Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research最新文献

{"title":"Efficacy of a Meta-Analysis-Recommended Immersion Protocol vs. Field-Practical Cold-Water Immersion Protocol for Performance Recovery: A Randomized Crossover Trial.","authors":"Ryosuke Kaji, Kosuke Takeuchi, Satoshi Okubo, Naruto Yoshida","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005706","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Kaji, R, Takeuchi, K, Okubo, S, and Yoshida, N. Efficacy of a meta-analysis-recommended immersion protocol vs. field-practical cold-water immersion protocol for performance recovery: A randomized crossover trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We examined the effects of 2 cold-water immersion (CWI) protocols-15° C for 11 minutes and 10° C for 2.5 minutes-on performance recovery following exercise-induced fatigue. Fifteen male collegiate athletes completed 3 randomized crossover conditions with a 2-week washout: 15° C-11 minutes (evidence-based method), 10° C-2.5 minutes (field-practical method), and a seated-rest control. Outcomes included 20-m sprint time (T20), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 (YYIR2). The 20-m sprint time and CMJ were assessed before exercise (PreEx), immediately after exercise, immediately after the intervention, and at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours postintervention, whereas YYIR2 was assessed at PreEx and at 72 hours postintervention. Physiological measures (tympanic temperature, skin temperatures, and heart rate) and perceptual measures (subjective fatigue and muscle soreness) were recorded. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The 10° C-2.5-minute protocol maintained T20 performance during the acute phase, whereas the 15° C-11-minute protocol facilitated later recovery. Countermovement jump performance transiently declined under both CWI conditions; however, a significant improvement at 72 hours occurred only with the 10° C-2.5-minute protocol. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2 performance did not differ between conditions. Thermal and cardiovascular responses varied by protocol and reflected recovery patterns. Subjective fatigue improved in both CWI conditions, whereas muscle soreness showed minimal differences. In conclusion, both evidence-based and field-practical CWI protocols enhanced recovery; however, they demonstrated distinct temporal profiles. The 10° C-2.5-minute protocol supported immediate restoration, whereas the 15° C-11-minute protocol promoted delayed recovery. For practical applications, protocol selection should align with sport-specific demands, recovery time, and performance objectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Longitudinal Study Analyzing Sprint Performance in Relation to Biological Maturity in Youth Soccer Players.","authors":"Darren Bezzina, Phil Price, Giuseppe Cimadoro, Daniel Cleather","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Bezzina, D, Price, P, Cimadoro, G, and Cleather, D. A longitudinal study analyzing sprint performance in relation to biological maturity in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Understanding the influence of biological maturation on athletic performance is crucial for improving youth training programs. This study examined the longitudinal development of sprint performance in youth soccer players across different stages of biological maturation. Forty male soccer players (ages 10-16) were categorized into pre-peak height velocity (PHV) and circa-PHV groups based on maturity offset values estimated using the Mirwald equation. Sprinting speed was assessed using a 30-m sprint test. A linear mixed model analysis revealed significant improvements in sprint performance over time (p < 0.002, d = 0.78), with the circa-PHV group consistently outperforming the pre-PHV group (p < 0.001, d = 0.43). There was no significant time × maturity interaction (p = 0.722), indicating that the rate of change in sprint performance over the 12-month interval did not differ between pre- and circa-PHV players. These findings support the critical role of biological maturity in sprint progression, as more mature athletes demonstrated faster 30-m sprint performance. However, this study does not support the notion that sprinting develops at a significantly higher rate during circa-PHV than during pre-PHV.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Countermovement Jump Performance in Collegiate Baseball Athletes: A Longitudinal Multilevel Modeling Approach.","authors":"Adam A Burke, Noelle D Saine, Erica L King, Jennifer B Fields, Andrew R Jagim, Angela D Miller, B Chris Green, Margaret T Jones","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005711","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Burke, AA, Saine, ND, King, EL, Fields, JB, Jagim, AR, Miller, AD, Green, BC, and Jones, MT. Assessment of countermovement jump performance in collegiate baseball athletes: A longitudinal multilevel modeling approach. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Given the length and demands of the collegiate baseball season, monitoring body composition and neuromuscular performance can help optimize load management and athlete readiness. Relationships between body composition and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance were examined during a competitive baseball season. Pitchers and position athletes (n = 32) completed pre- and post-season dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans and weekly CMJ testing. Countermovement jump variables included jump height (JH), reactive strength index modified, peak braking force (PBF), and peak propulsive force (PPF), all normalized to body mass (BM). Repeated-measures multivariate analyses of variance assessed time and group (pitcher vs. position player) effects. Pearson correlations evaluated associations between CMJ and body composition metrics, and hierarchical linear models (HLMs) quantified individual performance trajectories. Preseason-to-postseason reductions were observed in BM, fat free mass (FFM), JH, and PPF (p < 0.05). Peak braking force declined in pitchers, while PPF declined across both groups. Body composition showed negligible correlations with CMJ metrics, except for a moderately negative correlation between JH and body fat percentage (r = -0.52, p < 0.001). Hierarchical linear models revealed curvilinear CMJ performance trajectories (p < 0.001), with position players exhibiting lower PBF throughout the season (β = -1.47, p = 0.03) and preseason FFM positively predicting PBF (β = 0.118, p = 0.010). Findings suggest that reductions in lean mass and force output occur across the competitive season and vary by position. It is recommended that practitioners implement routine longitudinal monitoring when using CMJ and body composition assessments, as they may assist in detecting neuromuscular fatigue and guide individualized training interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149182312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliability of Maximal Strength in Powerlifters and Performance Differences Required to Improve Competition Placing.","authors":"Christian Houmann Amdi, Patroklos Androulakis Korakakis, Michael C Zourdos, Eric R Helms, Alyssa-Joy Spence, Zac P Robinson","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005591","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Amdi, CH, Korakakis, PA, Zourdos, MC, Helms, ER, Spence, A-J, and Robinson, ZP. Reliability of maximal strength in powerlifters and performance differences required to improve competition placing. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study explored the reliability of maximal strength in powerlifters, contextualized against performance increases required to improve competitive placing. We analyzed training data from male, regional-to-national-level powerlifters (n = 16-19 depending on lift) performing (near-) maximal single-repetition squat, bench press, and deadlift across 6-10 weeks, quantifying the SEM. We then analyzed International Powerlifting Federation unequipped, open-division competition data from 2010 to 2025 to determine performance increases required to improve placing. The SEM was 4.16 kg (2.20%) for squat, 2.60 kg (2.09%) for bench press, 4.07 kg (1.95%) for deadlift, and 6.09 kg (1.17%) for total. Between 2010 and 2025, average increases of 6.3-18.3 kg (4.0-10.7%) for squat, 4.9-13.6 kg (4.7-13.4%) for bench press, 6.5-16.1 kg (3.7-9.3%) for deadlift, and 14.3-44.2 kg (3.6-9.5%) for total were needed to move up 1 placing, varying by sex, competition level, and placing. In most competitive contexts, performance differences between consecutive placings fell within measurement error bounds, with the probability of exceeding the minimal detectable difference being lowest at World Championship level, for men, lower placings, and individual lifts compared with the total. Notably, the probability of exceeding measurement error was lowest when moving from fourth to third place (women) and third to second place (men), suggesting strategic attempt clustering around podium thresholds. These findings provide reference values for detecting true strength changes in athletes, estimating individual response variation, informing study planning, and contextualizing research findings alongside statistical certainty.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149164523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Acute Caffeine Supplementation on Isokinetic Strength and Fatigue in Resistance-Trained vs. Nonresistance-Trained Individuals.","authors":"Adam A Elies, Daniela A Rubin, Pablo B Costa, Jared W Coburn","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Elies, AA, Rubin, DA, Costa, PB, and Coburn, JW. Effects of acute caffeine supplementation on isokinetic strength and fatigue in resistance-trained vs. nonresistance-trained individuals. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study examined the acute effects of 2 caffeine doses on maximal strength, fatigue, and neuromuscular activity of the knee extensors between resistance-trained and nonresistance-trained individuals. Fifteen lower-body resistance-trained and 15 nonresistance-trained men (mean ± SD, age: 22.1 ± 3.2 years; height: 173.3 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 79.5 ± 13.0 kg; body fat: 21.7 ± 10.7%) completed 4 visits. The first visit involved protocol familiarization and body composition assessment using air-displacement plethysmography. During the remaining 3 visits, subjects ingested a randomly assigned drink containing either a placebo, a moderate dose, or a high dose of caffeine (0, 4, or 8 mg·kg-1 of body mass, respectively) 60 minutes before testing. Subjects then performed a total of 9 maximal isokinetic knee extensions-3 contractions at each of 3 separate velocities (60, 180, and 300°·s-1)-to determine muscular strength, followed by 50 maximal isokinetic contractions to assess fatigue. Peak isokinetic torque, torque decline, and electromyographic and mechanomyographic amplitude and mean power frequency were measured for the right knee extensors. The results indicated that caffeine did not differentially affect maximal strength, fatigue, or any measure of neuromuscular activity (p > 0.05) in either group compared with the placebo. These findings suggest that neither a moderate nor a high dose of caffeine provides performance enhancements during isokinetic knee extensions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149149514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Hormone Variability and Anaerobic Performance in Recreationally Active Women: An Exploratory Study Using Mixed-Effect Location Scale Models.","authors":"Kaitlyn T Ramey, Callie L Unrein, Chih-Hsiang Yang, Katie R Hirsch","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Ramey, KT, Unrein, CL, Yang, C-H, and Hirsch, KR. Association between hormone variability and anaerobic performance in recreationally active women: An exploratory study using mixed-effect location scale models. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study explored the application of mixed-effects location scale modeling (MELS) to examine how daily variability in urinary estrogen (E), progesterone (PdG), and their ratio (E:P) relates to repeated sprint performance (peak power [PP], average power [AP], power drop [PD], and fatigue index [FI]) across low and high hormone phases in healthy, recreationally active eumenorrheic (n = 8) women and hormonal contraceptive users (intrauterine device = 6; oral contraception = 10; age: 24.7 ± 4.2 years; height: 165.5 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 63.0 ± 6.7 kg). Subjects completed 30.4 ± 10.7 days of at-home urine hormone testing for E (ng⋅ml-1), PdG (µg⋅ml-1), and calculate E:P ratio. A repeated sprint test (10 × [6 seconds sprint: 30 seconds rest]) on a cycle ergometer was completed during both the low and high hormone phases to evaluate sprint performance. Fatigue index (%) was recorded, and PP (W), AP (W), and PD (W) were averaged across sprints. Associations between E, P, and E:P with FI, PP, AP, and PD were examined using separate MELS models. Paired t-tests assessed phase differences, and Pearson correlations evaluated relationships between day-of-testing hormone levels and performance. Day-of-testing E (p < 0.001), PdG (p < 0.001), PP (p = 0.047), and AP (p = 0.016) were significantly higher in the high hormone phase, and PdG correlated positively with PD (r = 0.574, p = 0.003). Greater individual E variability was associated with lower PP (Low: Estimate = -48.47, p = 0.004; High: Estimate = -50.18, p = 0.009) and AP (Low: Estimate = -46.75, p = 0.005; High: Estimate = -42.04, p = 0.024), remaining significant after controlling for percent body fat and lean mass (p = 0.008-0.022). These findings suggest hormonal instability may meaningfully influence anaerobic performance. This study introduces novel methodology and statistical framework that captures dynamic hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle and can be used to evaluate hormonal influence on female physiology and performance variability.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field-Based Assessment of Running Biomechanics Using Global Positioning System/Inertial Measurement Unit: Establishing Construct Validity in Elite Athletes.","authors":"Jason A Weber, Peter Peeling, Nicolas H Hart, Robert U Newton","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Weber, JA, Peeling, P, Hart, NH, and Newton, RU. Field-based assessment of running biomechanics using global positioning system/inertial measurement unit: Establishing construct validity in elite athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-To examine the between-session reliability and construct validity of global positioning system (GPS)/inertial measurement unit (IMU)-derived biomechanical variables during field-based running in elite athletes. Fifty-four professional male Australian Football League players completed repeated 40-m runs across 1 competitive season (3,943 trials). Running speed for the 20-40 m segment was quantified via 10-Hz GPS and center-of-mass displacement metrics derived from a 100-Hz IMU. Between-session reliability (n = 25, mean (k) = 2.95) was assessed using a linear mixed-effects model with velocity as a fixed covariate, expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (absolute agreement), SEM, and minimal detectable change95, with 95% confidence intervals from athlete-cluster bootstrap. Five candidate models were compared; Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines was selected based on lowest cross-validation root mean squared error (RMSE). Validity was assessed over 100 iterations of athlete-stratified cross-validation (80/20 split), with agreement quantified by ICC, RMSE, and athlete-level Bland-Altman analysis. Velocity-adjusted reliability ranged from moderate to good-to-excellent across 12 variables (ICC = 0.65-0.92), with 8 meeting good-to-excellent thresholds (ICC ≥0.75). Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines accounted for 93% of variance in running speed (R2 = 0.93; RMSE = 0.20 m·s-1; ICC = 0.96 ± 0.004). Athlete-level Bland-Altman analysis indicated negligible bias (-0.01 m·s-1; LoA: -0.243 to +0.223 m·s-1) with no proportional bias (p = 0.369); limits narrowed in athletes with adequate data volume (n = 47; -0.207 to +0.189 m·s-1). Mechanics-speed relationships persisted after accounting for within-athlete clustering (residual between-athlete ICC = 0.43), and the most influential predictors were consistent with established biomechanical determinants of speed. These findings support GPS/IMU-derived biomechanical variables as field-based indicators of running mechanics. Pending replication and criterion validation, this approach may offer practitioners an accessible framework for monitoring performance and rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular Hemodynamics During Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: A Narrative Review of Responses, Mechanisms, and Misconceptions.","authors":"Stuart P S Mladen, Michael E Tschakovsky","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Mladen, SPS and Tschakovsky, ME. Cardiovascular hemodynamics during blood flow restriction exercise: A narrative review of responses, mechanisms, and misconceptions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Blood flow restriction (BFR) is an exercise modality involving the application of a pneumatic cuff to the proximal portion of an exercising limb and is currently the subject of considerable attention in the strength and conditioning literature. It is well established that the addition of BFR to low-intensity aerobic or resistance exercise augments muscle adaptations compared with exercise alone. Consequently, BFR training has important implications for populations who are contraindicated to high-load exercise training. Generally, compromised oxygen delivery is proposed to underlie the enhanced adaptations to BFR through augmentation of the muscle metabolic disturbance for a given exercising work rate. Despite this, little focus has been given to directly characterizing the acute hemodynamic perturbations imposed by external cuff-inflation, and how those perturbations interact with cuff pressures, cuff location, exercise intensities, and exercise modalities. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to examine the fundamental processes which govern how external pressurizing cuffs impair exercising muscle perfusion and the potential for that impairment to be offset by mechanical aspects of muscle contraction and compensatory cardiovascular mechanisms. The secondary purpose is to review how the perturbations imposed by BFR at the exercising limb are ultimately reflected at the systemic level through alterations to cardiovascular circuit flow. Overall, this review provides novel perspectives on integrated cardiovascular control during BFR exercise, the understanding of which can inform the design and implementation of effective BFR training protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149137292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Running Economy Assessment at 90% of 5-km Pace Is More Informative Than Lower Intensities Among Women's NCAA Division I Cross-Country Competitors.","authors":"Eric K O'Neal, Savanna N Knight, Lynnsey R Bowling, Eric M Scudamore, Veronika Scudamore, Hunter S Waldman","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>O'Neal, EK, Knight, SN, Bowling, LR, Scudamore, EM, Scudamore, V, and Waldman, HS. Running economy assessment at 90% of 5-km pace is more informative than lower intensities among women's NCAA Division I cross-country competitors. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) women's cross-country (XC) runners compete at distances of 5-6 km producing respiratory exchange ratios (RER) > 0.99 at race pace. This prevents calculation of the most sensitive unit of running economy (RE) metabolic cost (MC). This study first established the steady-state characteristics of V̇o2 and RER using 60-s sampling intervals during the last 2-minute of 5-minute RE bouts at individual 5-km race pace (5RP) and 70, 80, and 90% 5RP of 13 NCAA Division I Women's XC runners. After confirming steady state was not compromised by intensity, the relationship of V̇o2 and RER between 100% 5RP and submaximal paces were explored. Min-4 and min-5 Cohen's d effect sizes were <0.07 for V̇o2 at all submaximal velocities, and RER at lowest (70%; d = 0.25) and highest (90%; d = 0.29) intensities were similar. Strong relationships (r ≥ 0.89; p < 0.001) between V̇o2 for 70, 80, and 90% to 5RP were exhibited. However, RER for 70% (r = -0.10) and 80% (r = -0.12) both produced inverse, nonsignificant relationships to 5RP. By contrast, 90% produced an r = 0.62 (p = 0.03), and no runner's RER exceeded 0.99. For performance analysts and NCAA Women's XC coaches using RE to detect training intervention efficacy, metabolic steady state is (a) uncompromised at 90% of 5RP, (b) permits MC calculation, and (c) better reflects 5RP metabolic profile than lower intensities.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regional Hypertrophy of the Gluteal Muscles Is Task-Specific: Differential Responses to 10 Weeks of Hip Extension Versus Hip Abduction Training.","authors":"Parsa Attarieh, João Pedro Nunes, Saeed Khani, Aeen Moniri, Amirali Goli, Saman Negahdar, Fatemeh Mohammadinia, Mohammad H Fallah, Shahnaz Shahrbanian","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000005701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Attarieh, P, Nunes, JP, Khani, S, Moniri, A, Goli, A, Negahdar, S, Mohammadinia, F, Fallah, MH, and Shahrbanian, S. Regional hypertrophy of the gluteal muscles is task-specific: Differential responses to 10 weeks of hip extension versus hip abduction training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The gluteal muscles are a common target in strength and rehabilitation settings, yet the influence of exercise selection on their hypertrophic responses remains poorly understood. This study compared the effects of 10 weeks of unilateral cable-based hip extension (HExt) vs. hip abduction (HAbd) resistance training on gluteal muscle size and maximal strength. In a within-subject study, 17 young adults (28.3 ± 4.3 y) completed a 10-week program (2×/wk; ∼10 sets/wk, 8-12RM), with each leg randomly assigned to HExt or HAbd, balanced for limb dominance. Hypertrophy was assessed through magnetic resonance imaging, quantifying cross-sectional area (CSA) changes in proximal, middle, and distal regions of the gluteus maximus (GMax) and gluteus medius plus minimus (GMed + GMin). Maximal strength was assessed using 1 repetition maximum (1RM) tests for HExt and HAbd exercises. Both exercises elicited significant pre-to-post increases in overall GMax CSA, but HExt produced greater gains (9 vs. 5%) and a distal-dominant growth pattern (proximal: 5%, middle: 8%, distal: 14%), while HAbd produced a proximal-dominant pattern (proximal: 10%, middle: 4%, distal: 1%). Moreover, HExt produced greater effects on GMax than GMed + GMin (9 vs. 2%), whereas HAbd elicited comparable effects across both muscle groups (5 vs. 4%). Hip extension 1RM gains favored HExt (40 vs. 23%), and HAbd 1RM gains favored HAbd (35 vs. 17%). In conclusion, HExt produced greater overall GMax hypertrophy with a distal-dominant pattern and no significant GMed + GMin increase, while HAbd elicited a proximal-dominant GMax growth pattern and a small GMed + GMin effect, providing the first direct indication that varying exercises can modulate regional gluteal hypertrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149127981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}