Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders最新文献

{"title":"Comparing venous wall effects using the empty vein ablation technique with VELEX catheter, endovenous laser ablation and foam sclerotherapy in an animal model","authors":"Mario Salerno MD ,&nbsp;Daniele Bissacco MD ,&nbsp;Yung-Wei Chi MD ,&nbsp;Sriram Narayanan MD ,&nbsp;Alessandro Addis DVM ,&nbsp;Fabio Martelli MSc, PhD ,&nbsp;Germana Zaccagnini MSc ,&nbsp;Teresa Lucia Aloi MD ,&nbsp;Giovanni Nano MD ,&nbsp;Sergio Gianesini MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Paolo Righini MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To describe residual intima and the average media thickness persisted after the empty vein ablation (EVA) technique, endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), and foam sclerotherapy (FS) in a sheep in vivo model.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six iliofemoral and two jugular sheep vein axes were treated as follows: four with EVA (using polidocanol [POL] 0.5% or 1% with 1 or 3 minutes as contact time), two with FS (FS-1 and FS during Valsalva maneuver [FS-Val], POL1% for 10 minutes), and two with EVLA (1470 nm radial, 80 J/cm²).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The average percentage of residual intima layer was 2% (interquartile range [IQR]: 1%-4%) for EVA-POL0.5%-1 minute, 1% (IQR: 0%-3.5%) for EVA-POL0.5%-3 minutes, 2% (IQR: 0%-4%) for EVA-POL1%-1 minute, 0 for EVA-POL1%-3 minutes, 13% (IQR: 13%-15.7%) for FS, 1% (IQR: 0%-3%) for FS-Val, and 1% (IQR: 0%-6%) for EVLA. The average percentage of residual media thickness was 13% (IQR: 8%-15%) for EVA-POL0.5%-1 minute, 6% (IQR: 4%-9%) for EVA-POL0.5%-3 minutes, 13% (IQR: 10%-27%) for EVA-POL1%-1 minute, 6% (IQR: 5%-12%) for EVA-POL1%-3 minutes, 51% (IQR: 40%-62%) for FS, 29% (IQR: 23%-35%) for FS-Val, and 62% (IQR: 41%-75%) for EVLA.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>EVA demonstrated better results in vein wall damage compared with EVLA and FS, both in intima and media layers.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>This study provides crucial insights into the effectiveness of different vein treatment techniques, particularly the empty vein ablation method, in minimizing residual intima and media thickness. By evaluating these outcomes in a sheep model, it highlights how empty vein ablation may lead to more vein wall damage compared with endovenous laser ablation and foam sclerotherapy. For clinicians, understanding the comparative efficacy of these treatments is vital for optimizing patient care in managing venous diseases. As the field evolves, these findings could influence clinical decision-making, encouraging the adoption of techniques that promote better long-term outcomes for patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 102251"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing treatment selection in venous malformations through imaging-assisted sequential therapy: a case series analysis","authors":"Weixin Wang MD ,&nbsp;Wei Lu MD ,&nbsp;Chaonan Wang PhD ,&nbsp;Hechen Jia PhD ,&nbsp;Weiwei Chen PhD ,&nbsp;Ye Zhang PhD ,&nbsp;Hui Bi PhD ,&nbsp;Xiaonan Yang MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Venous malformations (VMs) are the most prevalent slow-flow congenital vascular anomalies. Effective management of VMs often necessitates individualized approaches, particularly for lesions with significant interstitial components. This study aims to evaluate a sequential treatment strategy combining sclerotherapy and open surgery, with guidance from ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was performed on a case series of 10 patients with VMs. Each patient underwent initial sclerotherapy, followed by surgical intervention. Preoperative US and MRI were used to assess treatment progress and optimize the timing of surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Sclerotherapy effectively reduced the venous components of VMs by inducing fibrosis, which diminished blood supply and facilitated subsequent surgical excision. Sequential plastic surgical resection successfully removed the interstitial components, further improving outcomes, particularly in cosmetically sensitive areas. Imaging modalities played a key role in monitoring the treatment process; US was effective for superficial lesions, whereas MRI provided essential insights into deeper and more complex malformations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Sequential treatment, incorporating preoperative sclerotherapy and tailored surgical planning, is essential for the effective management of VMs. Further research with larger, multicenter studies is needed to validate these findings and optimize treatment protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 102250"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144028660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound-healing and onboard care during long-duration human deep space exploration from a surgical perspective through the lens of a scoping review","authors":"Dora Babocs MD ,&nbsp;Krishi Korrapati BA ,&nbsp;Cooper Lytle BA ,&nbsp;Monika L. Gloviczki MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Gustavo S. Oderich MD ,&nbsp;M. Mark Melin MD ,&nbsp;Rowena Christiansen MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to develop a bridge between the fields of aerospace medicine and vascular surgery, and to emphasize the need for leading experts in vascular medicine, interventional radiology, and surgery to address the critical human spaceflight research gaps highlighted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted on literature published between 2000 and 2024. A well-defined search strategy was employed for keyword searches across multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, the NASA Life Science Data Archive, NASA technical reports, and Google Scholar.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Our review identified 125 relevant studies. These included 30 studies on general health conditions in space and wound healing, 38 addressing risk factors associated with the space environment, and 57 studies examining prevention and treatment options. These findings address NASA’s identified gaps in wound care capabilities (ExMC 4.07), contribute to defining the potential list of medical conditions that could arise during deep-space missions (ExMC 4.24, Med07, Med12, Medical-101), and serve as a milestone for developing integrated exploration medical system models for missions to the Moon and Mars (Medical-501).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Many of the identified NASA knowledge gaps—some of which have even been marked as closed due to a lack of research in the field—cannot be effectively addressed without bridging aerospace medicine with related disciplines, such as vascular surgery and chronic wound care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 102249"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144027301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Events of Interest","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2213-333X(25)00060-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2213-333X(25)00060-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 102225"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To bleed or not to bleed: Observing risk of concomitant nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and oral anticoagulant use after venous thromboembolism","authors":"J.Blake Iceton MD,&nbsp;Eri Fukaya MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102206","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102206","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 102206"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143806835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Information for Readers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S2213-333X(25)00059-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S2213-333X(25)00059-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 3","pages":"Article 102224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective study of hypersensitivity reactions in patients undergoing cyanoacrylate closure of lower extremity superficial veins.","authors":"Jiwoo Lee, Chien Yi Maximilian Png, Bianca Mulaney-Topkar, Davis Waller, Vishu Chandrasekhar, Julianne Stoughton","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102246","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Chronic venous insufficiency affects more than 25 million adults in the United States, who initially presents with varicose veins. Although thermal-based, minimally invasive endovenous procedures exist, there has been a recent advent of non-thermal endovenous methods for vein ablation such as cyanoacrylate closure (CAC) with the VenaSeal Closure System, which decreases the risk of thermal injury. This study aimed to determine the incidence, onset, duration, and severity of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) following CAC, as well as identify risk factors for the development of HSRs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted at the Massachusetts General Brigham health care system and included 122 patients with 193 veins treated between 2018 and 2022. Patients aged 18 years and older with symptomatic, incompetent superficial lower extremity veins, including the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, and anterior accessory saphenous vein, were included. Data on patient demographics, clinical history, procedure details, and post-procedural duplex ultrasound results were collected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this cohort, the incidence of HSRs was 21.2%. Symptom onset occurred on average 7.6 days post-procedure (standard deviation, 7.4 days) with most patients experiencing mild (76%) or moderate (24%) symptoms that resolved without intervention, with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or with steroid treatment. There was a significantly higher risk of HSRs with younger age (P = .0372), female sex (P = .0025), and history of allergies (P = .0049). Longer veins (P = .0205) and greater saphenous veins (P = .0388) had stronger associations with HSRs. The overall postoperative closure rate after CAC procedure was 99.5%, without a significant difference between patients with and without HSRs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>HSRs are a potential adverse complication of the CAC procedure, with most cases being self-limited and affecting individuals who are younger, are female, and have a history of allergies. These findings suggest the need for careful patient selection and counseling during consideration of the CAC procedure for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":" ","pages":"102246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12099872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144031984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy in the healing of venous leg ulcers.","authors":"Rashad A Bishara, Ahmed Gaweesh, Ihab Nabil Hanna, Ahmed K Allam, Mohamed R Moabed, Sherif Essam, Wassila Taha, Alun H Davies, Joseph Shalhoub","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102244","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for treating the refluxing venous network beneath and in the vicinity of venous leg ulcers (VLUs) has been used widely.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This trial aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of UGFS for treating VLUs (ISRCTN18090073).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study is a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Consenting eligible participants were randomized into two groups: group A received UGFS for the distal refluxing network of veins (eg, ulcer bed venous plexus), in addition to standard care, and group B received standard care alone. Standard care included compression therapy, wound care, ablation of superficial reflux, and recanalization of proximal deep venous obstruction when appropriate. Patients were followed weekly until complete ulcer healing was achieved. All participants will be followed for ≥12 months from the point of randomization to allow calculation of total ulcer-free days during the study period and assess for the recurrence of ulceration from the time of ulcer healing and quality of life measures. The primary outcome was the time to ulcer healing. Secondary outcomes were the rate of ulcer healing, Venous Clinical Severity Score, and patient-reported health-related quality of life.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study was terminated early for efficacy at the planned interim analysis when one-half the number of patients had completed follow-up. A total of 71 patients, 6 with bilateral VLUs, were recruited. After accounting for dropouts and losses to follow-up, 65 VLUs were available for analysis. Both groups were similar at baseline regarding demographic factors, risk factors, history of deep vein thrombosis, previous venous interventions, and ulcer size. The time to complete ulcer healing was significantly shorter in group A, who received UGFS, as compared with group B, who did not receive UGFS (median, 35 days [interquartile range, 22 days] vs median, 56 days [interquartile range, 58 days]; P = .008). Additionally, more ulcers achieved complete healing within 3 months in group A compared with group B (28/29 [97%] vs 27/36 [75%]; P = .01). Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant effect of UGFS on healing time (P = .004). Group A showed a significantly more rapid reduction in ulcer size (P < .0001). There was a significant improvement in the Venous Clinical Severity Score after treatment in both groups A and B (P < .0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although both groups benefited from standard care for treating VLUs, the addition of UGFS improved treatment outcomes significantly. UGFS accelerated the healing process, resulting in a shorter time to complete ulcer healing and a higher rate of ulcers achieving complete healing within 3 months. These findings suggest that UGFS is a valuable adjunctive treatment for VLUs, enhancing the efficacy of standard care protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":" ","pages":"102244"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143975098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thigh muscle pump function during ambulation.","authors":"Roman A Tauraginskii, Fedor Lurie, Anna Borde, Sergei Simakov, Denis Borsuk","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102248","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;It is generally accepted that blood flow in the superficial venous system of the lower extremity is anterograde whether the body is at rest (lying, sitting, or standing) or in motion (walking). However, it has been shown that during locomotion, anterograde blood flow in the superficial veins from the calf to the thigh was not observed. Instead, the blood flowed towards the intramuscular veins of the lower leg. The purpose of this study was to determine the pressure gradient directing the blood flow in the thigh venous network during ambulation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Sixteen healthy volunteers (legs) were enrolled in the study. Venous pressure was measured in the great saphenous vein (GSV) at the upper and distal thigh and in the intermuscular vein of the posterior thigh during treadmill walking at 30, 45 and 60 stride cycles min&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. The blood flow rate in the common femoral artery was measured by duplex ultrasound at rest and immediately following each exercise test.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Fourteen lower extremities were included in the analysis; two were excluded due to technical failure. A pressure gradient (PG) directed from the superficial to the intermuscular vein was observed for the majority the stride cycle time. The magnitude of the PG from the superficial to the intermuscular vein was found to be considerably higher than the PG observed between knee and groin GSV levels. The GSV pressure averaged over the cycle time was found to be similar at the knee and groin levels, irrespective of walking frequency.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;During natural ambulation, the resulting PG was directed from superficial to intermuscular veins for the majority of the stride cycle time. The thigh muscle pump functions as a flow diverter pump, redirecting blood flow from the superficial to the intramuscular venous networks via perforating veins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinical relevance: &lt;/strong&gt;This report addresses the mechanical aspects of the thigh muscle pump during human locomotion, specifically treadmill walking. The study establishes a correlation between the stride cycle and venous pressure changes within the thigh intermuscular and superficial venous network. The study demonstrated that the direction of blood flow from superficial veins is not anterograde; rather, the primary route for blood outflow from the superficial venous network at the thigh level is towards intramuscular veins through perforating veins. The aforementioned data, when considered alongside recently published data regarding calf muscle pump function, strongly suggest that the physiologic direction of blood flow in perforating veins is only from superficial to deep veins. Conversely, the occurrence of reverse flow should be regarded as pathological, even if observed in a healthy subject with so-called bi-directional perforating veins. The role of bi-directional perforating veins has been a topic of long-standing debate","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":" ","pages":"102248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144016384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of hemodynamic characteristics of iliac vein in chronic venous disease and iliac vein compression syndrome patients using magnetic resonance image: A prospective study","authors":"Tianchen Xie MD ,&nbsp;Xingyu Su PhD ,&nbsp;Yan Shan PhD, MD ,&nbsp;Min Zhou PhD, MD ,&nbsp;Yong Ding PhD, MD ,&nbsp;Xu Li PhD, MD ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhou PhD, MD ,&nbsp;Sheng Fang MD ,&nbsp;Chenghao Yang MD ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Shi MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jvsv.2025.102247","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Objective&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of hemodynamic parameters of iliac vein of patients with chronic venous disease (CVD) using two-dimensional (2D)-phase contrasted (PC) and four-dimensional (4D)-Flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to test the diagnostic and grading efficiency of 2D-PC and 4D-Flow MRI in CVD and iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Methods&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;Consecutive patients with CVD diagnosed in the outpatient department from 2023 to 2024 were enrolled in this study. Demographic data and medical records of the patients were also collected. The CEAP classification, Villalta score, and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS) were used to evaluate the severity of lower limb symptoms. After computational tomography venography (CTV) scans to verify iliac vein compression, every patient underwent 2D-PC and 4D-Flow MRI scanning. Circle CVI42 software was used to perform data post processing. The inferior vena cava (IVC), common iliac vein (CIV), and common femoral vein (CFV) were chosen to acquire hemodynamic parameters by MRI. The hemodynamic parameter included flow rate (FR) per cardiac cycle, FR per minute, peak flow velocity (FV) and minimum FV measured by 2D-PC MRI and FR per cardiac cycle, peak FV and pressure gradient measured by 4D-Flow MRI. We analyzed the consistency of hemodynamic parameters between 2D-PC and 4D-Flow MRI, the differences in hemodynamic parameters between symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs and limbs with and without iliac vein compression, and the correlation between parameters and severity of symptoms.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;Results&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;A total of 34 individuals, including three healthy volunteers, 15 patients with CVD and iliac vein compression, and 16 patients with CVD without IVCS, were enrolled in this study. Hemodynamic parameters measured by 2D-PC and 4D-Flow MRI complied with the flow rate conservation and maintained consistency (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; .01). There was a statistically significant difference in the FR of the CIV and FR difference between the CIV and CFV measured by 2D-PC and 4D-Flow MRI between symptomatic and asymptomatic limbs (2D-PC MRI: FR of CIV: 6.0 ± 3.1 vs 8.5 ± 5.1; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .01; FR difference: 1.6 ± 2.1 vs 3.6 ± 4.3; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .01) (4D-Flow MRI: FR of CIV: 6.9 ± 2.8 vs 8.7 ± 4.2; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .04; FR difference: 3.0 ± 2.8 vs 4.8 ± 3.5; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .05), and limbs with and without iliac vein compression (2D-PC MRI: FR of CIV: 5.3 ± 3.0 vs 7.6 ± 4.4; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .03; FR difference: 1.3 ± 2.7 vs 2.8 ± 3.4; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .04) (4D-Flow MRI FR of CIV: 6.1 ± 2.6 vs 8.2 ± 3.7; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; .01; FR difference: 2.1 ± 3.7 vs 4.6 ± 3.1; &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .04). The FR of the CIV and the FR difference between the CIV and CFV were negatively correlated with symptom severity in all affected limbs (2D-PC MRI: FR of CIV: &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &lt; .01; r = −0.3; FR difference: &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; = .03; r = −0.3). There was a potential neg","PeriodicalId":17537,"journal":{"name":"Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders","volume":"13 5","pages":"Article 102247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144006678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}