Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Idiopathic facial neuropathy in cats: clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and outcome.","authors":"Maria Stefaniuk, Cecilia-Gabriella Danciu, Laura Muñiz Moris, Cristoforo Ricco, Steven De Decker, Josep Brocal, Emili Alcoverro, Oliver Marsh, Frances Taylor-Brown, Lorenzo Mari","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag246","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag246","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Idiopathic facial neuropathy (IFN) is commonly described in dogs, but information in cats is lacking.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Describe clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and outcome in cats diagnosed with IFN.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Thirteen cats with presumptive diagnosis of IFN.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multicenter retrospective descriptive study with questionnaire-based follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging was assessed by a single author blinded to clinical signs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Median age was 30 months (range, 6-142). Median time of onset to presentation was 6 days (range, 1-150). Facial paresis or paralysis was unilateral in 10 cases and bilateral in 3 (16 sides affected). Clinical signs included absent (11/16) or decreased (2/16) palpebral reflex; lip ptosis (5/16); absent or decreased ear movements (3/6 reported). Eight cats had vestibular signs, including head tilt (6/13), vestibular ataxia (6/13), head swaying (2/13), and horizontal nystagmus (3/13). Findings on MRI included thickened (4/16), or contrast-enhancing (7/16) facial nerve or both and smaller caudal belly of the digastricus muscle (9/16). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was normal in 10 of 11 cats. Treatments included eye lubrication (11/13) and anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone (3/13). Follow-up was available for 9 of 13 cats (median, 13 months; range, 2-91). Median time to maximal recovery was 20 weeks (range, 2-24). Recovery of spontaneous blinking was complete in 7 out of 12 eyes, partial in 2 out of 12 and absent in 3 out of 12. Three cats had persistent abnormalities of the lips, face, ears or some combination of these. All vestibular signs resolved but one cat was euthanized because of relapse.</p><p><strong>Conclusion and clinical importance: </strong>Idiopathic facial neuropathy appears to affect mostly young cats, often unilaterally and frequently with vestibular signs. Spontaneous improvement is likely, but persistent neurologic deficits are possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666536/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a lateral flow immunoassay for the quantitative measurement of immunoglobulin G in foals compared with radial immunodiffusion.","authors":"Yongwoo Sohn, Sung Jun An, Han Sang Oh, Jungho Kim, Eliot Forbes, Seung-Ho Ryu","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag216","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests are essential for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in foals. Quantitative lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) could reduce subjectivity but have not been well validated in foals.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To validate the performance and diagnostic accuracy of a LFIA for quantifying immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in foals, using radial immunodiffusion (RID) as the reference standard.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Forty-two neonatal foals were sampled within 24 h of birth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prospective exploratory diagnostic accuracy study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of an LFIA for neonatal foal IgG measurement in accordance with the STARD guidelines. Blood samples were analyzed by LFIA, RID, and a SNAP-based ELISA. Primary analyses used serum samples. Diagnostic performance was evaluated for serum, plasma, and whole blood at predefined RID thresholds (<400 and ≤ 800 mg/dL) using receiver operating characteristic analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and Bland-Altman analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lateral flow immunoassays results were strongly correlated with RID (R2 = 0.91) within the analytical range (100-1000 mg/dL). The assay demonstrated good linearity, precision, and accuracy. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed high point estimates for diagnostic performance across sample matrices, with AUCs ranging from 0.988 to 1.000, although estimates were imprecise because of the limited number of FTPI-positive foals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Lateral flow immunoassays demonstrated good agreement with RID for FTPI classification and could be suitable as a point-of-care screening tool, but is not interchangeable with RID for quantitative measurement. Although the limited number of FTPI-positive foals warrants cautious interpretation, these findings support LFIA as a screening tool for FTPI classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591481/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149012642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Presentations of idiopathic hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome in dogs in relation to meteorological factors.","authors":"Michelle Karnstedt, Amna Asif, Terence Z Sibanda, Romy M Heilmann","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag184","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Causes for idiopathic acute hemorrhagic diarrhea syndrome (AHDS) in dogs remain uncertain. Recent discoveries suggest a role for enterotoxin-producing Clostridium perfringens, but the triggers for toxin production and AHDS onset are unknown. Meteorological factors have not been examined as a possible AHDS trigger.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Retrospective case-control study aiming to examine the effects of weather conditions and weather changes on the prevalence of idiopathic AHDS.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Dogs (n = 412) presented with acute gastrointestinal (GI) clinical signs between January 2016 and January 2021 at a tertiary veterinary care center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Dogs were stratified into 3 groups: idiopathic AHDS, acute gastroenteritis, and other causes for acute GI signs. This categorization was based on the combination of patient history, physical examination, and further diagnostic evaluation (eg, laboratory and imaging diagnostics). Meteorological data were extracted for each dog based on the geocodes of their primary location and were analyzed for associations with AHDS presentations by building a random forest model and calculating odds ratios.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Increased wind speeds and shortwave radiation exposure, lower temperatures and sunlight intensity, and dry weather were linked to increased idiopathic AHDS presentations in dogs in the investigated geographical region.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Our explorative study provides an outlook for prospective investigations to further evaluate potential effects of meteorological factors on the gut-brain-microbiome axis and their role in the development of idiopathic AHDS. In addition to shedding more light on pathogenetic mechanisms of an idiopathic condition, understanding these environmental and weather-related effects could be important in predicting and managing this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13533182/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148874586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial aortic endarteritis with sepsis as a rare complication of aortic dissection in a cat.","authors":"Sukjung Lim, Kristen L Shekelle, Katia R Groch, Brian F Porter, Elizabeth Malcolm, Sonya Gordon","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag243","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 14-year-old domestic shorthair cat was examined because of respiratory distress. Thoracic radiography showed a prominent aortic arch and no other abnormalities. Echocardiography documented a mobile flap within the ascending aorta creating 2 lumens, consistent with aortic dissection (AD), mild pericardial effusion with tamponade, left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, and normal left atrial size. Systemic hypertension (200 mmHg) was the presumed cause of AD, prompting administration of telmisartan, furosemide, and amlodipine. The cat clinically improved, became normotensive, and was discharged 2 days later. The cat remained well for 4 months, then became lethargic and died. Necropsy showed a 7.6 cm long aortic intimal flap, severe bacterial aortic endarteritis, and evidence of sepsis including multiple organ necrosis, thrombosis, and embolic glomerulonephritis. Bacterial culture of the kidneys yielded mixed bacterial growth including Pasteurella stomatis, presumably the same bacterium identified in the endarteritis lesion. Infective aortic endarteritis can be a fatal complication of AD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13644818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149128004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a point-of-care assay for simultaneous quantification of equine adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin-like intermediate peptide.","authors":"Kelsey A Hart, Londa J Berghaus, Ian Harmon","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations are used to diagnose equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). The reference chemiluminescent immunoassay for immunoreactive ACTH (iACTH) cross-reacts with corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP), which is also abnormally high in PPID.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To compare the performance of a novel point-of-care (POC) immunoassay that concurrently measures ACTH and CLIP against the reference iACTH assay.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Twenty-eight university-owned horses (13 PPID, 15 non-PPID).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective observational study. Resting plasma hormone concentrations in all animals were measured by both methods in all seasons over 1 year, and after thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulation testing once. Bias of the POC-ACTH/CLIP assay was assessed using Spearman correlation analysis and Bland-Altman plots, and precision and linearity of the POC-ACTH/CLIP assay were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For resting and TRH-stimulated ACTH concentrations, the POC-ACTH/CLIP assay and the reference method had good agreement overall (r ≥ 0.94; P < .001) and in PPID animals (r = 0.93, P < .001). Bias was greater in autumn (33.6-35.6 ± 89.5-96 pg/mL) compared to winter/spring (1.6-11.1 ± 8.4-29.6 pg/mL) and in samples with ACTH concentrations ≥ 90 pg/mL (87.8 ± 116.4 pg/mL). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for the POC-ACTH/CLIP assay were 8.47% and 14.1%, respectively, and assay linearity was excellent (R2 = 0.991).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>These data demonstrate acceptable field performance for the POC-ACTH/CLIP assay and good agreement with the chemiluminescent iACTH immunoassay, with a larger bias in samples with higher hormone concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and potential risk factors associated with idiopathic epilepsy in Golden Retrievers.","authors":"Maria Winnerby, Cecilia Rohdin, Erling Strandberg, Hanne Gredal","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jvimsj/aalag230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) in Golden Retrievers (GRs) has a suspected genetic basis with several endogenous risk factors potentially affecting the disease, including sex, breed subtypes, and chronic comorbidities. A subdivision into working (W-GRs) and show (S-GRs) Golden Retrievers presents a unique opportunity to investigate possible line-related risk factors.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>Define prevalence and investigate risk factors for IE in a population of Swedish GRs. We hypothesized a high prevalence of IE in GRs characterized by frequent cluster seizures, with the following representing potential risk factors for IE: subtype W-GR, male, and gastrointestinal or dermatologic signs or both.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Twenty-nine client-owned GRs with IE and 714 controls.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective questionnaire-based study exploring the dog's health status, living conditions, and possible seizures, including questions regarding seizure characteristics, treatments, and clinical outcomes in affected dogs. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and a logistic regression model was used to estimate the effect of potential risk factors on the probability of IE.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of IE in GRs was 3.9%, with 48.2% presenting with cluster seizures. A significant difference in prevalence of IE between W-GRs and S-GRs was not found. Being male, showing signs of gastrointestinal disease, and cereal-free diets were associated with increased risk of IE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Golden retrievers have an increased risk of IE, often presenting with cluster seizures. The association between IE and gastrointestinal disease might lead to new therapeutic strategies, but further investigations are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13653560/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149170477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term thyroid outcomes and survival in hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine: association with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and levothyroxine treatment.","authors":"Mark E Peterson, Stephanie Carmody, Mark Rishniw","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag233","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Long-term thyroid status and survival after radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroid cats are incompletely characterized, particularly for cats developing iatrogenic hypothyroidism.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To determine long-term thyroid outcomes and survival after radioiodine treatment, and to assess associations among thyroid status, hypothyroid remission, levothyroxine treatment, and survival.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One thousand three hundred forty-four hyperthyroid cats treated with radioiodine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Thyroid and renal status were classified 6-12 months after radioiodine treatment and reassessed at 6- to 12-month intervals until death, euthanasia, relapse, loss to follow-up, or study completion. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression evaluated survival.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 6-12 months, 1047/1344 cats (77.9%) were euthyroid, 240/1344 (17.9%) were subclinically hypothyroid, and 57/1344 (4.2%) were overtly hypothyroid. Among initially euthyroid cats, 934/1047 (89.2%) remained euthyroid, 43 (4.1%) developed late-onset hypothyroidism, and 70 (6.7%) developed recurrent hyperthyroidism. Among initially subclinically hypothyroid cats, 102/240 (42.5%) underwent remission to become euthyroid. Median survival was 49.7 months in euthyroid cats, 44.6 months in subclinically hypothyroid cats, and 36.1 months in overtly hypothyroid cats. In multivariable analysis, initial posttreatment thyroid status was not independently associated with survival, whereas older age, male sex, and higher creatinine concentration were. In final-outcome models, untreated subclinical and overt hypothyroidism were independently associated with an increased hazard of death, whereas hypothyroidism in cats treated with levothyroxine was not.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Thyroid status after radioiodine treatment is dynamic. Subclinical hypothyroidism frequently resolves, whereas untreated persistent hypothyroidism is associated with shorter survival. Long-term monitoring of thyroid and renal function is critical in managing radioiodine-treated cats.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13615730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149062232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical characteristics of pneumorrhachis in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 125 cases.","authors":"Sam Ooms, Kenny Bossens, Ine Cornelis, Iris van Soens, Kaatje Kromhout, Sofie F M Bhatti","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag250","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag250","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Pneumorrhachis (PR), defined as gas within the vertebral canal, is an uncommon finding, and its clinical relevance and relationship to the vacuum phenomenon (VP) have not been systematically evaluated.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To characterize the anatomical distribution of PR in dogs and cats undergoing computed tomography (CT) and to assess its relationship with signalment, VP, and concurrent neurological and non-neurological conditions.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>One hundred nineteen dogs and 6 cats with PR identified on CT between 2015 and 2023.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective, descriptive study of medical records and CT reports. Cases were included when PR was documented in the radiology report, clinical and imaging information was available. Data included signalment, PR distribution, VP presence, final diagnosis categorized as neurological, non-neurological, postoperative, or no identified cause.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pneumorrhachis was identified with neurological conditions in 60/119 dogs (50%), including intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in 50/60 (83%). Among IVDD-related PR, Hansen type I occurred in 32/50 (64%) cases. A VP was present in 23/50 dogs (46%), co-localized with the affected intervertebral disc in 78%. Non-neurological conditions accounted for 45/119 (38%) dogs, mainly neoplastic (44%) and respiratory (36%), with VP infrequently detected. Pneumorrhachis occurred postoperatively in 12/119 dogs. Two dogs (2%) had PR and epaxial muscle pain without an identifiable cause. In cats, PR was associated with neurological (2/6), non-neurological conditions (2/6), and postoperatively (2/6). No cases involved IVDD or VP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Pneumorrhachis in dogs and cats is considered an uncommon CT finding occurring with neurological and non-neurological conditions. Although often accompanying IVDD in dogs, PR was frequently incidental.</p><p><strong>Abstract (dutch): </strong></p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of proprioception deficits in dogs visiting veterinary clinics for non-neurologic reasons: a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Audrey Tam, Patrick Carney, Yael Merbl","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag236","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>General proprioception deficits (GPD) detected during neurological exams aid in neurologic assessment and steer practitioners to consider neurological differential diagnoses. However, prevalence of GPD in without clinical signs of neurologic disease is limited.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>That elderly dogs have GPD that might be undetected in dogs not presenting for neurologic concerns and to determine GPD prevalence in dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>The study included 277 client-owned dogs presenting to the Cornell University without neurologic complaints.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional study with prospective data collection involved neurological assessment of dogs. Two hundred seventy-seven dogs met the inclusion criteria. For statistical analysis, ages were categorized into fractional lifespan (FL) groups: Group A (adult, ≤ 0.5), Group B (middle-aged, 0.5-0.75), and Group C (senior, >0.75). Dogs were scored based on hopping and paw replacement performance as normal, mildly, or severely affected.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-two (26.0%; 95% CI, 20.9-31.7) exhibited GPD while 205 (74.0%) did not. Age distribution revealed 102 dogs (36.8%) in FL category 1 (≤0.5), 70 dogs (25.3%) in category 2 (>0.5 to ≤ 0.75), and 105 dogs (37.9%) in category 3 (>0.75). Both age (odds ratio [OR] 1.22, 95% CI, 1.13-1.33) and FL (OR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.18-1.46) were significantly positively associated with GPD (P < .0001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>The prevalence of incidental GPD in dogs with no known neurological disease increases with age and is not influenced by sex or chondrodystrophic status. Awareness of this finding might aid general practitioners' decision-making, especially in aging dogs without overt acute neurologic disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13652641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of basal cortisol and the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test in 982 dogs undergoing investigation for hypoadrenocorticism.","authors":"Adrien Joaquim Da Silva, Sydney A Barton, Robert E Shiel, Carmel T Mooney","doi":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag188","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jvimsj/aalag188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test is the gold standard test for diagnosing hypoadrenocorticism. However, basal cortisol is recommended for screening but fails to consider the effect of analytical variation and previous glucocorticoid therapy on test performance and additional information that a stimulation test could provide.</p><p><strong>Hypothesis/objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of varied cut-offs and previous glucocorticoid therapy on the diagnostic performance of basal cortisol and whether ACTH stimulation test results impart additional prognostic information.</p><p><strong>Animals: </strong>Fifty-five and 927 hospitalized dogs with and without hypoadrenocorticism, respectively.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective case record analysis of dogs undergoing ACTH stimulation testing. Cortisol concentrations were compared between glucocorticoid-exposed (GS, n = 198) and non-exposed (NGS, n = 729) groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Basal cortisol concentrations ≤ 2.0 μg/dL were significantly (P < .0001) more common in the GS (n = 91, 46.0%) than in the NGS group (n = 226, 31.0%). False-positive flat-line ACTH stimulation test results occurred in 11 (1.2%) dogs. Basal cortisol ≤ 2.0 μg/dL demonstrated imperfect diagnostic sensitivity (98.2%; 95% CI, 90.3%-100%) and poor specificity (65.8%; 95% CI, 62.7%-68.9%). Increasing the cut-off from 2.0 to 2.4, 2.7, or 3.1 μg/dL improved diagnostic sensitivity at the expense of specificity. In the NGS group, basal > 7.0 μg/dL, post-ACTH > 15.6 μg/dL, and delta < 5.3 μg/dL cortisol concentrations were associated with increased risk of not surviving to discharge.</p><p><strong>Conclusions and clinical importance: </strong>Higher basal cortisol concentration cut-offs (>2 μg/dL) maximize test sensitivity to the detriment of specificity. Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test results rule out hypoadrenocorticism in the majority of dogs and can provide prognostic information.</p>","PeriodicalId":17462,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine","volume":"40 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13541279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148887752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}