Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Acute and long-term cardiomyopathy and delayed neurotoxicity after accidental lasalocid poisoning in horses.","authors":"A Decloedt,&nbsp;T Verheyen,&nbsp;D De Clercq,&nbsp;S Sys,&nbsp;G Vercauteren,&nbsp;R Ducatelle,&nbsp;P Delahaut,&nbsp;G van Loon","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00933.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00933.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Horses are extremely susceptible to ionophore intoxication. Although numerous reports are available regarding monensin, little is known about lasalocid toxicity.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe accidental lasalocid poisoning on a farm in Belgium.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Eighty-one horses, of which 14 demonstrated clinical signs from day 0-21 after being fed a new concentrate batch. One horse died on day 20 and another on day 27.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The most severe cases (n = 7), admitted to the clinic on day 29-46, underwent cardiac examination and blood biochemical analysis, including determination of plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) at admission and during follow-up. On day 57-70, cardiac examination, cTnI determination or both were undertaken on 72 remaining horses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Short-term effects of lasalocid intoxication included inappetance, lethargy, sweating, and muscular weakness. All 7 horses admitted to the clinic demonstrated signs of myocardial degeneration such as increased cTnI, dysrhythmia and reduced myocardial contractility. Four horses developed ataxia on day 40-50. Five horses died or were euthanized on day 30-370, 2 horses recovered fully and returned to previous athletic use. None of the 72 remaining horses exhibited clinical signs between day 57-70, but 34 had dysrhythmia and 13 had increased cTnI concentrations. After a period of rest, all horses returned to their previous work. Lasalocid was detected in hepatic tissue of 2 necropsied horses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Lasalocid intoxication induced myocardial and neurological damage. Although uncommon, this should be included as differential diagnosis for unexplained inappetance, signs of depression, cardiomyopathy, and ataxia in horses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1005-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00933.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40170680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of tolfenamic acid on canine cancer cell proliferation, specificity protein (sp) transcription factors, and sp-regulated proteins in canine osteosarcoma, mammary carcinoma, and melanoma cells.","authors":"H Wilson,&nbsp;G Chadalapaka,&nbsp;I Jutooru,&nbsp;S Sheppard,&nbsp;C Pfent,&nbsp;S Safe","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00931.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00931.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tolfenamic acid (TA) is an NSAID currently under investigation as an anticancer agent in humans. TA induces proteosome-dependent degradation of transcription factors Sp 1, 3, and 4. These proteins are known to be overexpressed in many human cancers.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>To evaluate the protein expression of Sps in canine tissue, and efficacy of TA against several canine tumor cell lines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Six canine cell lines (2 osteosarcoma, 2 mammary carcinoma, 2 melanoma) were evaluated. Protein levels of Sp 1-4 and their downstream targets were evaluated using Western Blots. Cell survival and TUNEL assays were performed on cell lines, and Sp1 expression was evaluated on histologic samples from archived canine cases.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Six immortalized canine cancer cell lines derived from dogs were used. Archived tissue samples were also used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sps were highly expressed in all 6 cell lines and variably expressed in histologic tissues. TA decreased expression of Sps 1-4 in all cell lines. All of the downstream targets of Sps were inhibited in the cell lines. Variable Sp1 expression was identified in all histologic samples examined. TA significantly inhibited cell survival in all cell lines in a dose dependant fashion. The number of cells undergoing apoptosis was significantly increased (P < .05) in all cell lines after exposure to TA in a dose-dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS, AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Tolfenamic acid is a potential anticancer NSAID and further investigation is needed to determine its usefulness in a clinical setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"977-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00931.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40186391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum pepsinogen-A, canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and C-reactive protein as prognostic markers in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus.","authors":"I Israeli,&nbsp;J Steiner,&nbsp;G Segev,&nbsp;P H Kass,&nbsp;J S Suchodolski,&nbsp;P Sattasathuchana,&nbsp;Y Bruchim,&nbsp;S Yudelevitch,&nbsp;I Aroch","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00940.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00940.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pepsinogens are proenzymes secreted by gastric chief cells. In humans, their serum concentrations reflect gastric mucosal morphological and functional status.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate serum canine pepsinogen-A (cPG-A), C-reactive protein (CRP), and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentrations in dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV).</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Sixty-six dogs presented with GDV and 79 healthy controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Blood was collected prospectively, and records retrospectively reviewed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median cPG-A concentration was higher in GDV dogs (median, 397 μg/L; range, 37-5,410) compared to controls (median, cPG-A 304 μg/L; range, 18-848; P = .07). Mortality rate in GDV dogs was 22.7%. In nonsurvivors of GDV, median cPG-A was higher compared to survivors (median, 746 μg/L; range, 128-5,409 versus median, 346; range, 36-1,575, respectively; P = .003). The proportion of dogs with increased cPG-A increased with gastric wall damage score (P = .007). An ROC analysis of cPG-A as a predictor of death showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75, higher than lactate (AUC 0.66), and corresponded to a sensitivity and specificity of 53% and 88%, respectively. CRP was increased in 48 dogs (75%), cPLI was >200 μg/L in 26 dogs (39.4%) and >400 μg/L in 12 dogs (18.2%) but both analytes had no association with outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Presurgical cPG-A concentration was positively and significantly associated with gastric wall lesion severity, but, based on ROC analysis, it was only a moderate outcome predictor. CRP and cPLI were commonly increased in dogs with GDV.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"920-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00940.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30624904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac changes in horses with atypical myopathy.","authors":"T Verheyen,&nbsp;A Decloedt,&nbsp;D De Clercq,&nbsp;G van Loon","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00945.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00945.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Atypical myopathy (AM) is an acute, fatal rhabdomyolysis in grazing horses that mainly affects skeletal muscles. Postmortem examinations have shown that myocardial damage also occurs. Limited information is available on the effect of AM on cardiac function in affected and surviving horses.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes associated with AM in the acute stage of the disease and after follow-up.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Horses (n = 12) diagnosed with AM in which cardiac ultrasound examination and ECG recording were available.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>All horses underwent clinical examinations, serum biochemistry, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Four surviving horses underwent the same examinations after 2-10 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All but 1 horse had increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and 10 horses had ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). All horses had prolonged corrected QT (QT(cf) ) intervals on the day of admission and abnormal myocardial wall motion on echocardiography. One of the surviving horses still had VPDs and prolonged QT(cf) at follow-up after 10 weeks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>The AM results in characteristic electrocardiographic and echocardiographic changes and may be associated with increased cardiac troponin I concentrations and VPDs. In survivors, abnormal cardiac function still may be found at follow-up after 10 weeks. Additional research in a larger group of horses is necessary to identify the long-term effects of AM on cardiac function.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"1019-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00945.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30655236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of heart failure on dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in plasma of dogs.","authors":"N Gomez,&nbsp;V Matheeussen,&nbsp;C Damoiseaux,&nbsp;A Tamborini,&nbsp;A C Merveille,&nbsp;P Jespers,&nbsp;C Michaux,&nbsp;C Clercx,&nbsp;I De Meester,&nbsp;K Mc Entee","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00942.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00942.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In congestive heart failure (HF), plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) seems devoid of biological effectiveness. BNP(1-32) could be truncated into BNP(3-32) by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4), and BNP(3-32) has reduced biological activities.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Increased DPP4 activity is associated with pathophysiology of HF.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One hundred twenty-eight client-owned dogs and 9 experimental Beagles from the Clinical Veterinary Unit of the University of Liège.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We prospectively measured plasma DPP4 activity in 5 groups of dogs: normal growing dogs (n = 21), normal adult dogs (n = 60), healthy Beagle (n = 9), dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (n = 35), and dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 12). The final diagnosis and the severity of HF were determined by Doppler echocardiography. Plasma DPP4 activity was measured kinetically by a fluorimetric method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In growing dogs, DPP4 activity was higher than in adults (P < .001) and inversely correlated with age (r = -0.57, P < .01). In adults, DPP4 activity increased linearly with body weight (r = 0.39, P < .01), but there was no influence of age or sex. No effect of the circadian rhythm was noted. DPP4 activity was significantly higher in HF ISACHC I (16.3 ± 1.14 U/L) compared with healthy adults (12.4 ± 0.65 U/L, P < .05) and HF ISACHC III (11.0 ± 1.50 U/L, P < .05). Mean DPP4 activity in ISACHC II was 15.1 ± 1.4 U/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and clinical importance: </strong>We did not find evidence that plasma DPP4 activity is responsible for the \"BNP resistance\" in overt congestive HF, but it may be implicated in early stages.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"929-34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00942.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30625741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiac troponin I in calves with congenital heart disease.","authors":"K Suzuki,&nbsp;E Uchida,&nbsp;K E Schober,&nbsp;A Niehaus,&nbsp;M D Rings,&nbsp;J Lakritz","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00953.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00953.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The association between plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and the magnitude of cardiac enlargement in calves with congenital heart disease (CHD) are not well defined.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the relationship between plasma cTnI concentrations and cardiac size in healthy calves and calves with CHD.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>A total of 19 healthy calves (control) and 12 Holstein calves with CHD (patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot or double outlet right ventricle).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Case control study. All animals underwent a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic study to document cardiac health or presence of CHD. The vertebral heart score (VHS) was determined in each animal using right lateral survey radiographic images. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture and plasma cTnI concentration and creatine kinase (CK) activity were determined by a 3rd generation immunoassay and an automatic biochemical analyzer, respectively. Groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U-test and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Calves with CHD had significantly larger VHS values and higher plasma cTnI concentrations (P < .001) compared to control. Creatine kinase activity was not different between the control and CHD groups of calves. Diagnostic cutoffs of VHS and plasma cTnI for discrimination of groups were 8.9 vertebrae and 0.035 ng/mL, respectively. The cTnI concentration in plasma was significantly correlated with VHS (r (2) =0.512, P < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion and clinical relevance: </strong>Our results suggest that determination of plasma cTnI concentrations in calves with clinical signs compatible with CHD might prove useful as a guide to quantify cardiac remodeling associated with increased cardiac size.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"1056-60"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00953.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30680517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal changes in the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test in normal aged horses.","authors":"R A Funk,&nbsp;A A Wooldridge,&nbsp;A J Stewart,&nbsp;E N Behrend,&nbsp;R J Kemppainen,&nbsp;Q Zhong,&nbsp;A K Johnson","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00939.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00939.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is an increasingly recognized problem in adult horses. Affected horses are often obese and predisposed to the development of laminitis, especially in the spring and summer months. In addition, in the summer and fall months, increases in endogenous insulin concentrations, a marker of EMS, have been reported.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate seasonal changes in results of the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test (CGIT), a diagnostic test for EMS.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Nine healthy, aged horses with no history of laminitis and no clinical signs of EMS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Horses were given dextrose (150 mg/kg) and insulin (0.1 U/kg) IV. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured at 0, 1, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 150 minutes and serum insulin concentrations at 0, 5, and 75 minutes. Testing was performed in February, May, June, August, September, and November. Mean glucose concentrations, characteristics of the curve, and insulin concentrations during the CGIT were compared across months using repeated measures ANOVA (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No CGIT parameters indicated insulin resistance, but mean area under the curve for glucose concentrations was significantly lower in August and November compared to February and in November compared to June, indicating increased insulin-mediated glucose clearance. Glucose nadir was significantly lower in November compared to that in February.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>No clinically relevant differences were seen in the results of the CGIT, suggesting that season minimally affects results of this test in normal aged horses in the southeastern United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"1035-41"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00939.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30624986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in free roaming cats in Worcester County, Massachusetts.","authors":"J E Markovich,&nbsp;L Ross,&nbsp;E McCobb","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00900.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00900.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serosurveys of cats for exposure to or infection with leptospires have been published from other geographic areas, but none for cats in the United States in the past 4 decades.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in a population of free roaming cats in Worcester County, (central) Massachusetts.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Sixty-three free roaming cats presenting to a trap-neuter-return (TNR) program.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective study. Serum was collected from 63 free roaming cats presented to a university associated TNR. Microagglutination titers to Leptospira interrogans serovars Autumnalis, Hardjo, Bratislava, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, and L kirshneri Grippotyphosa were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 3 of 63 cats (4.8%) had a titer of 1 : 100 or greater to one or more serovars, with Autumnalis being the most common. None of the cats were seropositive to Hardjo, Grippotyphosa, or Canicola.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>These results are consistent with previously published seroprevalence rates in feral cats. Additional studies are required to determine the role of leptosporosis in clinical disease in the domestic cat.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"688-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00900.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30505808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of the effective strong ion difference of an intravenous solution in the treatment of diarrheic calves with naturally acquired acidemia and strong ion (metabolic) acidosis.","authors":"K R Müller,&nbsp;A Gentile,&nbsp;W Klee,&nbsp;P D Constable","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00917.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00917.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effect of sodium bicarbonate on acid-base balance in metabolic acidosis is interpreted differently by Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion acid-base approaches. Application of the traditional bicarbonate-centric approach indicates that bicarbonate administration corrects the metabolic acidosis by buffering hydrogen ions, whereas strong ion difference theory indicates that the co-administration of the strong cation sodium with a volatile buffer (bicarbonate) corrects the strong ion acidosis by increasing the strong ion difference (SID) in plasma.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the relative importance of the effective SID of IV solutions in correcting acidemia in calves with diarrhea.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Twenty-two Holstein-Friesian calves (4-21 days old) with naturally acquired diarrhea and strong ion (metabolic) acidosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Calves were randomly assigned to IV treatment with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (1.4%) or sodium gluconate (3.26%). Fluids were administered over 4 hours and the effect on acid-base balance was determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Calves suffered from acidemia owing to moderate to strong ion acidosis arising from hyponatremia and hyper-D-lactatemia. Sodium bicarbonate infusion was effective in correcting the strong ion acidosis. In contrast, sodium gluconate infusion did not change blood pH, presumably because the strong anion gluconate was minimally metabolized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A solution containing a high effective SID (sodium bicarbonate) is much more effective in alkalinizing diarrheic calves with strong ion acidosis than a solution with a low effective SID (sodium gluconate). Sodium gluconate is ineffective in correcting acidemia, which can be explained using traditional acid-base theory but requires a new parameter, effective SID, to be understood using the strong ion approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"674-83"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00917.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30561128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the electroencephalogram in normal horses after sedation.","authors":"D C Williams,&nbsp;M Aleman,&nbsp;B Tharp,&nbsp;D J Fletcher,&nbsp;P H Kass,&nbsp;E P Steffey,&nbsp;R A LeCouteur,&nbsp;T A Holliday","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00921.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00921.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The administration of certain sedatives has been shown to promote sleep in humans. Related agents induce sleep-like behavior when administered to horses. Interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEGs) obtained from sedated horses should take into account background activity, presence of sleep-related EEG events, and the animal's behavior.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis: </strong>Sedatives induce states of vigilance that are indistinguishable on EEGs from those that occur naturally.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Six healthy horses.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Digital EEG with video was recorded after administration of 1 of 4 sedatives (acepromazine, butorphanol, xylazine, or detomidine). Serum drug concentrations were measured. Recordings were reviewed, states were identified, and representative EEG samples were analysed. These data were compared with data previously obtained during a study of natural sleep.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Butorphanol was associated with brief episodes resembling slow wave sleep in 1 horse. Acepromazine led to SWS in 3 horses, including 1 that also exhibited rapid eye movement sleep. Periods of SWS were observed in all horses afer xylazine or detomidine administration. Normal sleep-related EEG events and heart block, occurred in association with SWS regardless of which sedative was used. Spectral data varied primarily by state, but some differences were observed between sedative and natural data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Qualitatively, EEG findings appeared identical whether sedation-induced or naturally occurring. The startle response and heart block associated with some sedatives may be related to sleep. Alpha(2) agonists can be used to obtain high quality EEGs in horses, but acepromazine does not promote a relaxed state in all animals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 3","pages":"645-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00921.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30563719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}