Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Post-marketing safety monitoring of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for diabetes in cats: a pharmacovigilance study based on the FDA ADAE database.","authors":"Xiaoheng Lai, Maohua Chen, Yaping Huang, Yu Cheng","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag193","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bexagliflozin and velagliflozin are currently the only sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating diabetes in cats. There are limited real-world safety reports on their associated adverse events (AEs).</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To analyze AEs associated with bexagliflozin and velagliflozin using real-world data from the FDA Animal Drug Adverse Events (ADAE) database.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>None.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>AE reports submitted for cats receiving bexagliflozin and velagliflozin. Data were obtained from the ADAE database up to the second quarter of 2025. Disproportionality analysis was conducted employing four algorithms: the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 34 187 AE reports for cats, 2876 were related to bexagliflozin and 2776 to velagliflozin. AEs associated with bexagliflozin spanned 22 system organ classes (SOCs), with stronger signals observed for weight fluctuation, glucosuria, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Velagliflozin-related AEs occurred in 19 SOCs, with higher RORs for ketonuria, hypochloremia, and acid-base disorders. Bexagliflozin was associated with stronger signals for DKA and ketosis, whereas velagliflozin showed stronger signals for ketonuria and hypochloremia. Velagliflozin-related AEs occurred earlier (median onset: 5 vs. 9 days), resolved more quickly (median duration: 8 vs. 14 days).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>This study provides a comprehensive safety profile of bexagliflozin and velagliflozin for diabetes in cats. These findings support veterinarians in implementing differentiated risk monitoring and individualized therapeutic decisions in the management of diabetes in cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13541280/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Central nervous system lymphoma and neurolymphomatosis in equids.","authors":"Monica Aleman, Maria I Calero, Kevin D Woolard, Kelly O'Connell, Emily Berryhill, William Vernau","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag143","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lymphoma affecting the central and peripheral nervous systems in equids is rarely reported.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To describe the clinical presentation, neuroanatomical localization, laboratory and pathologic features, type of lymphoma, and outcome to further current knowledge.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Fourteen equids (13 horses, 1 mule).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective study. Medical records from a veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed (1993-2025). The inclusion criteria consisted of a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma of the nervous system. Data collected included signalment, neurologic findings, laboratory results, imaging, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, immunophenotyping, and necropsy examination. Descriptive statistics were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nervous system lymphoma, either primary or concurrent with multicentric lymphoma, accounted for 11.6% of lymphoma cases. Multifocal neurologic disease was the most common presentation. Common hematologic findings included leukocytosis with neutrophilia, normal plasma fibrinogen concentration, high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and red cell distribution width-to-platelet ratios, and hypocalcemia. Cytology of the CSF provided a definitive diagnosis in 56% of sampled cases. Prognosis was poor with a median survival time of 4.5 days from diagnosis. All lymphomas were of B-cell origin, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, and T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Nervous system lymphoma in equids might be more common than previously reported. Primary nervous system small lymphocytic B-cell lymphoma in a horse and multifocal nervous system lymphoma in a mule have not been reported previously. Analysis of CSF is useful in the antemortem diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma. Neurologic examination, CSF analysis, and necropsy should be routinely performed in cases of multicentric lymphoma to rule out neurologic involvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13419072/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148620676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of ultrasound-guided percutaneous perineural corticosteroid injections for refractory cervical pain secondary to vertebral venous system abnormality in a dog.","authors":"Alyssa J Carrillo, Federico R Vilaplana Grosso, Gabriel A Garcia","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag148","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 2-year-old neutered male Greyhound was presented for evaluation of chronic, progressive right forelimb lameness and cervical pain. On presentation, the dog was ambulatory with mild to moderate right thoracic limb lameness and pain on cervical palpation with a right thoracic limb nerve root signature. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identified moderate right-sided C6 internal venous plexus enlargement. Medical management and physiotherapy did not result in clinical improvement. Repeat cervical MRI identified right-sided C5-T1 internal vertebral venous plexus enlargement with associated radiculopathy and possible dynamic spinal cord compression. Three ultrasound-guided perineural glucocorticoid injections (methylprednisolone acetate, 1 mg/kg per site) were performed at right C5-C6, C6-C7, and C7-T1 with improvement noted in lameness and cervical discomfort. No adverse effects were associated with the injections. This case highlights use of ultrasound-guided perineural glucocorticoid injections as a potential option for improving refractory cervical pain secondary to vertebral venous system abnormalities in a dog.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13379067/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148471516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dachshund spinal health by coat and size type.","authors":"Madison Hopper, Chin-Chi Liu, Colleen Embersics, Arturo Otamendi, Stacey Sullivan","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag153","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag153","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A prior report demonstrated that intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) risk varies in dachshunds by size-coat type, suggesting that coat and size genes affect IVDD risk. The furnishings (wire) coat gene, R-spondin-2, affects disc health in dogs, making such a role plausible.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Identify differences in spinal health metrics (SHMs): by coat type, within a coat type by size, and by size-coat type.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Dachshunds (n = 4295) with known SHMs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective study reporting SHMs by coat and size type in dachshund populations in the United Kingdom (UK), Norway, and Denmark. For the UK population, a binary logistic regression was fitted with owner-reported disc disease status (yes vs no) as the outcome variable. For Denmark and Norway, populations were analyzed using proportional-odds ordinal logistic regression models, with calcification number (KN) groups (K0, K1/2, K3/4, and K5+) as the ordinal outcome.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all 3 populations, smooth coat was associated with worse SHMs compared with other coat types (eg, Norway vs long; odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-2.83; overall OR range, 1.81-2.59). Within a coat type, size was inconsistently associated with SHMs. In 12 of 15 comparisons, small smooth dachshunds had worse SHMs compared with other size-coat types (eg, Norway vs standard long; OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.19-5.79; range, 1.80-5.40).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Dachshund spinal health varies by coat and inconsistently by size type. Coat and size genes may be factors that determine IVDD risk in dachshunds.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13421367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148630225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of gastrointestinal health and the coagulation system in dogs with right-sided heart disease: an exploratory study.","authors":"Sarah Shropshire, Sara Jablonski, Brian A Scansen","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag160","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Right-sided heart disease (RHD) affects gastrointestinal function and hemostasis.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Dogs with progressively severe RHD have impaired gastrointestinal function and altered hemostasis.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Eighteen client-owned dogs with RHD; group 1: 6 dogs without hepatic venous congestion, group 2: 6 dogs with hepatic venous congestion but no ascites, and group 3: 6 dogs with ascites.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective, cross-sectional, exploratory study. Dogs underwent routine blood, urine, and fecal testing, measures of gastrointestinal health, coagulation testing, C-reactive protein (CRP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and comprehensive echocardiography.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Right atrial area higher from groups 1 to 3 (1.34 ± 0.66, 2.48 ± 1.33, 3.1 ± 0.93 cm2/kg0.71; P = .02). NT-proBNP (median; range) higher across group 1 (821; 493-3016 pmol/L), group 2 (1694; 1125-8117 pmol/L), and group 3 (5165; 3492-10 000 pmol/L) (P = .006). Measures of gastrointestinal dysfunction including serum methylmalonic acid (group 1 = 857.5 ± 322.6; group 2 = 1031.1 ± 222.5; and group 3 = 1460.5 ± 516.3 nmol/L; P = .037) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (group 1 median = 9.3, range = 5.6-11.5; group 2 = 10.1, 8.0-20.4; and group 3 = 13.8, 10.3-17.5 ng/mL) were worse in more severely affected dogs (P = .032). Hyperfibrinolysis was observed with worsening RHD (none in group 1, 2 in group 2, and 3 in group 3). Activated partial thromboplastin time was higher with disease severity. No difference was detected among groups in cobalamin, folate, or CRP (all P > .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Clinicians should be aware of derangements within the gut-heart axis and coagulation system when managing dogs with RHD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13456585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148707012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of hypoalbuminemia with disease and survival in 1664 cats presenting to a tertiary teaching hospital: a retrospective case-control study.","authors":"Conner C Hayes, Xiaojuan Zhu, Paolo Pazzi, Sarah M Schmid","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag146","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hypoalbuminemia (HA) is associated with a higher case fatality rate in people.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To describe the affected organ systems and pathoetiologies in cats with mild (2.5-2.9 g/dL), moderate (2-2.4 g/dL), or severe (< 2 g/dL) HA, and compare hospitalization and survival times to cats without HA (wHA; ≥ 3 g/dL).</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Eight hundred thirty-two HA and 832 wHA cats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective case-control study of cats with plasma albumin concentrations measured between 2017 and 2023. Diagnoses were categorized by organ system and pathoetiology and subsequently compared among HA and wHA groups. Hospitalization and survival times were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HA prevalence was 32% (948/2927); 116 cats were excluded. Cats with HA were more often diagnosed with infectious (211/832, 25%) or neoplastic (198/832, 24%) pathoetiologies, and diseases affecting the hematopoietic (140/832, 17%) or multisystemic (71/832, 9%) organ systems compared to cats wHA (P < .001 for all). Cats with severe HA were more likely to have infectious diseases than all other severities (P < .001). Cats with HA had longer hospitalizations and shorter survival than wHA cats (P < .001). Cats with severe HA had significantly shorter restricted mean survival times from admission to 6 months (71 days, 95% CI 51-92 days) than wHA (144 days, 95% CI 138-149 days, P < .001), mild HA (119 days, 95% CI 111-127, P < .001), and moderate HA (108 days, 95% CI 95-122 days, P = .02) cats.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>In cats with severe HA, investigation of infectious diseases should be prioritized.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13430034/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148664030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of collection site on cerebrospinal fluid test results in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.","authors":"Martin O Furr","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag135","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a critical component in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Test results obtained may differ based on different collection sites.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Compare results of EPM-specific diagnostic tests obtained from different collections sites in EPM-affected and non-EPM affected horses.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Twenty control and 7 EPM-affected horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective observational study. CSF was collected from the lumbosacral (LS) and cranial sites (atlantooccipital or C1-2) in 27 horses and EPM-specific diagnostic tests were performed. Data were summarized by collection site and disease status. Results were compared by Wilcoxon signed rank test in the non-EPM and EPM-affected cohorts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The EPM-specific diagnostic test results (anti-Sarcocystis neurona CSF antibody titer, serum/CSF titer ratios, and S. neurona antibody index [AI]) in non-EPM affected horses did not differ based on collection site. In EPM-affected horses the median [interquartile range] CSF anti-S. neurona antibody titers were higher in samples from the LS site compared with fluid collected from the cranial sites (160 [1240] vs. 80 [600]; Wald test statistic, 21.0; P = .03) and the median serum/CSF titer ratio was also lower in fluid collected from the LS site (25 [46.8] vs 50 [93.7]; Wald test statistic, 0; P = .03). Median AI values did not differ based on CSF collection site.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Results of EPM diagnostic tests on CSF may differ based on collection site and lead to misdiagnosis. The AI appears to be less affected by collection site than antibody titers or the serum/CSF titer ratio.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13345368/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148412279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of amiodarone, diltiazem, or both to achieve strict heart rate control in dogs with atrial fibrillation.","authors":"Sonja S Tjostheim, Heidi B Kellihan, Rebecca L Stepien","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag194","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag194","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Dogs with atrial fibrillation (AF) live longer if heart rate is strictly controlled (SHRC, 24-h mean heart rate ≤ 125 beats per minute [bpm]). Amiodarone and diltiazem are used to lower ventricular response rate (VRR) in dogs with AF, but information about their relative efficacy for achieving SHRC is lacking.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Describe heart rate response with sequential escalation of amiodarone or diltiazem monotherapy to combination therapy.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Thirteen client-owned dogs with AF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective cohort study with an adaptive treatment protocol. Dogs with AF with mean daily heart rate (MDHR) > 125 bpm (baseline, 24-h Holter) were randomized to receive amiodarone or diltiazem at standard doses. Dogs were reassessed 21 days later, and the other drug (amiodarone or diltiazem) was added if SHRC was not achieved. Dogs were then reassessed at 42 and 63-147 days after starting treatment. If MDHR >125 bpm at any repeat assessment, the second drug was added. Timing of final assessment was dependent on whether treatment was escalated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Monotherapy with amiodarone and diltiazem was initially used in 7 and 6 dogs, respectively. SHRC was achieved in 3 dogs (amiodarone, n = 2; diltiazem, n = 1) at first follow-up. At last follow-up, 11 of 13 dogs were receiving both drugs (median [range] 50 [20-153] days). Combination therapy of amiodarone and diltiazem did not result in SHRC (139 [94-160] bpm) in most dogs (7/11, 64%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Monotherapy with amiodarone or diltiazem or combination therapy of amiodarone/diltiazem did not achieve SHRC in most dogs in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13520928/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148840707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sepsis in critically ill dogs: identification of clinical and laboratory risk factors and evaluation of sepsis scoring systems.","authors":"Donatienne Castelain, Mathilde Laetitia Pas, Marcin Skotarek, Filip Boyen, Bart Pardon, Dominique Paepe","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Being a life-threatening syndrome, rapid detection of sepsis in critically ill dogs is mandatory.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Determine risk factors associated with sepsis in critically ill dogs and evaluate diseases and scoring systems associated with sepsis or mortality.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One hundred thirty critically ill dogs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective single-center cohort study. Logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis were performed to assess clinical and laboratory variables as risk factors for sepsis. Diagnostic and prognostic performance of available scoring systems was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sepsis was confirmed in 29 of 130 critically ill dogs (22.3%), and 18 died, with a short-term mortality rate of 62.1%. Pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-13.1; P = .002) and acute kidney injury (AKI; OR = 7.4; 95% CI = 2.2-25.1; P = .001) were associated with sepsis. Multivariable logistic regression identified dyspnea (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 1.6-26.0; P = .01), respiratory rate (≥38 per minute; OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.1-13.1; P = .03), and alanine aminotransferase activity (≥109.5 U/L; OR = 3.8; 95% CI = 1.1-12.8; P = .03) as risk factors for sepsis. When combined, these factors yielded a sensitivity of 35.0% and specificity of 92.8%. The CART analysis identified body weight, tachypnea, hypotension, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyponatremia as risk factors for sepsis (sensitivity, 58.6%; specificity, 97.0%). The APPLE FAST score (OR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.2-7.1; P = .02) was associated with sepsis. The APPLE FAST score (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = 1.4-7.2; P = .01) was the strongest predictor of mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Pneumonia and AKI were associated with sepsis. Identified risk factors may guide veterinarians in the rapid recognition of sepsis. The APPLE FAST score was associated with sepsis and mortality and may support diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making for critically ill dogs with sepsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13471268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148761133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic reduction of true gastrogastric intussusception in a dog.","authors":"Takumi Ogawana, Sho Fukui, Yuta Daimon, Hideyuki Kanemoto","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag173","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 9-year-old neutered male Toy Poodle was diagnosed with true gastrogastric intussusception based on clinical signs, imaging studies, and endoscopic findings. The dog presented with vomiting, hematochezia, and decreased activity. Abdominal ultrasonography identified edematous thickening of the gastric wall and invagination of the gastric fundus into the gastric body. The diagnosis was confirmed by computed tomography (CT). Endoscopic examination clearly identified the intussuscepted portion of the gastric fundus, which was successfully reduced without surgery using insufflation. Histopathologic analysis of gastrointestinal biopsy samples identified chronic gastritis, enteritis, and colitis. After the procedure, the dog remained free of recurrence through day 216. This case emphasizes the value of early ultrasonographic diagnosis and successful endoscopic reduction in the management of true gastrogastric intussusception.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13464724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148726566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}