Journal of steroids & hormonal science最新文献

{"title":"A Cohort Historical Analysis of the Relationship between Thyroid Hormone Malady and Alpha-Human Herpesvirus Activation.","authors":"Shao-Hsuan Hsia,&nbsp;Victor Hsia S","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A number of physiological factors have been suggested to participate in the alpha- Human Herpesvirus (αHHV) reactivation, such as hormonal aberration. Thyroid hormone (TH) was shown to play a suppressive role in Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) gene expression and replication in cell culture and animal models. We hypothesize that reactivation of αHHV in humans may be due to, at least in part, by TH status.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Prior to implementing a full-scale population-based prospective inquiry into this hypothesis, a pilot study using a medical claims data base and a case-controlled, retrospective cohort investigation was conducted to develop a hypothetical link between TH complication and αHHV reactivation. Using diagnostic codes for treating thyroid disorders and αHHV infections as proxies for biologic/clinic outcomes, we queried a large, comprehensive hospital data base to construct two patient cohorts: Cohort 1 was comprised of patients receiving TH diagnoses over a twelve-year period, and Cohort 2 was composed of patients not receiving TH diagnoses during this period. Diagnoses of αHHV were recorded for each cohort and the difference in the frequency was examined for statistical significance. Demographic analyses such as age, gender, etc were also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using 2×2 contingency table analyses and Statistical Analysis Software (SAS), an Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.83 was observed for the total population of 21 years old and above with a chi-square of 61.55 and p < 0.001, confirming that a severe significant difference was found between these two cohorts. This result suggested that patients with αHHV diagnosis have higher chances to have TH disorders. Additional investigation revealed that female were at higher/significant probability to have both TH and αHHV diagnosis, indicating a link of αHHV reactivation to a complex hormonal profile difference between genders. Our observation indicated that female patients of 21 years of age and above exhibited a very high incidence (OR of 3.40, p < 0.001) compared to the male groups (OR of 1.91, p < 0.05), indicating the possibility that hormonal alteration in females maybe transient but robust and can lead to αHHV reactivation more often than the males.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results indicated that TH dysfunction may have implication in αHHV pathogenesis and females exhibited much higher probability to suffer αHHV reactivation due to TH disruption. Although the results from this pilot study have limitations and require additional controlled clinical examination such as more detailed patient records, lab data, therapeutic outcome, etc, it provides a tool to assess the effects of hormone imbalance on virus reactivation by retrospective analyses using existing large scale data base.</p>","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 2","pages":"133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7536.1000133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33186697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epicatechin Protects against Corticosteroid Induced Hepatic Steatosis.","authors":"Jeffrey Thomas,&nbsp;Miguel A Lanaspa,&nbsp;George Schreiner,&nbsp;Richard J Johnson","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000122","url":null,"abstract":"Epicatechin, the flavonol derived from chocolate, can improve endothelial function, decrease inflammation and potentially improve insulin resistance [1]. It has also been shown to improve skeletal muscle and hepatic AMPK activity in diabetic mice [2]. Recently our group and others have shown that the stimulation of hepatic AMPK can block hepatic steatosis from fructose [3] or high fat diet [4]. This led us to hypothesize that epicathecin will also have a beneficial role in reducing steroid-induced fatty liver by a similar activation of AMPK.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8496346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39503043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Exposure on Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression in the Neonatal Mouse Cortex and Hippocampus.","authors":"Chris Armoskus, Thomas A. Mota, Debbie Moreira, H. Tsai","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000139","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE Using gene expression microarrays and reverse transcription with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we have recently identified several novel genes that are differentially expressed in the neonatal male versus female mouse cortex/hippocampus (Armoskus et al.). Since perinatal testosterone (T) secreted by the developing testes masculinizes cortical and hippocampal structures and the behaviors regulated by these brain regions, we hypothesized that sexually dimorphic expression of specific selected genes in these areas might be regulated by T during early development. METHODS To test our hypothesis, we treated timed pregnant female mice daily with vehicle or testosterone propionate (TP) starting on embryonic day 16 until the day of birth. The cortex/hippocampus was collected from vehicle- and TP-treated, male and female neonatal pups. Total RNA was extracted from these brain tissues, followed by RT-qPCR to measure relative mRNA levels of seven sex chromosome genes and three autosomal genes that have previously showed sex differences. RESULTS The effect of prenatal TP was confirmed as it stimulated Dhcr24 expression in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus and increased the anogenital distance in females. We found a significant effect of sex, but not TP, on expression of three Y-linked (Ddx3y, Eif2s3y, and Kdm5d), four X-linked (Eif2s3x, Kdm6a, Mid1, and Xist), and one autosomal (Klk8) genes in the neonatal mouse cortex/hippocampus. CONCLUSION Although most of the selected genes are not directly regulated by prenatal T, their sexually dimorphic expression might play an important role in the control of sexually differentiated cognitive and social behaviors as well as in the etiology of sex-biased neurological disorders and mental illnesses.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"200 1","pages":"1000139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76969577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kaempferol Exhibits Progestogenic Effects in Ovariectomized Rats.","authors":"May Fern Toh,&nbsp;Emma Mendonca,&nbsp;Sharon L Eddie,&nbsp;Michael P Endsley,&nbsp;Daniel D Lantvit,&nbsp;Pavel A Petukhov,&nbsp;Joanna E Burdette","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Progesterone (P₄) plays a central role in women's health. Synthetic progestins are used clinically in hormone replacement therapy (HRT), oral contraceptives, and for the treatment of endometriosis and infertility. Unfortunately, synthetic progestins are associated with side effects, including cardiovascular disease and breast cancer. Botanical dietary supplements are widely consumed for the alleviation of a variety of gynecological issues, but very few studies have characterized natural compounds in terms of their ability to bind to and activate progesterone receptors (PR). Kaempferol is a flavonoid that functions as a non-steroidal selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) <i>in vitro</i>. This study investigated the molecular and physiological effects of kaempferol in the ovariectomized rat uteri.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Since genistein is a phytoestrogen that was previously demonstrated to increase uterine weight and proliferation, the ability of kaempferol to block genistein action in the uterus was investigated. Analyses of proliferation, steroid receptor expression, and induction of well-established PR-regulated targets <i>Areg</i> and <i>Hand2</i> were completed using histological analysis and qPCR gene induction experiments. In addition, kaempferol <i>in silico</i> binding analysis was completed for PR. The activation of estrogen and androgen receptor signalling was determined <i>in vitro</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molecular docking analysis confirmed that kaempferol adopts poses that are consistent with occupying the ligand-binding pocket of PRA. Kaempferol induced expression of PR regulated transcriptional targets in the ovariectomized rat uteri, including <i>Hand2</i> and <i>Areg</i>. Consistent with progesterone-l ke activity, kaempferol attenuated genistein-induced uterine luminal epithelial proliferation without increasing uterine weight. Kaempferol signalled without down regulating PR expression <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> and without activating estrogen and androgen receptors.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Taken together, these data suggest that kaempferol is a unique natural PR modulator that activates PR signaling <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> without triggering PR degradation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"5 3","pages":"136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2157-7536.1000136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33066230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glucocorticoids Action in Bone and Cartilage: A Report from 9th Joint Meeting of Pediatric Endocrinology","authors":"Farasat Zaman, S. Ahmed, L. Ward","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000120","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85565945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tobacco Smoke Exposure, C-reactive Protein and Steroid Hormones Measured by Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Healthy Women","authors":"Sarah H. Chung, K. Makambi, O. Soldin","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000147","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a reliable biomarker of inflammation. Plasma CRP increases dramatically after severe trauma, bacterial infection and inflammation. The hsCRP accurately and sensitively measures basal levels of CRP, including in the areas of increased risk of developing myocardial infarction. Tobacco smoking has also been indicated to influence pregnancy outcomes and infertility . Methods: We examined the associations between smoking, circulating hsCRP, and steroid hormone levels in healthy, non-pregnant women of reproductive age. Serum hsCRP concentrations were analyzed using immunoturbidimetry. Based on cotinine levels and self-questionnairres, the women were divided into three separate groups of smokers, non- smokers and passive smokers (secondhand exposure). Steroids and cotinine levels were measured by isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Results: A significant, positive correlation was observed between hsCRP and cotinine levels indicating an association between cigarette smoking and inflammation. However, no association was found between hsCRP and cotinine levels in both the non-smoker and passive smoker group. Also, hsCRP levels were significantly associated with increased BMI scores. Conclusions: Combined factors of increased smoke exposure and obesity were significantly correlated with increased hsCRP levels, suggesting that multiple conditions confer additive risk to an inflammatory state. To determine the role of inflammation in women's health, further studies are essential to determine the interacting relationship between hsCRP and sex hormone levels in women with disease.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74716227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does Interrelationship of Allopregnanolone andTetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone during Pregnancy and Postpartum Depression Exist? A Review of the Current Evidence","authors":"S. MansurA, Hu, M. S. Anjum, N. Mukhtar, R. Hussain, I. Khan","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.S4-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.S4-001","url":null,"abstract":"Pregnancy and postpartum changes affect more than a half of women in the world. Neuroactive steroids play a vital role in mental health, behavior, mood development, neuron-protection and memory. This review sums up what is wellknown regarding the two types of neuroactive steroids viz. allopregnanolone (ALP) and tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC). There is a strong correlation between body progesterone concentration and ALP production. The stage of estrus cycles determines the levels of ALP in body, however, THDOC is a stress induced neuroactive steroid and its level is changeable with the type and severity of stress. The physiological response of stress is affected by THDOC and influences paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus which in turn controls hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and gonadal axis. Both neuroactive steroids are potent endogenous modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and their production gets higher during pregnancy. Now a question arises “do both classes of neuroactive steroids have a potent correlation in their action?” This manuscript will bring you up to date on the interaction and function of these two during pregnancy and postpartum depression.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86721400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Incidence of Abnormal Circadian Blood Pressure Profiles in Patients on Steroid Replacement Therapy due to Secondary Adrenal Insufficiencyand Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia without Overt Hypertension - InitialResults","authors":"Małgorzata Wójcik, D. Poplawska, Katarzyna Tyrawa, A. Zygmunt-Górska, J. Starzyk","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.S12-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.S12-005","url":null,"abstract":"Patients on steroid replacement therapy are at an increased risk of cardiovascular complications owing to the fact that disruptions in the cortisol diurnal rhythm may affect the blood pressure (BP) profile. \u0000 \u0000Aim: To evaluate the circadian BP profiles of patients with secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) on steroid replacement therapy and to compare BP profiles of patients receiving hydrocortisone (HC) in different dosing schedules. \u0000 \u0000Methods: The study included 33 patients: 15 SAI and 18 CAH (mean age 13.2 years 95CI 11.3-15.1). There were no patients with previously diagnosed overt hypertension. Patients with SAI received a mean of 7.39 mg/m2 of HC in 3 daily doses (in the morning (M) 50%, in the afternoon (A) 25%, in the evening (E) 25%), CAH patients 17.9 mg/m2 of HC in the following dosing schedules: 5 patients in 3 equal doses, 7 patients received M: 40% A: 40% E: 20%, the remaining 6 patients had the same dosing schedule as patients with SAI. Fludrocortisone (FC) was given to 13 patients with CAH in 2 equal daily doses. The total dose of HC/FC as well as the dosing schedule of HC was adjusted individually based on clinical and biochemical outcomes. Standard 24-hour BP monitoring (ABPM) was performed using an Ambulatory BP Monitor (Space labs 90217, USA). \u0000 \u0000Results: The majority of the patients (almost 70% SAI, 80% CAH) presented with an abnormal 24-hour BP profile. There were no significant differences in ABPM results between SAI and CAH patients, and no differences between CAH patients treated with and without FC. There was no correlation between HC and FC doses [mg/m2] and ABPM results except that mean night SBP values increased with greater HC doses (r=0.51, p<0.05). Among the CAH group the highest percentage of abnormal ABPM results was observed in patients who received HC in doses: M: 50% A: 25% and E: 25%, the most favorable BP profile was observed in patients with dosing schedule: M: 40%, A: 40%, E: 20%.However there were no significant differences between patients with different treatment protocols, the results suggest that observed disruptions of the BP profile could be related to the HC dosing schedule. \u0000 \u0000Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal BP profiles in patients on steroid replacement therapy due to SAI and CAH without overt hypertension is high. The disruptions of the BP profiles are not associated with the dose of HC or FC. The abnormal BP profiles in patients with SAI or CAH may be related to the HC dosing schedule. 24-hour ABPM seems to be a useful, non-invasive and safe method for the monitoring of HC and FC replacement therapy in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Further investigations in the larger groups of patients are needed.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86983823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Intramuscular or Bioadhesive Buccal Testosterone Treatment on Antioxidant Systems in Secondary Hypogonadism","authors":"A. Mancini, S. Raimondo, C. DiSegni, M. Persano, M. Cammarano, A. Pontecorvi, R. Festa, Luca Tiano, A. Silvestrini, E. Meucci","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000117","url":null,"abstract":"From cross-sectional studies in healthy men, lower plasma total testosterone levels seem to be associated with hyperinsulinemia, decreased glucose tolerance, and a higher level of cardiovascular risk factors. Despite in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest a key role of testosterone in modulating antioxidant systems in different tissues, few data are reported in humans. Extending our previous results, we show that treatment with testosterone, both in intramuscular or bioadhesive buccal formulations, increase plasma levels of Coenzyme Q10, lipophilic antioxidant, and total antioxidant capacity, measured with colorimetric method, in patients with secondary hypogonadism. Hypogonadism could represent a condition of oxidative stress, in turn related with augmented cardiovascular risk in such patients.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75347503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testosterone Treatment Improves Insulin Resistance in Japanese MaleMetabolic Syndrome","authors":"Ueshiba H","doi":"10.4172/2157-7536.1000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7536.1000116","url":null,"abstract":"The metabolic syndrome involves a cluster of clinical features including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Recent studies have shown that low testosterone levels are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. We examined the change in insulin resistance after testosterone treatment in five Japanese men with metabolic syndrome and low free testosterone levels (age : 50.2 ± 8.7 yrs, BMI : 30.5 ± 5.0, waist : 97 ± 7 cm ; Mean ± SD). Testosterone supplements were administered by intramuscular injection (250 mg every 2 weeks) for 3 to 6 months. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (F-IRI), HbA1c, total cholesterol(TCHO), triglyceride(TG), HDL-C, LDL-C, free testosterone, LH, FSH, BMI and waist circumference were measured. We used homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-R) as an index of insulin resistance and investigated the change in insulin resistance after testosterone treatment. Average results before treatment were as follows: BMI 30.5 ± 5.0, waist 97 ± 7 cm, FPG 112 ± 6 mg/dl, F-IRI 25.1 ± 8.5 μIU/ml, HOMA-R 7.0 ± 2.7, HbA1c(NGSP) 5.8 ± 0.3%, TCHO 227 ± 31 mg/dl, TG 185 ± 64 mg/dl, HDL-C 43 ± 9 mg/dl, LDL-C 149 ± 37 mg/dl, free testosterone 5.9 ± 1.0 pg/ml, LH 1.7 ± 0.6 IU/ml, FSH 3.7 ± 0.7 IU/ml. After treatment, F-IRI, HOMA-R, TCHO and LDL-C were significantly decreased to 12.9 ± 3.6 μIU/ml, 3.3 ± 1.1 199 ± 29 mg/dl and 120 ± 31 mg/dl, respectively. Free testosterone was significantly increased to 8.5 ± 0.6 pg/ml. Other parameters were not changed significantly. In conclusion, these results suggest that testosterone treatment improves insulin resistance in Japanese men with metabolic syndrome and low free testosterone levels.","PeriodicalId":17132,"journal":{"name":"Journal of steroids & hormonal science","volume":"46 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89311625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}