <i>P. brasiliensis</i> (Pb18) strain were evaluated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Liriodenine was effective only in 3 of the 8 strains of the genus <i>Paracoccidioides</i> and in the <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> strain, in a very low concentration (MIC of 1.95 μg.mL^-1); on yeasts of <i>Candida</i> spp. (MIC of 125 to 250 μg.mL-1), including <i>C. krusei</i> (250 μg.mL^-1), which has intrinsic resistance to fluconazole; and in <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> and <i>Cryptococcus gattii</i> (MIC of 62.5 μg.mL^-1). However, liriodenine was not effective against <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> at the studied concentrations. Liriodenine exhibited fungicidal activity against all standard strains and clinical isolates that showed to be susceptible by <i>in vitro</i> tests. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic alterations and damage to the cell wall of <i>P. brasiliensis</i> (Pb18).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results indicate that liriodenine is a promising fungicidal compound that should undergo further investigation with some chemical modifications.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7595607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38613913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-depth transcriptome reveals the potential biotechnological application of <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> venom gland.","authors":"Leandro de Mattos Pereira,&nbsp;Elisa Alves Messias,&nbsp;Bruna Pereira Sorroche,&nbsp;Angela das Neves Oliveira,&nbsp;Lidia Maria Rebolho Batista Arantes,&nbsp;Ana Carolina de Carvalho,&nbsp;Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo,&nbsp;Kathleen Fernandes Grego,&nbsp;André Lopes Carvalho,&nbsp;Matias Eliseo Melendez","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2019-0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2019-0058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lack of complete genomic data of <i>Bothrops jararaca</i> impedes molecular biology research focusing on biotechnological applications of venom gland components. Identification of full-length coding regions of genes is crucial for the correct molecular cloning design.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>RNA was extracted from the venom gland of one adult female specimen of <i>Bothrops jararaca</i>. Deep sequencing of the mRNA library was performed using Illumina NextSeq 500 platform. <i>De novo</i> assembly of <i>B. jararaca</i> transcriptome was done using Trinity. Annotation was performed using Blast2GO. All predicted proteins after clustering step were blasted against non-redundant protein database of NCBI using BLASTP. Metabolic pathways present in the transcriptome were annotated using the KAAS-KEGG Automatic Annotation Server. Toxins were identified in the <i>B. jararaca</i> predicted proteome using BLASTP against all protein sequences obtained from Animal Toxin Annotation Project from Uniprot KB/Swiss-Pro database. Figures and data visualization were performed using ggplot2 package in R language environment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We described the in-depth transcriptome analysis of <i>B. jararaca</i> venom gland, in which 76,765 <i>de novo</i> assembled isoforms, 96,044 transcribed genes and 41,196 unique proteins were identified. The most abundant transcript was the zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like jararhagin. Moreover, we identified 78 distinct functional classes of proteins, including toxins, inhibitors and tumor suppressors. Other venom proteins identified were the hemolytic lethal factors stonustoxin and verrucotoxin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is believed that the application of deep sequencing to the analysis of snake venom transcriptomes may represent invaluable insight on their biotechnological potential focusing on candidate molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20190058"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7579844/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38569369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in detoxification systems of snake venom-induced toxicity.","authors":"Degang Dong,&nbsp;Zhongping Deng,&nbsp;Zhangren Yan,&nbsp;Wenli Mao,&nbsp;Jun Yi,&nbsp;Mei Song,&nbsp;Qiang Li,&nbsp;Jun Chen,&nbsp;Qi Chen,&nbsp;Liang Liu,&nbsp;Xi Wang,&nbsp;Xiuqin Huang,&nbsp;Wanchun Wang","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snakebites remain a major life-threatening event worldwide. It is still difficult to make a positive identification of snake species by clinicians in both Western medicine and Chinese medicine. The main reason for this is a shortage of diagnostic biomarkers and lack of knowledge about pathways of venom-induced toxicity. In traditional Chinese medicine, snakebites are considered to be treated with wind, fire, and wind-fire toxin, but additional studies are required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cases of snakebite seen at the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were grouped as follows: fire toxin - including four cases of bites by <i>Agkistrodon acutus</i> and three bites by <i>Trimeresurus stejnegeri</i> - and wind-fire toxin - four cases of bites by vipers and three bites by cobras. Serum protein quantification was performed using LC-MS/MS. Differential abundance proteins (DAPs) were identified from comparison of snakebites of each snake species and healthy controls. The protein interaction network was constructed using STITCH database.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of 474 unique proteins exhibited protein expression profiles of wind-fire toxins that are distinct from that of fire toxins. Ninety-three DAPs were identified in each snakebite subgroup as compared with healthy control, of which 38 proteins were found to have significantly different expression levels and 55 proteins displayed no expression in one subgroup, by subgroup comparison. GO analysis revealed that the DAPs participated in bicarbonate/oxygen transport and hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, and affected carbon-oxygen lyase activity and heme binding. Thirty DAPs directly or indirectly acted on hydrogen peroxide in the interaction network of proteins and drug compounds. The network was clustered into four groups: lipid metabolism and transport; IGF-mediated growth; oxygen transport; and innate immunity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that the pathways of snake venom-induced toxicity may form a protein network of antioxidant defense by regulating oxidative stress through interaction with hydrogen peroxide.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200053"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7574533/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38539617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venom complexity of <i>Bothrops atrox</i> (common lancehead) siblings.","authors":"Daniela Miki Hatakeyama, Lídia Jorge Tasima, Cesar Adolfo Bravo-Tobar, Caroline Serino-Silva, Alexandre Keiji Tashima, Caroline Fabri Bittencourt Rodrigues, Weslei da Silva Aguiar, Nathália da Costa Galizio, Eduardo Oliveira Venancio de Lima, Victor Koiti Kavazoi, Juan David Gutierrez-Marín, Iasmim Baptista de Farias, Sávio Stefanini Sant'Anna, Kathleen Fernandes Grego, Karen de Morais-Zani, Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo","doi":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0018","DOIUrl":"10.1590/1678-9199-JVATITD-2020-0018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Variability in snake venoms is a well-studied phenomenon. However, sex-based variation of <i>Bothrops atrox</i> snake venom using siblings is poorly investigated. <i>Bothrops atrox</i> is responsible for the majority of snakebite accidents in the Brazilian Amazon region. Differences in the venom composition of <i>Bothrops</i> genus have been linked to several factors such as ontogeny, geographical distribution, prey preferences and sex. Thus, in the current study, venom samples of <i>Bothrops atrox</i> male and female siblings were analyzed in order to compare their biochemical and biological characteristics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Venoms were collected from five females and four males born from a snake captured from the wild in São Bento (Maranhão, Brazil), and kept in the Laboratory of Herpetology of Butantan Intitute. The venoms were analyzed individually and as a pool of each gender. The assays consisted in protein quantification, 1-DE, mass spectrometry, proteolytic, phospholipase A₂, L-amino acid oxidase activities, minimum coagulant dose upon plasma, minimum hemorrhagic dose and lethal dose 50%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Electrophoretic profiles of male's and female's venom pools were quite similar, with minor sex-based variation. Male venom showed higher LAAO, PLA₂ and hemorrhagic activities, while female venom showed higher coagulant activity. On the other hand, the proteolytic activities did not show statistical differences between pools, although some individual variations were observed. Meanwhile, proteomic profile revealed 112 different protein compounds; of which 105 were common proteins of female's and male's venom pools and seven were unique to females. Despite individual variations, lethality of both pools showed similar values.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although differences between female and male venoms were observed, our results show that individual variations are significant even between siblings, highlighting that biological activities of venoms and its composition are influenced by other factors beyond gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":17565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","volume":"26 ","pages":"e20200018"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7553035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38622700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}