Journal of traumatic stress最新文献

{"title":"Written exposure therapy augmented with transcranial direct current stimulation for posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Casey L Straud, Kiara H Buccellato, Melissa Martinez, Stacey Young-McCaughan, John C Moring, Sarah Barron, Flavia R Carreno, Daniel Lodge, David A Morilak, Brian P Marx, Denise M Sloan, Alan L Peterson","doi":"10.1002/jts.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Written exposure therapy (WET) is an evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that has been tested with several trauma-exposed samples. Although many individuals who receive WET and other trauma-focused psychotherapies experience a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms, there remains room for improvement given that a meaningful proportion of individuals continue to meet the diagnostic criteria following treatment. Adjunctive interventions that can be easily combined with trauma-focused psychotherapies for PTSD may improve treatment outcomes. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive neurostimulation intervention that has demonstrated preliminary evidence of reducing PTSD symptoms. In this study, we combined WET with tDCS to treat PTSD in a pilot randomized clinical trial. Participants (N = 25) received five WET sessions and were randomized to active or sham tDCS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Results showed no statistically significant group differences in PTSD symptom reductions at 1-month follow-up, as assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 or PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), ps = .573-.619, and both treatment groups demonstrated significant PTSD improvements, ps < .001, at the final assessment point. However, there was a significant two-way interaction for the PCL-5, p = .010. Deconstruction of this interaction showed that WET with tDCS had an accelerated effect, with larger PTSD symptom reductions occurring earlier in treatment relative to WET with sham tDCS. The findings highlight the potential of tDCS to accelerate PTSD outcomes when combined with WET and support conducting larger randomized clinical trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149216401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue on the 41st Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies: Frontiers in Traumatic Stress.","authors":"Nida Corry, Jacqueline S Womersley","doi":"10.1002/jts.70133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At the 41st Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, held in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 17-20, 2025, researchers and practitioners worldwide convened to examine issues central to the theme, \"Frontiers in Traumatic Stress: Global Perspectives and Creative Solutions.\" The meeting highlighted global and local complexities in trauma assessment, intervention, and policy and showcased innovative research and practice across diverse contexts. This editorial spotlights papers drawn from presentations at the meeting that illuminate key innovations, emerging developments, and evidence-based practices across the field. The featured work spans topics including the recognition of chronic trauma exposure across global settings; promises and challenges posed by advances in digital technologies and artificial intelligence; progress in trauma-informed assessment, diagnosis, and intervention; and community-based approaches addressing the impacts of systemic trauma. This issue presents a curated sample of the meeting's compelling presentations to illuminate the depth and breadth of contemporary trauma innovations and to chart directions for future research, clinical practice, and policy that more holistically support improved outcomes for affected individuals and the prevention of trauma-related psychopathology following exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149220420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety, stability, and connection: Facilitator perspectives from a youth peer support group for immigrant survivors of trauma and trafficking in Baltimore.","authors":"Nouf Bazaz, Amber M Samuels, Yesenia Garcia, Gabriella Soraya Behzadi, Ava Askandarian, Rachel Baffoe-Bonnie, Amelita Woodruff, Caryn Dayhoff, Laura Brown, C Nicholas Cuneo","doi":"10.1002/jts.70127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immigrant youth who have survived trauma and trafficking face ongoing structural and relational stressors that shape recovery. This qualitative study examined facilitator perspectives of psychosocial support groups within Steps to Success (S2S), a culturally responsive, trauma-informed peer support program serving Spanish-speaking immigrant youth and young adults (ages 15-25) in Baltimore. Guided by trauma-informed care principles and group process theory, facilitator summaries (N = 30) were analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: (a) layered emotional experiences, (b) connection as a dynamic process, and (c) skill-building as a support for regulation and collective meaning-making. Peer groups functioned as stabilizing environments where vulnerability, trust, and protective strategies were revisited and reshaped over time. Facilitators described youth expanding their capacity to hold multiple emotional states in shared space through cycles of tension, rupture, and repair, with skill-building activities that engaged sensory, emotional, cognitive, and relational dimensions of healing. The findings underscore recovery as nonlinear, marked by fluctuations in emotional safety, guardedness, relational strain, and renewed engagement rather than sequential improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149195053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A validation of the International Grief Questionnaire with Clinical Checks (IGQ-CC) in earthquake-bereaved adults in Türkiye.","authors":"Esra Isik, Burcu Pınar Bulut, Hurigül Bayram Gulacti, Ece Bekaroglu, Enya Redican, Mark Shevlin","doi":"10.1002/jts.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Assessment of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) often relies on self-report measures, which may lead to false positives when normal grief reactions are interpreted as clinically relevant. This may result in unnecessary referrals and inflated prevalence estimates. The International Grief Questionnaire with clinical checks (IGQ-CC) was developed to address this limitation by integrating brief, interview-like verification steps into a self-report format. This study examined the psychometric properties of the IGQ-CC in earthquake-bereaved adults in Türkiye and evaluated the impact of clinical checks on symptom endorsement and PGD prevalence estimates. The sample included 748 adults bereaved by the February 6, 2023, earthquakes. Participants also completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and somatization. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to examine the factorial structure of the measure. Clinical checks reduced endorsement rates across all items by 12.1%-18.2%. Stepwise application of diagnostic criteria (symptom presence, clinical checks, functional impairment, and cultural considerations) reduced the estimated PGD prevalence from 49.1% to 39.7%. CFA supported a correlated two-factor structure distinguishing core and associated symptoms for both Likert-scored and clinically verified items. Subscale reliability was excellent, ω = .89-.92, and the IGQ-CC showed strong convergent validity with PGD severity, r = .75, and PTSD symptoms, r = .62. These findings support the reliability and validity of the IGQ-CC for assessing PGD in disaster-affected populations. Clinical checks may help reduce false-positive classifications and improve prevalence estimates in mass bereavement contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149194990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric evaluation of the Continuous Traumatic Stress Response Scale under intensified national threat.","authors":"Aviva Goral, Limor Aharonson-Daniel","doi":"10.1002/jts.70135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Continuous Traumatic Stress Response Scale (CTSR) was developed to assess traumatic stress responses under ongoing threat. This study evaluated whether the original 11-item, three-factor CTSR structure retained psychometric support after the October 7, 2023, attacks and subsequent war in Israel. The cross-sectional confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) sample used each participant's first available assessment, yielding 756 unique participants; longitudinal analyses included 337 participants who completed both waves. CFA supported the prespecified three-factor structure of exhaustion/detachment, rage/betrayal, and fear/helplessness, CFI = .994, TLI = .992, RMSEA = .069, 90% CI [.059, .079], SRMR = .048, with standardized loadings from .69 to .90. A one-factor model showed acceptable but weaker fit, and parallel robust maximum likelihood analyses favored the three-factor model per Akaike and Bayesian information criteria. Longitudinal CFA supported temporal measurement invariance; latent mean analyses showed no significant change in exhaustion/detachment or rage/betrayal and a small decrease in fear/helplessness. Multigroup CFA supported measurement invariance across sex and age, whereas trauma-exposure invariance was supported only for a one-factor sensitivity model. Internal consistency was high for the total scale, Cronbach's α = .908, McDonald's ω = .909, and adequate-to-good for subscales. CTSR scores showed good temporal stability, ICC = .812; strong associations with PTSD symptoms, ρ = .699, and functional impairment, ρ = .701; and higher scores among trauma-exposed participants, d = 0.37. Findings support the CTSR as a valuable research measure and encourage continued evaluation of its three-factor structure under ongoing threat.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of psychopathological manifestations and cognitive functioning in rape survivors in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.","authors":"Honnête Nyandu Kasali, Isabelle Blanchette, Serge Caparos","doi":"10.1002/jts.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This longitudinal observational study examined (a) whether changes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms predicted a concomitant improvement in working memory (WM) among women living in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and (b) whether these patterns differed by rape history or psychosocial care. The longitudinal analytic sample included participants assessed at baseline (Time [T] T1) and 6 months later (T2; N = 142, n = 55 rape survivors, n = 87 women with no reported rape history). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview for DSM-5 (PSSI-5), and WM was assessed primarily using a forward digit span task. In a baseline-adjusted regression predicting T2 forward span, T1 span predicted T2 span, B = 0.30, 95% CI [0.13, 0.47], p < .001, whereas T2 PTSD symptoms were not independently associated with T2 span after adjusting for T1 span and T1 PTSD symptoms, B = -0.01, 95% CI [-0.04, 0.02], p = .435. Rape history was associated with a lower T2 forward span in the primary model, B = -0.96, p = .049, but this association was slightly attenuated in a sensitivity model that adjusted for other directly experienced potentially traumatic events. The PTSD × Rape History interaction was not significant, p = .922. Among rape survivors, psychosocial care showed a positive but statistically uncertain association with T2 span and did not reach conventional significance in the baseline-adjusted moderation model. The findings should be interpreted cautiously given attrition, complete-case analyses, the small psychosocial care subgroup, and the nonrandomized design.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressive symptom severity and treatment outcome in posttraumatic stress disorder following childhood trauma: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Lisanne M Koomen, Mathijs L Deen, Sophie A Rameckers, Christopher W Lee, Eva Fassbinder, Marleen M Rijkeboer, Katrina L Boterhoven de Haan, Arnoud Arntz","doi":"10.1002/jts.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depressive symptoms are frequently comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet it remains unclear whether depressive symptom severity before the start of treatment affects the results of trauma-focused psychotherapy. We hypothesized that baseline depressive symptom severity might reduce overall PTSD symptom improvement and could differentially affect treatment response to imagery rescripting (ImRs) versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial included 150 adults with childhood trauma-related PTSD. Participants received 12 sessions of EMDR or ImRs. Baseline depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and PTSD severity was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Mixed-effects models were used to examine (a) the effect of baseline depressive symptom severity on PTSD outcomes and (b) its interaction with treatment condition over time. Baseline depressive symptom severity did not significantly predict PTSD outcomes, RR = 1.005, p = .460, and did not moderate the relative effectiveness of EMDR and ImRs, RRs = 0.986-0.999, ps > .202. Both interventions were effective regardless of baseline depression, contrary to our hypotheses, though the findings may be limited by the use of a self-report depressive symptom measure, which may not capture broader clinical features of depression, and a sample limited to adults with childhood trauma-related PTSD. Overall, these findings support trauma-focused treatments irrespective of comorbid depressive symptom severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149111453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Veterans’ positive parenting practices and satisfaction over time: Examining the impact of moral injury, posttraumatic stress, and internalizing symptoms","authors":"Ryan P. Chesnut,&nbsp;Jennifer K. Karre,&nbsp;Cameron B. Richardson,&nbsp;Keith R. Aronson,&nbsp;Daniel F. Perkins","doi":"10.1002/jts.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jts.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Little is known about the association between moral injury (MI) and parenting. Although there is evidence that psychological symptoms impact veterans’ parenting, few longitudinal studies exist. The current study used parallel process latent growth curve models to explore the effects of MI and other psychological symptoms on positive parenting practices and satisfaction in a sample of U.S. veterans who served following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks (<i>n</i> = 1,078). On average, positive parenting practices, α = −.09, <i>p</i> &lt; .001, and satisfaction, α = −.13, <i>p</i> &lt; .001, declined over time. MI from betrayal and depressive symptoms negatively predicted baseline positive parenting practices, <i>B</i>_MI-Betray = −0.04, <i>p</i> = .004; <i>B</i>_Depression = −0.08, <i>p</i> &lt; .001, and parenting satisfaction, <i>B</i>_MI<i>_-Betray</i> = −0.04, <i>p</i> = .026; <i>B</i>_Depression = −0.08, <i>p</i> &lt; .001, and MI from self-induced (in)action negatively predicted baseline positive parenting practices, <i>B</i> = −0.04, <i>p</i> = .036. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were negatively associated with positive parenting practices, <i>B</i> = −0.04, <i>p</i> = .010, and parenting satisfaction, <i>B</i> = −0.06, <i>p</i> = .001, over time. MI appears to have a negative, short-term impact on parenting behaviors and satisfaction within the first 3 months of military separation. PTSD symptoms seem to exert a persistent, negative effect on parenting, which aligns with previous research in the military and veteran context.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":"39 5","pages":"857-870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jts.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148143789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot trial of THRIVE: A peer-delivered sexual and intimate partner violence prevention program for women in substance use treatment","authors":"Heidi M. Zinzow,&nbsp;Lauren Smalls,&nbsp;Irene Pericot-Valverde,&nbsp;Meghan Shank,&nbsp;Madelyn Brancato,&nbsp;Greyson Chapman,&nbsp;Allison Smith,&nbsp;Caroline Greco,&nbsp;Kacey Eichelberger,&nbsp;Kimbley Smith,&nbsp;Alain H. Litwin","doi":"10.1002/jts.70100","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jts.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High rates of interpersonal violence exposure and trauma-related mental health concerns among women in substance use treatment underscore the need for violence prevention services in these settings. Peer support specialists can play a crucial role in increasing access to trauma-focused services and overcoming barriers, such as stigma and mistrust in formal systems. We tested the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a peer-delivered sexual and intimate partner violence prevention program for women in substance use treatment (THRIVE: <span>T</span>he <span>H</span>ealthy <span>R</span>elationships and <span>I</span>nterpersonal <span>V</span>iolence <span>E</span>ducation program). We conducted a single-arm trial with 90 women recruited from outpatient and residential substance use treatment centers. Self-report surveys assessed risk and protective factors and violence exposure over four assessment points from baseline (T1) to 3-month follow-up (T4). Exit interviews and survey data examined feasibility and acceptability outcomes. Results from linear mixed models indicated that participants improved on knowledge of consent (<i>M</i>_T1 = 4.37, <i>M</i>_T4 = 4.52), <i>p</i> = .004, and resources (<i>M</i>_T1 = 2.09, <i>M</i>_T4 = 2.63), <i>p</i> &lt; .001; increased sexual self-efficacy (<i>M</i>_T1 = 4.90, <i>M</i>_T4 = 5.29), <i>p</i> &lt; .001; and decreased risky dating (<i>M</i>_T1 = 3.37, <i>M</i>_T4 = 2.87), <i>p</i> &lt; .001, and physical and psychological intimate partner violence victimization (T1: 73.9%, T4: 42.0%), <i>p</i> &lt; .001. Participants reported high satisfaction and acceptability and highlighted the strengths of peers as facilitators. In sum, THRIVE offers promise as an effective, scalable violence prevention program.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":"39 5","pages":"884-896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jts.70100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148360732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement invariance of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 across race/ethnicity and gender","authors":"Matthew W. Gallagher,&nbsp;Amy R. Senger,&nbsp;Jacquelyn Quiroga,&nbsp;Eleanor Xu,&nbsp;Elijah R. Murphy","doi":"10.1002/jts.70093","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jts.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The PTSD Checklist for <i>DSM-5</i> (PCL-5) is a commonly used self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, as outlined in the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (5th ed.; <i>DSM-5</i>). There is promising evidence supporting the reliability and validity of the PCL-5, and numerous studies have examined competing PTSD symptom factor structures as assessed using the instrument. There is limited and mixed evidence, however, about whether the PCL-5 demonstrates measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and gender. This is a potential source of bias given that race/ethnicity and gender are well-established predictors of higher rates of both trauma exposure and PTSD. The present study examined measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and gender in a large, diverse (<i>N</i> = 3,720; 78.6% female, 33.3% Hispanic/Latino, 30.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, 23.1% White/European American, 13.1% Black/African American) sample of young adults who reported trauma exposure. The results support scalar measurement invariance across all race/ethnicity and gender comparisons for both the <i>DSM-5</i> factor structure and the best-fitting hybrid model. Comparisons of latent mean levels indicated that the largest differences in PTSD symptoms were gender-specific, such that women reported higher overall PTSD symptom levels, as well as higher levels for each <i>DSM-5</i> symptom cluster, than men, <i>p</i>s &lt; . 001. These results provide promising empirical evidence that although the frequency of trauma exposure may vary significantly across race/ethnicity and gender, the measurement of PTSD symptoms is invariant across these groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":17519,"journal":{"name":"Journal of traumatic stress","volume":"39 5","pages":"871-883"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148302100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}