Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Pulmonary hemorrhage in horses seroreactive to leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","authors":"Camila Hamond, Gabriel Martins, Walter Lilenbaum","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01020.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01020.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1237; author reply 1238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01020.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31063335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic diarrhea.","authors":"M S Leib,&nbsp;M M Larson,&nbsp;D C Grant,&nbsp;W E Monroe,&nbsp;G C Troy,&nbsp;D L Panciera,&nbsp;J H Rossmeisl,&nbsp;S R Werre","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01009.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01009.x","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Chronic diarrhea is common in dogs and has many causes. Ultrasonographic descriptions of many gastrointestinal diseases have been published, but the diagnostic utility of ultrasonography in dogs with chronic diarrhea has not been investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000HYPOTHESIS\u0000Diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasound will be highest in dogs with GI neoplasia and lowest in those with inflammatory disorders.\u0000\u0000\u0000ANIMALS\u000087 pet dogs with chronic diarrhea.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Prospective study in which medical records were reviewed and contribution of abdominal ultrasound toward making diagnosis was scored.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In 57/87 (66%) of dogs, the same diagnosis would have been reached without ultrasonography. In 13/87 (15%) of dogs, the ultrasound examination was vital or beneficial to making the diagnosis. Univariable analysis identified that increased diagnostic utility was associated with weight loss (P = .0086), palpation of an abdominal or rectal mass (P = .0031), diseases that commonly have mass lesions visible on ultrasound examination (P < .0001), and a final diagnosis of GI neoplasia. Multivariable regression indicated that utility of abdominal ultrasonography would be 30 times more likely to be high in dogs in which an abdominal or rectal mass was palpated (odds ratio 30.5, 95% CI 5.5-169.6) (P < .0001) versus dogs without a palpable mass. In 15/87 (17%) of dogs, additional benefits of ultrasonography to case management, independent of the contribution to the diagnosis of diarrhea, were identified.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE\u0000Overall, the diagnostic utility of abdominal ultrasonography was low in dogs with chronic diarrhea. Identification of factors associated with high diagnostic utility is an indication to perform abdominal ultrasonography in dogs with chronic diarrhea.","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1288-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01009.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30974812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radial and longitudinal strain and strain rate assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease.","authors":"N E Zois,&nbsp;A Tidholm,&nbsp;K M Nägga,&nbsp;S G Moesgaard,&nbsp;C E Rasmussen,&nbsp;T Falk,&nbsp;J Häggström,&nbsp;H D Pedersen,&nbsp;B Åblad,&nbsp;H Y Nilsen,&nbsp;L H Olsen","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01017.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01017.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessment of left ventricular (LV) function using conventional echocardiographic methods is difficult in mitral regurgitation (MR) owing to altered hemodynamic loading conditions. Newer methods such as speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) provide assessment of LV strain (St) and strain rates (SR).</p><p><strong>Hypotheses: </strong>Global St and SR are 1) decreased in dogs with clinical signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) compared with clinically healthy dogs, and are 2) associated with conventional echocardiographic indices of MMVD severity.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>The study subjects were 93 privately owned dogs with different MMVD severities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospectively recruited dogs were grouped according to MMVD severity based on echocardiographic evaluation of MR and presence of clinical signs. Global radial and longitudinal St, SR, and indices of LV dyssynchrony were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On group-wise comparisons, dogs with CHF had increased global longitudinal St, global longitudinal and radial SR in systole (SRs), and early diastole (SRe) compared with dogs with no or minimal MR (all P < .04). On multiple regression analyses, these global STE variables increased with degree of MR, but associations with left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) were best described by second-order polynomial equations. Thus, curvilinear relationships were found for LA/Ao and longitudinal St, SRs, and SRe (all P < .002) and radial St and SRe (all P < .001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Assessed by STE, LV function appeared to be augmented in moderate-to-severe disease. However, at CHF stages with greatly enlarged atria, a decrease to levels comparable to dogs with no or minimal MR was observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1309-19"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01017.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31017038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in cattle and other susceptible species.","authors":"R W Sweeney,&nbsp;M T Collins,&nbsp;A P Koets,&nbsp;S M McGuirk,&nbsp;A J Roussel","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01019.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01019.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a widespread and costly disease. This consensus statement will summarize recommendations regarding diagnosis, control, and treatment of Johne's disease in cattle and other species. Each section of recommendations is followed by a statement that subjectively characterizes the strength of the supporting evidence. The role played by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the pathogenesis has been a matter of controversy for many years. This statement concludes with an assessment of the evidence in favor of MAP as a potential zoonotic pathogen.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1239-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01019.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31010161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of dietary copper and zinc levels with hepatic copper and zinc concentration in Labrador Retrievers.","authors":"H Fieten,&nbsp;B D Hooijer-Nouwens,&nbsp;V C Biourge,&nbsp;P A J Leegwater,&nbsp;A L Watson,&nbsp;T S G A M van den Ingh,&nbsp;J Rothuizen","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01001.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01001.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Copper-associated hepatitis is an inherited disease in the Labrador Retriever. Apart from genetic factors, dietary intake of copper and zinc are suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate whether dietary copper and zinc levels of commercially available dry diets are associated with hepatic copper and zinc concentrations in Labrador Retrievers.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Fifty-five Labrador Retrievers that were fed a single brand and type of commercial dry food for at least 1 year. Of these, 44 dogs were family members of Labrador Retrievers with copper-associated hepatitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Liver biopsies, blood samples, and diet samples were obtained. Liver specimens were scored histologically and copper and zinc concentrations were quantified. Dietary concentrations of copper and zinc were measured. The association between dietary intake of copper and zinc and hepatic copper and zinc concentrations was investigated by linear regression analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High dietary copper and low dietary zinc levels were significantly associated with high hepatic copper levels. No association between dietary intake and hepatic zinc was present.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical relevance: </strong>Dietary copper and zinc at current levels in commercially available dry dog food can influence hepatic copper and can be a risk factor for the development of copper-associated hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers with a genetic susceptibility to copper.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1274-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01001.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30921583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood pressure, heart rate, and urinary catecholamines in healthy dogs subjected to different clinical settings.","authors":"K Höglund,&nbsp;S Hanås,&nbsp;C Carnabuci,&nbsp;I Ljungvall,&nbsp;A Tidholm,&nbsp;J Häggström","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00999.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00999.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Correct interpretation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) recordings is important in a clinical environment, but little is known about effects of stress on BP and HR responses of dogs to different clinical settings.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate BP and HR responses in different clinical settings in dogs of 3 breeds, and to relate findings to urinary catecholamine concentrations measured by ELISA assays previously validated for use in human plasma and urine, after validation for use in dogs.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Client-owned healthy dogs; 41 Labrador Retrievers, 33 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and 15 Dachshunds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective observational study. BP and HR were measured in 4 clinical settings with or without veterinarian and owner present. Urine samples were taken before and after examination. ELISA assays were validated for canine urine, and epinephrine/creatinine and norepinephrine/creatinine ratios were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>BP and HR were higher when measured by veterinarian alone than when owner was present (P < .020). Urinary catecholamine/creatinine ratios were higher after examination, compared with before, in all dogs (P < .0001). Labrador Retrievers had lower diastolic BP than Dachshunds in 2 settings (P ≤ .041), lower HR than CKCSs in 3 settings (all P < .0001), and lower catecholamine/creatinine ratios after examination than both other breeds (P ≤ .035). The in-house validation showed mean spiked recovery of 96.5% for epinephrine and 83.8% for norepinephrine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>BP and HR responses were related to breed as well as clinical setting. Breed differences were detected in urinary catecholamine/creatinine ratios. Further studies on breed differences are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1300-8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00999.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30923435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between ABCB1 genotype and seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy.","authors":"K R Muñana,&nbsp;J A Nettifee-Osborne,&nbsp;R L Bergman,&nbsp;K L Mealey","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01006.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01006.x","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000Medically refractory seizures are an important problem in both humans and dogs with epilepsy. Altered expression of ABCB1, the gene encoding for p-glycoprotein (PGP), has been proposed to play a role in drug-resistant epilepsy.\u0000\u0000\u0000HYPOTHESIS\u0000Heterogeneity of the ABCB1 gene is associated with seizure outcome in dogs with epilepsy.\u0000\u0000\u0000ANIMALS\u0000Twenty-nine Collies with epilepsy being treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000Prospective and retrospective cohort study. Dogs were classified as having a good outcome (≤ 1 seizure/month, no cluster seizures) or a poor outcome (>1 seizure/month, with or without cluster seizures) based on owner-completed questionnaire. Serum AED concentrations were measured, and ABCB1 genotyping was performed on buccal tissue samples. Association analyses were performed for genotype and seizure outcome, number of AEDs administered, serum AED concentrations, and incidence of adverse effects.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Fourteen dogs of 29 (48%) were homozygous for the ABCB1-1∆ mutation (M/M), 11 dogs (38%) were heterozygous (M/N), and 4 dogs (14%) had the wild-type genotype (N/N). Dogs with the M/M genotype were significantly more likely to have fewer seizures and have less AED-related sedation than M/N or N/N dogs (P = .003 and P = .001, respectively). Serum phenobarbital and bromide concentrations did not differ between groups, but the M/N and N/N groups received a larger number of AEDs than the M/M group (P = .014).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE\u0000ABCB1 genotype is associated with seizure outcome in Collies with epilepsy. This cannot be attributed to differences in PGP function, but might be because of intrinsic variations in seizure severity among phenotypes.","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 6","pages":"1358-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.01006.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30921727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a quality-of-life tool for dogs with diabetes mellitus.","authors":"S J M Niessen,&nbsp;S Powney,&nbsp;J Guitian,&nbsp;A P M Niessen,&nbsp;P D Pion,&nbsp;J A M Shaw,&nbsp;D B Church","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00947.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00947.x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes mellitus (DM) management primarily focuses on improvement in blood glucose concentrations and clinical signs. A tool to assess the psychological and social impact of DM and its treatment on quality of life (QoL) previously has only been validated for feline DM.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To validate a diabetic pet and owner-centered individualized measure of impact of DM (DIAQoL-pet) for diabetic dogs and their owners. ANIMALS/SUBJECTS: A total of 101 owners of insulin-treated diabetic dogs were recruited to complete the DIAQoL-pet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Discussions and pilot surveys with clinicians and owners of diabetic pets led to the design of 29 specific DM-associated QoL questions. Each item was scored according to impact frequency and perceived importance. An Item-Weighted-Impact-Score (IWIS) for each item was calculated, as was an Average-Weighted-Impact-Score (AWIS) by averaging all IWISs. Principal component analysis and Cronbach's α calculation assessed the measure's reliability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The DIAQoL-pet showed high reliability (Communalities ≥0.5; Cronbach's α 0.85). The AWIS was -2.74 ± 1.7 (mean ± SD). Areas reported as most negatively impacting QoL included: \"worry\" (IWIS ± SD: -5.92 ± 4.3), \"difficulties leaving dog with friends or family\" (-5.68 ± 5.1), \"worry vision\" (-5.58 ± 4.6), \"boarding difficulties\" (-5.18 ± 5.2), \"worry hypoglycemia\" (-4.95 ± 4.3), \"social life\" (-4.82 ± 4.4), \"costs\" (-4.11 ± 4.7), and \"future care\"(-4.07 ± 4.6). Eighty-four percent of owners reported negative impact of DM on QoL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>The DIAQoL-pet proved robust when used by owners of insulin-treated diabetic dogs and identified specific areas most negatively impacting dogs' and their owners' QoL. This tool could be used as an additional assessment parameter in clinical and research settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"953-61"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00947.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30653455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurologic disease attributed to a pituitary adenoma in an alpaca.","authors":"W F Gilsenan,&nbsp;P L Habecker,&nbsp;T M Coyne,&nbsp;A L Johnson","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00948.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00948.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"1073-7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00948.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30653659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion as a precursor to epicardial lymphosarcoma in three cows.","authors":"S F Peek,&nbsp;S M McGuirk,&nbsp;J Gaska,&nbsp;M Ravi,&nbsp;C Bell,&nbsp;M A Pinkerton","doi":"10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00952.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00952.x","url":null,"abstract":"A 2-year-old female Holstein heifer was referred for evaluation of acute onset brisket edema and jugular venous distension. The heifer was 223 days in milk and 139 days pregnant and had been producing milk at expected levels until the day before presentation. Physical examination at admission to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital revealed a bright and alert individual with a rectal temperature of 100.6 F, and pulse and respiratory rates of 76 beats and 34 breaths per minute, respectively. Muffled heart sounds were present and both jugular veins were turgid, visibly distended, and displayed retrograde fill. An echocardiogram at admission using a 2.5–3.5 MHz phased array transducer from a right parasternal approach identified an approximately 8-cm distension of the pericardial sac by anechoic fluid that was evident during all phases of the cardiac cycle. Some thickening of the epicardial surface was noted with strands of more hyperechoic tissue floating on the epicardial surface with the ultrasonographic appearance of fibrin. Cardiac contractility appeared subjectively poor although functional cardiac measurements were not obtained because of the depth of pericardial fluid. A serum sample obtained at admission tested positive by both ELISA and AGID techniques for antibodies to the bovine leukosis virus (BLV). Pericardiocentesis yielded bloody fluid with a PCV of 14%, total protein concentration of 5.2 g/dL, and total nucleated cell count (TNCC) of 5.75 9 10/lL. The nucleated cells were comprised of 14% neutrophils, 64% small lymphocytes, and 22% macrophages. The lymphocytes were cytologically normal. Approximately 5.5 L of hemorrhagic pericardial fluid was removed through a 24 French chest tube placed in the left 5th intercostal space, decreasing the visible depth of pericardial fluid to approximately 2 cm. The heifer was given 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone IV q24h for 3 days and underwent daily ultrasonographic assessment of pericardial fluid volume and subjective evaluation of cardiac function. By day 3 of hospitalization, minimal pericardial fluid remained (<10 mm) but focal areas of epicardial fibrin still could be seen. Jugular venous distension had resolved and the heifer’s heart rate was normal. It had normal appetite and milk production had improved. The heifer was returned to its farm of origin and continued to do well, producing 68 lb of milk at a subsequent test date approximately 50 days post discharge. Unfortunately, it was found dead approximately 100 days after discharge. Necropsy showed thickening of the epicardial surface of the heart with multiple fibrous attachments connecting the epicardial surface to the pericardium. The epicardial surface was matted with extensive areas of fibrosis admixed with fibrin and hemorrhage. Multiple thoracic lymph nodes were enlarged with similar multifocal white to tan infiltrates. Histologically, the epicardium was expanded with fibrosis and highly vascular papillary project","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"26 4","pages":"1069-72"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00952.x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30675167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}