Journal of steroids & hormonal science最新文献

{"title":"Myeloperoxidase Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Glomerulosclerosis Associated with Pulmonary Disorders","authors":"T. Sanai, T. Hirakawa, Toru Mizumasa, H. Koga","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000145","url":null,"abstract":"Seven patients presented a specific renal lesion of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody can be associated with pulmonary hemorrhage and/or pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. The patients included three men and four women with a mean age of 62.4 years. All courses of renal lesions revealed rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and the serum creatinine levels were 7.1 ± 3.9 mg/dl and the myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was 473 ± 471 EU before treatments. Steroid therapy was administered to all patients, immunosupressive agent to four and hemodialysis in six cases. Four patients experienced a pulmonary hemorrhage and died, but all of three patients with pulmonary interstitial fibrosis survived. All of four cases died due to an infection in pulmonary hemorrhage. Although three patients with pulmonary \u0000interstitial fibrosis were survived, pulmonary hemorrhage indicated a poor prognosis. Pulmonary infection may be fetal in pulmonary hemorrhage, but pulmonary infection was a few in pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83313767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Low Frequency Pulsating Magnetic Fields of Different Parameters on the Secretion of FSH, LH, Prolactin, Testosterone andEstradiol in Men","authors":"Marta WoldaÅska-OkoÅska, J. Czernicki","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000146","url":null,"abstract":"The research into the effects of low frequency magnetic fields on living organisms has focused so far on the fields produced by power lines, industry and mobile telecommunication. Although they may influence procreation and teratogenesis, the pulsating magnetic fields that are used in physical therapy have not been sufficiently studied with regard to their impact on the endocrine system Aim: The aim of the study was to test the influence of magnetic fields applied in long-term magnetotherapy and magnetostimulation (as in physiotherapy) on the secretion of pituitary (FSH, LH, prolactin) and sex (testosterone, estradiol) hormones in men. Methods: In the research, the patients were divided into three groups: the magnetotherapy group of 16 men and the magnetostimulation group of 20 men (in two groups). Magnetotherapy in the form of magnetic field induction, 2.9 mT, 40 Hz frequency, a bipolar square wave generated by Magnetronic MF-10, was applied for 20 minutes to the lumbar \u0000area in patients suffering from chronic low back pain. Magnetostimulation (Viofor JPS system, M2P2 program with a mat as the applicator) was applied for 12 minutes a day in 10 patients treated for the same complaint. The third group of 10 patients was also treated with magnetostimulation (Viofor JPS system, M3P3 program with a mat as the applicator) for 12 minutes a day. All the groups went through 15 sessions that took place at about 10.00 am, one application a day with breaks for weekends. The chemiluminescence micromethod was used to estimate the concentration of hormones \u0000(FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone in ng/dl and estradiol in pg/dl). The data were statistically analyzed with the use of the ANOVA method. \u0000Results: Magnetotherapy did not affect hormone secretion in patients treated for low back pain. Magnetostimulation affects the concentrations of prolactin, estradiol and testosterone. \u0000After the application of M2P2 program, a significant reduction in the concentration of prolactin, as compared to the basal values, was observed a month after the applications. A significant decrease in the concentration of estradiol was observed immediately after the end of the applications and a month later. Furthermore, the application of M3P3 program produced a significant increase in the concentration of estradiol after 15 sessions, and then a decrease in the concentration was noted a month after the applications. A drop in the concentration of testosterone was observed immediately after the end of the treatment and a month later. Conclusions: The results indicate a possible effect of the magnetic fields used in magnetostimulation on the secretion of prolactin, estradiol and testosterone as they reduce the secretion of these hormones. Both the magnetostimulation programs have a similar effect on the concentration of estradiol. The influence of the magnetic fields used in physiotherapy on the secretion of these hormones requires further research on a larger number of participants, incl","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82014816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cellular Metabolism of Estradiol in Models for Select Molecular Subtypes of Clinical Breast Cancer","authors":"N. Telang","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000.143","url":null,"abstract":"The mitogenic ovarian steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) is associated with progression of Estrogen Receptor Positive (ER+) breast cancer, and ER represents a major therapeutic target for endocrine therapy. In addition to the ER dependent signal transduction, cellular oxidative metabolism of the ER ligand E2 generates several metabolites with pleotropic growth modulatory effects on breast cancer cells, providing valuable leads for novel therapeutic approach. The molecular classification of clinical breast cancer has defined cancer subtypes based on differential expression of the genes for hormones and growth factor receptors, thereby facilitating subtype targeted therapeutic interventions. However, de novo or acquired resistance to conventional endocrine and targeted small molecule based treatment limits the therapeutic efficacy and promotes therapy resistant disease progression. These aspects \u0000emphasize the need for identification of new efficacious non-toxic lead compounds. The present review summarizes critical experiments conducted to i) develop and optimize human tissue derived cell culture models for select molecular subtypes of clinical breast cancer, ii) determine the status of homeostatic growth control, cellular metabolism of 17β-estradiol (E2) and cancer risk in the developed models, and iii) evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and identify possible mechanisms of action of select herbal extracts/phyto-chemical. Additionally, this review discusses the evidence for the role of E2 metabolism in breast carcinogenesis and therapy. The data generated from the cell culture experiments demonstrate that the models for select molecular sub-types exhibit aberrant hyperproliferation, altered cellular metabolism of E2 and enhanced cancer risk. Select mechanistically distinct herbal extracts and natural phyto-chemical at their respective maximum cytostatic concentrations modulate cellular \u0000metabolism of E2 favoring generation of anti-proliferative metabolites and inhibit anchorage independent growth, thus reducing cancer risk. Collectively, these data validate the present mechanism based cell culture approach to identify and prioritize novel efficacious lead compounds for subtype targeted therapy of clinical breast cancer.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89495973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure on Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression in the Neonatal Mouse Cortex and Hippocampus.","authors":"Chris Armoskus,&nbsp;Thomas Mota,&nbsp;Debbie Moreira,&nbsp;Houng-Wei Tsai","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Using gene expression microarrays and reverse transcription with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we have recently identified several novel genes that are differentially expressed in the neonatal male versus female mouse cortex/hippocampus (Armoskus et al.). Since perinatal testosterone (T) secreted by the developing testes masculinizes cortical and hippocampal structures and the behaviors regulated by these brain regions, we hypothesized that sexually dimorphic expression of specific selected genes in these areas might be regulated by T during early development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To test our hypothesis, we treated timed pregnant female mice daily with vehicle or testosterone propionate (TP) starting on embryonic day 16 until the day of birth. The cortex/hippocampus was collected from vehicle- and TP-treated, male and female neonatal pups. Total RNA was extracted from these brain tissues, followed by RT-qPCR to measure relative mRNA levels of seven sex chromosome genes and three autosomal genes that have previously showed sex differences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The effect of prenatal TP was confirmed as it stimulated Dhcr24 expression in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus and increased the anogenital distance in females. We found a significant effect of sex, but not TP, on expression of three Y-linked (<i>Ddx3y</i>, <i>Eif2s3y</i>, and <i>Kdm5d</i>), four X-linked (<i>Eif2s3x</i>, <i>Kdm6a</i>, <i>Mid1</i>, and <i>Xist</i>), and one autosomal (<i>Klk8</i>) genes in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although most of the selected genes are not directly regulated by prenatal T, their sexually dimorphic expression might play an important role in the control of sexually differentiated cognitive and social behaviors as well as in the etiology of sex-biased neurological disorders and mental illnesses.</p>","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 3","pages":"1000139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233715/pdf/nihms-635895.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32826092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluticasone Induces Epithelial Injury and Alters Barrier Function in Normal Subjects.","authors":"Ruth E MacRedmond,&nbsp;Gurpreet K Singhera,&nbsp;Samuel J Wadsworth,&nbsp;Susan Attridge,&nbsp;Mohammed Bahzad,&nbsp;Kristy Williams,&nbsp;Harvey O Coxson,&nbsp;Steven R White,&nbsp;Delbert R Dorscheid","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000134","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The airway epithelium has a number of roles pivotal to the pathogenesis of asthma, including provision of a physical and immune barrier to the inhaled environment. Dysregulated injury and repair responses in asthma result in loss of airway epithelial integrity. Inhaled corticosteroids are a corner stone of asthma treatment. While effective in controlling asthma symptoms, they fail to prevent airway remodeling. Direct cytopathic effects on the airway epithelium may contribute to this.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study examined the effects of a 4-week treatment regimen of inhaled fluticasone 500 μg twice daily in healthy human subjects. Induced sputum was collected for cell counts and markers of inflammation. Barrier function was examined by diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) clearance measured by nuclear scintillation scan, and albumin concentration in induced sputum.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Steroid exposure resulted in epithelial injury as measured by a significant increase in the number of airway epithelial cells in induced sputum. There was no change in airway inflammation by induced sputum inflammatory cell counts or cytokine levels. Epithelial shedding was associated with an increase in barrier function, as measured by both a decrease in DTPA clearance and decreased albumin in induced sputum. This likely reflects the normal repair response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Inhaled corticosteroids cause injury to normal airway epithelium. These effects warrant further evaluation in asthma, where the dysregulated repair response may contribute to airway remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7536.1000134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32755896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Action of Aldosterone on Protein Expressions of Protein Kinase C Alpha and Alpha1 Sodium Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase in Rat Kidney","authors":"S. Eiam-Ong, Kittisak Sinphitukkul, K. Manotham, S. Eiam‐Ong","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000125","url":null,"abstract":"Previous in vitro studies showed that aldosterone rapidly stimulates protein kinase C alpha (PKC α) that could activate alpha (α) 1 isoform of Na, K-ATPase and then enhances its activity. There are, however, no in vivo data that demonstrate the rapid effects of aldosterone on renal protein expressions of PKC α and α1-Na, K-ATPase simultaneously. The present study further investigates the expression of these proteins. Male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline solution or aldosterone (150 μg/kg BW). After 30 minutes, abundances and localizations of PKC α and α1-Na, K-ATPase proteins were determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Aldosterone  administration significantly increased plasma aldosterone levels from 1,251.95 ± 13.83 to 6,521.78 ± 209.92 pmol/L. \u0000By Western blot analysis, aldosterone enhanced renal protein abundances of PKC α (homogenate samples) and α1-Na, K-ATPase (plasma membrane) approximately 50% and 30%, respectively (P<0.05). From immunohistochemistry examination in sham group, the protein expression of PKC α was prominent in the medulla. Aldosterone stimulated the expression both in the cortex and medulla with the translocation from the basolateral to luminal side of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). As for α1-Na, K-ATPase protein expression, the sham rats showed a strong immunostaining in the distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts, and thick ascending limbs. Aldosterone elevated the expression in the PCT and medullary collecting duct (MCD). This in vivo study is the first to demonstrate simultaneously that aldosterone rapidly elevates PKC α and α1-Na, K-ATPase protein abundances in rat kidney. Both immunoreactivities were stimulated in the cortex and medulla. The greater affected areas were noted for PKC α expression, whereas the alterations of α1-Na, K-ATPase were observed only in the PT and MCD. The stimulation of Na, K-ATPase protein expression by aldosterone, per se, may occur through PKC activation.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"209 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72816409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Compounds to Counteract Testosterone Depletion in Aging","authors":"Daniela Rojas, P. AkhileshK, Ey","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000E112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000E112","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is accompanied by many biological and physiological changes in the body, including the depletion of sex hormones such as testosterone. Testosterone is an important sex hormone for many physiological and biological functions in the body, and depletion of it may cause changes that can be negative to the normal functioning of the body. Aging is associated with a gradual depletion of testosterone of about 2-3% annually, starting from the age of 30 [1]. This depletion of the sex hormones has many implications in the physiological functions in the body, such as effects in muscle mass, liver function and immune function [2]. These negative effects can render the body susceptible to diseases and many adverse symptoms. Testosterone depletion is also associated with vulnerability to disease in hormone-responsive tissues, such as the brain, and it has been seen that androgens and estrogens have very beneficial effects in increasing spine density and synaptic plasticity [1]. This is a key subject to be researched as there have been studies that found a relationship between brain level in testosterone and levels of soluble Amyloid Beta, indicating a correlation between hormone depletion and risk of neurodegenerative diseases [3]. It is important to find this relationship and find new and novel ways to counteract this testosterone depletion in a way that is natural, risk-free, and cost effective.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"49 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90655716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neurosteroid Synthesis in Adult Female Rat Hippocampus, Including Androgens and Allopregnanolone","authors":"Y. Hojo, M. Okamoto, A. Kato, Shimpei Higo, F. Sakai, H. Soya, T. Yamazaki, S. Kawato","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.S4-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.S4-002","url":null,"abstract":"Female rat hippocampus synthesizes significant amount of estrogens, including progesterone (PROG), estrone and estradiol (E2). Hippocampal level of PROG and E2 are considerably higher than those in plasma. Female hippocampal estrogens play a significant role in the fluctuation of dendritic spine density across the estrous cycle. Here we extend the study to the investigation of female androgens, including testosterone (T) and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), in the female rat hippocampus, since female androgens had been largely unknown. By combination of mass-spectrometric analysis with HPLC-purification and picolinoyl-derivatization of sex steroids, we determined the accurate concentration \u0000of T and DHT in the hippocampus. The levels of T and DHT in female hippocampus at Proestrus were approximately 1.1 nM and 0.6 nM, respectively, suggesting a significant synthesis of T and DHT. The level of plasma T was approx. 0.1 nM, implying almost no contribution of plasma T to hippocampal T. The concentration of hippocampal DHT had a good correlation with that of hippocampal T, suggesting a significant activity of 5α-reductase (DHT synthase) in the female. Allopregnanolone level was also determined as a useful indicator of 5α-reductase activity. Interestingly mRNA expression level of 5α-reductase and androgen receptor (AR) was not significantly different between the different \u0000estrous cycle stages, or between female and male. Nevertheless, sex difference existed with respect to the levels of T, DHT and Allo in hippocampus. Although physiological significance of female hippocampal androgens waits further investigations, the female hippocampus produces T or DHT which may be useful to suppress anxiety, for example.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"101 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80702894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Proteomic Profile of Cervical Remodeling in Mice during Early and Late Pregnancy","authors":"J. Schwabe, Siobhan M. Donnelly, S. Jesmin, P. Leppert, C. Mowa","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000123","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Decipher mechanisms that underlie cervical remodeling (CR) during pregnancy. \u0000Design and population: Examine the proteomic profile of mice cervices in early and late pregnancy and verify data generated using Western Blot and real time PCR analysis. Main outcome measures: Identify signature proteins. \u0000Results: In total, seventy three (73) signature proteins were identified and were found up regulated in pregnancy, namely proteins associated with: a) collagen presence and organization (4), notably biglycan and lumican, b) immune scavenging functions and c) cytoskeletal activity. These proteomic trends were verified through Western blot and real time PCR analysis. \u0000Conclusion: These signature proteins and their expression profile collectively suggest a complex biological process involving extracellular matrix (ECM)- and immune`-associated factors. Based on these data, we propose that biglycan may provide the link between natural birth and inflammation-mediated pre-term birth.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"99 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89015232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ethanol Sustained Exposure on Human Trophoblast Cell Hormonal Production","authors":"S. Clavé, X. Joya, J. Salat-Batlle, Martin L Se, Ó. García-Algar, O. Vall","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000121","url":null,"abstract":"Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder (FASD) is a complex condition resulting from the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Diagnosis of prenatal exposure to alcohol depends on questionnaire about consumption, biomarkers in neonatal alternative matrices as maternal hair and neonatal meconium, and postnatal clinical data as facial features. However, biomarkers of cellular damage due to exposure to alcohol during pregnancy are lacking. Prenatal alcohol exposure can lead to altered placental cellular function, resulting in changes in hormone production. Herein, the alteration in the synthesis of this hormonal output was studied using a cultured human trophoblast cell line (JEG3). The production of insulin-like grow factor 2 (IGF2), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL) \u0000and pregnancy specific glycoprotein 1 (PSG1) was analyzed. Sustained ethanol exposure significantly increased the cellular production and release of IGF2 and hCG in a dose-dependent manner related to the ethanol input. Moreover, ethanol exposure also caused a loss in cell viability and a significant decrease in total protein production. This hormonal alteration may be used in future studies as preliminary candidate to validate surrogate biomarkers of damage.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86300821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}