Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Mohammadyasin Lak, Scott C Forbes, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Sahar Dadkhahfar, Reza Mahmoud Robati, Farshid Nezakati, Makan Khajevandi, Sara Naseri, Arvin Gerafiani, Neda Haghighat, Jose Antonio, Grant M Tinsley","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Creatine is a widely used ergogenic aid that enhances muscle strength and lean mass. However, concerns have been raised about the potential role in promoting hair loss by increasing dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Currently, there is no direct evidence examining the relationship between creatine supplementation and hair follicle health. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of creatine supplementation on androgen levels and hair follicle health in healthy young males.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-five resistance-trained males (ages 18-40 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a creatine monohydrate (5 g/day) or placebo (5 g maltodextrin/day) group. Participants maintained their habitual diets and training routines. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks to measure total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHT. Hair follicle health was assessed using the Trichogram test and the FotoFinder system (hair density, follicular unit count, and cumulative hair thickness). Statistical analyses were performed using repeated measures ANOVA, and potential outliers were examined through sensitivity analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-eight participants completed the study, with no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. There were no group-by-time interactions observed for any hormones or hair-related outcomes (<i>p</i> > 0.05). While total testosterone increased (∆ = post value minus pre value: creatine = ∆124   ±   149 ng/dL; placebo = ∆216   ±   203 ng/dL) and free testosterone decreased (creatine = ∆-9.0   ±   8.7 pg/mL; placebo = ∆-9   ±   6.4 pg/mL) over time, these effects were independent of supplementation. There were no significant differences in DHT levels, DHT-to-testosterone ratio, or hair growth parameters between the creatine and placebo groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study was the first to directly assess hair follicle health following creatine supplementation, providing strong evidence against the claim that creatine contributes to hair loss.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2495229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12020143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The birth of modern sports nutrition: tracing the path from muscle biopsies to creatine supplementation-A narrative review.","authors":"Jeffrey R Stout, Richard B Kreider, Darren G Candow, Scott C Forbes, Eric S Rawson, Brandi Antonio, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2463373","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2463373","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Modern sports nutrition has evolved through discoveries in muscle metabolism and dietary supplementation. Advances in muscle biopsy techniques revealed how diet influences muscle energetics and exercise performance. The establishment of the Metabolic Research Laboratory provided a platform for further investigation, leading to the identification of creatine monohydrate (CrM) as an effective ergogenic aid. This review outlines the historical development of sports nutrition research from the 1960s to the early 1990s, highlighting key breakthroughs in muscle glycogen metabolism, dietary interventions, and creatine supplementation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review that combined personal accounts with seminal research studies. This approach allowed us to examine the contributions of Drs. Jonas Bergström and Eric Hultman-founders of the Metabolic Research Laboratory-as well as the early work of their postdoctoral colleague, Dr. Roger Harris.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Muscle biopsy techniques enabled direct analysis of muscle metabolism, leading to insights into glycogen depletion and recovery. The Metabolic Research Laboratory advanced our understanding of muscle energetics and informed dietary strategies for enhancing performance. In 1992, the rediscovery of CrM supplementation demonstrated its capacity to increase intramuscular creatine levels, significantly improving exercise performance and recovery. These breakthroughs reshaped sports nutrition and expanded its relevance to clinical and aging populations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The progression from early muscle metabolism research to the validation of CrM supplementation underscores how foundational laboratory discoveries have shaped modern sports nutrition. The work of the Metabolic Research Laboratory and its key investigators continues to inform applications in both performance enhancement and clinical health.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2463373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11837910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143441370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations.","authors":"Darren G Candow, Sergej M Ostojic, Philip D Chilibeck, Igor Longobardi, Bruno Gualano, Mark A Tarnopolsky, Theo Wallimann, Terence Moriarty, Richard B Kreider, Scott C Forbes, Uwe Schlattner, Jose Antonio","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The biological process of aging is typically associated with a decrease in muscle quantity, muscle performance (primarily strength), bone mass and architecture, functionality and neurological/cognitive function. From a healthy aging perspective, interventions that have the potential to overcome or attenuate these decrements are clinically relevant.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a narrative review on the efficacy of creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM) in older adults.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Accumulating research shows that CrM, primarily when combined with exercise training, is safe and has beneficial effects on measures of whole-body lean body mass, regional muscle size, muscle strength, bone area and thickness, functional ability, glucose kinetics, cognition and memory.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CrM has multiple benefits in older adults and may have application for treating age-related sarcopenia, osteoporosis, frailty, and those with metabolic and neuromuscular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2534130"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12272710/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144649732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proceedings of the International creatine conference 2025 - Munich, Germany.","authors":"Diego A Bonilla, Jeffrey R Stout, Richard B Kreider","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2536389","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2536389","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2536389"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12281639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144675107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creatine and post-viral fatigue syndrome: an update.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic, Daren G Candow, Mark A Tarnopolsky","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2517278","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2517278","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Post-viral fatigue syndrome, classified as a neurological condition by the WHO (ICD-11 code: 8E49), manifests as persistent fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and post-exertional malaise following viral infections. It shares commonalities with chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis but is distinct due to its association with preceding viral events. Emerging research identifies bioenergetic disruptions, particularly mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired creatine metabolism, as key contributors. Recent studies suggest creatine supplementation may alleviate symptoms and improve energy metabolism. This narrative review summarizes recent advancements in utilizing creatine as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for post-viral fatigue syndrome and explores future directions for its application in managing this perplexing condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2517278"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12147496/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144248499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports.","authors":"Richard B Kreider, Drew E Gonzalez, Kelly Hines, Adriana Gil, Diego A Bonilla","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2025.2488937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individual studies have indicated that creatine supplementation is generally well tolerated and not associated with clinically significant side effects. Nevertheless, anecdotal reports about side effects persist primarily from popular and social media and on the Internet.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated side effects reported from 685 human clinical trials on creatine supplementation, worldwide adverse event report (AER) databases, and performed a social media sentiment analysis. The presence of side effects (No, Yes) in studies was evaluated using chi-squared analysis. The frequency of side effects among study participants was evaluated using a multivariate analysis of variance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 13,452 participants in 652 studies ingested placebos (PLA), while 12,839 participants in 685 studies consumed creatine (Cr). Nearly all studies (95%) provided CrM at an average dose of 0.166 [0.159, 0.173] g/kg/d (about 12.5 g/d) for 64.7 [52.0, 77.3] days in studies lasting up to 14 yrs. Side effects were reported in 13.2% of studies in the PLA groups and 13.7% of studies in the Cr-supplemented groups, with no significant differences observed between the groups (<i>p</i> = 0.776). There was a slightly higher percentage of studies reporting gastrointestinal (GI) issues (PLA 4.3%, Cr 4.9%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and muscle cramping/pain (PLA 0.9%, Cr 2.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.008) with Cr supplementation, but not when the total number of participants in these studies was evaluated (muscle cramping/pain: PLA 0.07%, Cr 0.52%, <i>p</i> = 0.085; GI issues: PLA 4.05%, Cr 5.51%, <i>p</i> = 0.820). Additionally, there was no significant multivariate difference among the 49 side effects evaluated (<i>p</i> = 0.340), no significant difference in the total frequency of side effects reported among participants (PLA 4.21%, Cr 4.60%, <i>p</i> = 0.828), and no significant differences in any of the other side effect evaluated that included markers of renal function and health. The percentage prevalence of side effects was small, with differences between groups generally within ± 0.5%. Analysis of 28.4 million AERs revealed that the mention of Cr was rare (0.00072%), 46.3% of CAERS had no Cr in the products listed, and 63% of AERs with Cr in the product involved the use of other types of Cr or ingestion with other supplements or drugs. The overall sentiment analysis was neutral about perceptions of Cr, although those with strong perceptions about Cr were slightly more negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results demonstrate that Cr supplementation does not increase the prevalence or frequency of side effects when compared to participants ingesting PLA. Therefore, claims that Cr supplementation increases the risk of side effects are unfounded.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"22 sup1","pages":"2488937"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11983583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143803710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The dose-response effects of flurbiprofen, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and naproxen on primary skeletal muscle cells.","authors":"Brandon M Roberts, Alyssa V Geddis, Ronald W Matheny","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2302046","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2302046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen sodium, and indomethacin are commonly employed for their pain-relieving and inflammation-reducing qualities. NSAIDs work by blocking COX-1 and/or COX-2, enzymes which play roles in inflammation, fever, and pain. The main difference among NSAIDs lies in their affinity to these enzymes, which in turn, influences prostaglandin secretion, and skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. The current study investigated the effects of NSAIDs on human skeletal muscle cells, focusing on myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and muscle protein synthesis signaling.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using human primary muscle cells, we examined the dose-response impact of flurbiprofen (25-200 µM), indomethacin (25-200 µM), ibuprofen (25-200 µM), and naproxen sodium (25-200 µM), on myoblast viability, myotube area, fusion, and prostaglandin production.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that supraphysiological concentrations of indomethacin inhibited myoblast proliferation (-74 ± 2% with 200 µM; -53 ± 3% with 100 µM; both <i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to control cells and impaired protein synthesis signaling pathways in myotubes, but only attenuated myotube fusion at the highest concentrations (-18 ± 2% with 200 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to control myotubes. On the other hand, ibuprofen had no such effects. Naproxen sodium only increased cell proliferation at low concentrations (+36 ± 2% with 25 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and flurbiprofen exhibited divergent impacts depending on the concentration whereby low concentrations improved cell proliferation (+17 ± 1% with 25 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.05) but high concentrations inhibited cell proliferation (-32 ± 1% with 200 µM, <i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that indomethacin, at high concentrations, may detrimentally affect myoblast proliferation and differentiation via an AKT-dependent mechanism, and thus provide new understanding of NSAIDs' effects on skeletal muscle cell development.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"21 1","pages":"2302046"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10783825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139417422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does green tea catechin enhance weight-loss effect of exercise training in overweight and obese individuals? a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","authors":"Farhad Gholami, Jose Antonio, Mohadeseh Iranpour, Jason Curtis, Flavia Pereira","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2411029","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2411029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Green tea (GT) is a common component of supplements known as fat burners. It has gained popularity as an ergogenic aid for weight reduction to assist with obesity management. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to explore the effect of green tea ingestion coupled with exercise training (EX) on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese individuals.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Two independent researchers systematically searched the electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Studies with a randomized-controlled design to compare the effect of green tea in conjunction with exercise training (EX+GT) versus exercise training alone (EX+P) in overweight or obese participants were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 1,015 retrieved studies, 24 were identified to undergo full-text review, out of which 10 randomized trials met the inclusion criteria. EX+GT versus EX+P had a small and consistent effect on weight [Standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.30, CI: -0.53 to -0.07], BMI [SMD = -0.33 CI: -0.64 to -0.02] and fat reduction [SMD = -0.29, CI: -0.57 to -0.01] and there was no evidence of heterogeneity across the trials. When compared to EX+P, EX+GT had no greater effect on lipid profile improvement [triglyceride: SMD = -0.92, CI: -1.30 to 0.49; LDL: SMD = -1.44, CI: -0.73 to 0.82; HDL: SMD = 0.56, CI -0.71 to 0.46; and total cholesterol SMD = -0.54, CI -0.85 to 0.13].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Current evidence suggests that green tea could have quite minimal additive benefit over exercise-induced weight loss. However, incorporation of green tea into exercise training does not seem to exert additional benefits on lipid profile and it warrants further investigations in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"21 1","pages":"2411029"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11445908/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142349135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifatigue effect of okara protein hydrolysate supplementation during cycling exercise in men: a pre-post uncontrolled pilot study.","authors":"Yu-Jou Chien, Jung-Piao Tsao, Chun-Tse Tsai, I-Shiung Cheng, Chin-Lin Hsu","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2416479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2416479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Prolonged exercise usually leads to exercise fatigue, which has a negative short-term impact on exercise performance and metabolic rate; thus, fatigue needs to be resolved. Okara is a protein-rich residue of soy processing. Enzyme hydrolysis is known to increase the content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which have been reported to confer benefits for exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antifatigue effect of okara protein hydrolysate (OPH) on cycling exercise.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 16 male participants who habitually exercised (2 times or more per week and without participation in athletic contests) were instructed to receive 11.74 g of OPH once a day. They then completed two intense cycling exercise challenges before and after four weeks of supplementation. Exercise time and blood markers related to fatigue and energy metabolism were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the time to exhaustion significantly increased after the treatment. The levels of lactate during exercise and at the end of exercise were significantly lower after treatment than before. Additionally, postexercise insulin sensitivity was increased after treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed that OPH supplementation can promote endurance in exercise by decreasing the accumulation of fatigue-related metabolites during exercise and can promote energy recovery by increasing insulin function. These findings suggest that OPH has an antifatigue property.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"21 1","pages":"2416479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11488163/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142468708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Common questions and misconceptions about caffeine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?","authors":"Jose Antonio, Daniel E Newmire, Jeffrey R Stout, Brandi Antonio, Maureen Gibbons, Lonnie M Lowery, Joseph Harper, Darryn Willoughby, Cassandra Evans, Dawn Anderson, Erica Goldstein, Jose Rojas, Matías Monsalves-Álvarez, Scott C Forbes, Jose Gomez Lopez, Tim Ziegenfuss, Blake D Moulding, Darren Candow, Michael Sagner, Shawn M Arent","doi":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15502783.2024.2323919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid that has a plethora of evidence highlighting its positive effects. A Google Scholar search using the keywords \"caffeine\" and \"exercise\" yields over 200,000 results, emphasizing the extensive research on this topic. However, despite the vast amount of available data, it is intriguing that uncertainties persist regarding the effectiveness and safety of caffeine. These include but are not limited to: 1. Does caffeine dehydrate you at rest? 2. Does caffeine dehydrate you during exercise? 3. Does caffeine promote the loss of body fat? 4. Does habitual caffeine consumption influence the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation? 5. Does caffeine affect upper vs. lower body performance/strength differently? 6. Is there a relationship between caffeine and depression? 7. Can too much caffeine kill you? 8. Are there sex differences regarding caffeine's effects? 9. Does caffeine work for everyone? 10. Does caffeine cause heart problems? 11. Does caffeine promote the loss of bone mineral? 12. Should pregnant women avoid caffeine? 13. Is caffeine addictive? 14. Does waiting 1.5-2.0 hours after waking to consume caffeine help you avoid the afternoon \"crash?\" To answer these questions, we performed an evidence-based scientific evaluation of the literature regarding caffeine supplementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17400,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition","volume":"21 1","pages":"2323919"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10930107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140094266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}