Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research最新文献

{"title":"Barbell Trajectory Patterns and Successful Power Clean Execution: Insights From a Bivariate Functional Principal Component Analysis.","authors":"Tsuyoshi Nagatani, Shayne Vial, Kristina L Kendall, Paul Comfort, G Gregory Haff","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005178","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Nagatani, T, Vial, S, Kendall, KL, Comfort, P, and Haff, GG. Barbell trajectory patterns and successful power clean execution: Insights from a bivariate functional principal component analysis. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): 1046-1052, 2025-Coaches frequently analyze the bar path during weightlifting movements using graphical representations. Although this analysis method helps understand the biomechanics of weightlifting technique, researchers have not thoroughly examined how specific bar path patterns relate to successful power clean performance. Therefore, 25 strength-power athletes (height: 1.78 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 88.0 ± 15.0 kg, age: 27.2 ± 4.0 years, relative 1 repetition maximum [1RM] of power clean: 1.22 ± 0.16 kg·kg -1 , power clean experience range: 4.2 ± 2.1 years) were recruited from local weightlifting clubs to determine the barbell trajectory patterns that relate to successful power clean performance. All subjects completed a 1RM power clean test where barbell trajectory data from the heaviest successful lift and the heaviest unsuccessful lift were analyzed. A bivariate functional principal component analysis was applied to the extracted barbell trajectory data to determine whether these data could distinguish between successful and unsuccessful maximal power clean attempts. Successful power clean attempts were characterized by a higher vertical barbell displacement at the power position and a greater peak vertical velocity during the second pull, resulting in overall higher maximum vertical barbell displacement compared with unsuccessful attempts. Therefore, coaches should reinforce techniques that ensure that the barbell reaches a high point at the initiation of the second pull (i.e., power position). This can be related to achieving an overall high vertical barbell displacement at the end of the second pull and during the catch, which may enable athletes to lift heavier loads during maximal testing and daily training sessions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"1046-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Vertical Jump Height, Hamstrings Flexibility and Strength on Maximal Sprint Speed in Division I Track and Field Athletes.","authors":"Kevin P Doyle, Corry M Brinken, Christina N Capito, Emily T Karp, Marisa N Mariani, Sara Meza, Jason K Grimes","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005175","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005175","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Doyle, KP, Brinken, CM, Capito, CN, Karp, ET, Mariani, MN, Meza, S, and Grimes, JK. The impact of vertical jump height and hamstrings flexibility and strength on maximal sprint speed in Division I track and field athletes. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): 1023-1027, 2025-The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between hamstrings flexibility, eccentric strength, and vertical jump height with maximal sprint speed (MSS) in collegiate Division 1 track and field athletes. The impact of previous hamstrings injury was also investigated in an exploratory secondary analysis. The 90/90 active knee extension test was used to examine flexibility of the hamstrings. Vertical jump height was assessed as an indicator of lower extremity power. Eccentric peak torque of the hamstrings was assessed with isokinetic dynamometry at 60°/s -1 . Maximal sprint speed was measured over a 60-meter distance by taking the fastest 10-meter flying split using electronic timing gates. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Vertical jump height had a significant strong positive correlation ( r = 0.74; p < 0.001) with MSS. Hamstrings flexibility on the right had a significant weak negative correlation ( r = -0.37; p = 0.03) with MSS. No significant correlations were found between hamstrings flexibility on the left ( r = -0.20; p = 0.26) or eccentric normalized peak torque (right: r = 0.15; p = 0.40; left: r = 0.27; p = 0.13) and MSS. Vertical jump height demonstrated the strongest correlation with MSS. When comparing those with and without previous hamstrings injury, vertical jump height (mean 67.5 vs. 55.1 cm; p = 0.062) may have clinical importance and should be examined in a larger sample with previous hamstring injury. Understanding how the hamstrings adapt to sprint-specific training will contribute to the design and implementation of training programs in track and field athletes to improve performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"1023-1027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobic-Resistance Exercise Improves Double Pole Performance and Kinematics in Harder Conditions in Junior Cross-Country Skiers.","authors":"Victor V Feofilaktov, Daniel M Smith, Samuel A E Headley, Evgeny B Myakinchenko","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005180","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005180","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"1072-1079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144612143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Novel Judo-Specific Ippon Reactive Agility Test: A Reliability and Validity Study.","authors":"Mesut Burak Tascan, Cansu Akkus, Elif Turgut","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005189","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Burak Tascan, M, Akkus, C, and Turgut, E. Development of a novel judo-specific ippon reactive agility test: a reliability and validity study. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1212-e1217, 2025-Agility is a critical component of performance in judo, yet no valid and reliable test specifically assesses reactive agility in judokas. The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to develop and validate a novel reactive agility test for judokas and to examine its test-retest reliability, validity, and discriminative validity. Thirty-four male judokas were recruited from the National Judo Team. The Ippon Reactive Agility Test (IpponRAT) was developed and evaluated in 3 stages, with its feasibility being assessed. The test measured key performance components, including movement time (MT), reaction time (RT), and decision-making time (DT). To assess test-retest reliability, subjects completed the IpponRAT in 2 separate sessions. To assess validity, its correlation with Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) was evaluated. Discriminative validity was evaluated by determining whether the test could discriminate judokas based on their competition level. The IpponRAT demonstrated high test-retest reliability for MT (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.82), and good reliability for RT (ICC = 0.71), but poor reliability for DT (ICC = 0.36). The IpponRAT MT showed a high correlation with the SJFT ( r = 0.62, p < 0.001), whereas the IpponRAT DT showed a moderate correlation ( r = 0.34, p < 0.05). The test discriminated athletes based on their competition level, indicating strong discriminative validity (area under the curve >0.7, p < 0.05). The IpponRAT is a novel judo-specific reactive agility test that is feasible, reliable, and valid. The IpponRAT can be recommended for monitoring reactive agility performance, assessing return-to-sport readiness, and evaluating injury risk in judokas.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1212-e1217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximal and Distal Impairments in Runners With Achilles Tendinopathy Compared With Matched Controls.","authors":"Vaibhavi Rathod, Cheongeun Oh, Wen Ling, Smita Rao","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005188","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Rathod, V, Oh, C, Ling, W, and Rao, S. Proximal and distal impairments in runners with Achilles tendinopathy compared with matched controls. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1202-e1211, 2025-This study investigated drop countermovement jump (DCMJ) performance in runners with midportion Achilles tendinopathy (AT). Recreational runners with midportion AT ( n = 23) were compared with age- and sex-matched control (CON) runners ( n = 23). Subjects performed a minimum of 3 trials of single leg DCMJ that involved jumping off a 20 cm box. Pain during and after jump performance was assessed using a Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment- AT and Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia were recorded. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to assess jump height and lower extremity joint kinematics. Paired t-tests ( p < 0.05) and regression analyses were conducted to examine between-group differences and the role of group membership (AT/CON) age, body mass index, and weekly running mileage on dependent variables. Runners with AT demonstrated impaired single-leg DCMJ performance, particularly in ankle kinematics during the propulsion phase. Jump height and ankle plantarflexion during the propulsion phase were significant predictors of group membership (AT/CON). In addition, clinically relevant subgroups with reduced hip extension torque were identified. Drop countermovement jump proved to be a robust assessment tool for evaluating AT in high-impact sports subjects. Notably, all subjects were highly functioning recreational runners with no ankle strength deficits or symptoms during the jump; however, moderate-to-large performance deficits were found in the AT group. Clinicians may incorporate DCMJ assessments to monitor progress and guide rehabilitation in individuals with AT.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1202-e1211"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144642800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Strong Is Strong Enough? Assessing When Physical Performance Tests Cease to Be Predictive of Sprint Performance in Trained Football Players.","authors":"Shayne Vial, Mark Scanlan, Philipp Beranek, Daniel Kadlec, Oliver R Barley, Jodie Cochrane Wilkie","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005185","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Vial, S, Scanlan, M, Beranek, P, Kadlec, D, Barley, OR, and Cochrane Wilkie, J. How strong is strong enough? Assessing when physical performance tests cease to be predictive of sprint performance in trained football players. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1195-e1201, 2025-Quantifying underlying capacities of sprint performance are useful for monitoring training and guiding interventions. Traditional statistical techniques, such as correlation and regression analyses, have been widely used to model relationships between physical capacity and sprint performance. However, these methods often assume linearity, potentially oversimplifying complex, nonlinear interactions, and generalizing group-level data that may misrepresent individual trends. For instance, strength metrics such as maximal half-squat strength have been correlated with sprint performance, suggesting that speed should increase proportionally with strength. Yet evidence indicates that, in practice, this relationship plateaus, with further gains yielding diminishing returns. Although general guidelines exist, no established methods exist for quantifying the individual contribution of physical performance metrics to sprint performance. Using a novel approach, this study identified the \"saturation point\" at which physical performance tests cease to predict sprint performance. We used random forest regression and partial dependence plots to analyze data from 60 male football players who completed strength (isometric mid-thigh pull [IMTP] and Nordic eccentric hamstring strength) and jump tests (countermovement jump and standing broad jump [SBJ]). The random forest model demonstrated high predictive power ( R2 = 0.85-0.87) for 20 and 40 m sprint times, identifying IMTP and SBJ as key predictors. Partial dependence plots revealed a saturation effect for IMTP at 2.0 body mass and SBJ at 0.29 m·s -1 , where further increases yielded diminishing returns on sprint performance. These findings suggest that while strength and power improvements benefit sprint performance, further gains beyond specific thresholds may contribute little to additional improvements in sprint performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1195-e1201"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) Polymorphism and Athlete Status: An Additional Case-Control Association Study and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Ameni Chelly, Amal Bouzid, Ines Kammoun, Hamadi Koubaa, Saber Masmoudi, Hamdi Chtourou, Ahmed Rebai","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005192","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Chelly, A, Bouzid, A, Kammoun, I, Koubaa, H, Masmoudi, S, Chtourou, H, and Rebai, A. ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism and athlete status: An additional case-control association study and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1233-e1242, 2025-The ACTN3 rs1815739 CC and TT genotypes have been suggested to be associated with power/mixed and endurance performance, respectively. However, results were in general controversial and inconclusive, and data concerning Tunisian athletes have not been established. First, we aimed to inspect the association between the ACTN3 R577X and athletes status using a meta-analysis, and second, to assess its association in Tunisian athletes. Using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, 90 eligible articles (16,439 athletes, 36,349 controls) were found through May 2023. A total of 49 athletes (32 power, 17 mixed) and 49 sedentary healthy controls were recruited to collect blood samples for PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism). The meta-analysis revealed no significant association between rs1815739 polymorphism and endurance performance (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.86-1.04]). However, athletes with T allele were significantly associated with low power (OR = 0.71; 95% CI [0.65-0.79]) and mixed performance (OR = 0.95; 95% CI [0.87-1.02]). In addition, Tunisian athletes with CC genotype were more likely to have better power performance (OR = 0.71, 95% CI [0.5353-0.9373]). This study provides additional support to the literature findings about the association of rs1815739 polymorphism with power performance for the first time in Tunisian North-African athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1233-e1242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Road to Designing Integrated Neuromuscular Training Programs for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Minghui Li, Matteo Crotti, Ricardo Martins, Caoimhe Tiernan, Mark Lyons, Natalie Lander, Lisa M Barnett, Michael J Duncan","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005186","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Li, M, Crotti, M, Martins, R, Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Lander, N, Barnett, LM, and Duncan, MJ. The road to designing integrated neuromuscular training programs for children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): 1105-1122, 2025-Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) combines motor competence and strength development to boost athletic performance, but its specific components and effects on children and adolescents are not well understood. Three predetermined principles (INT exercise categories, INT progression modalities, and INT program effectiveness) were used to guide this review. Electronic databases SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE (Ovid), APA PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched. Search terms related to study design, population, and intervention were identified, and risk of bias was appraised using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Narrative synthesis indicated \"strength training\" (18 out of 30 studies, 60%), particularly core strength exercises (72.2%), was the most common in INT exercise categories. Twelve out of 30 studies (40%) met at least 2 types of INT progression modalities (i.e., volume-based progressions, intensity-based progressions, and complexity-oriented progressions). Meta-analysis reported significant improvements in countermovement jump (mean difference [MD] 3.32 cm, 95% CI [2.07, 4.38]; p = 0.00), push-up (MD 3.74 repetitions, 95% CI [1.53, 5.95]; p = 0.00), and sprint (standardized MD -0.18 s, 95% CI [-0.26 to -0.09]; p = 0.00), but not in flexibility. Subgroup analysis revealed that meeting all the 3 progression modalities significantly enhanced sprint (standardized MD -0.76 s, 95% CI [1.21 to -0.31]; p = 0.03) and flexibility (MD 6.38 cm, 95% CI [5.45 to 7.31]; p = 0.00). This review provides evidence that INT programs have a positive effect on improving children and adolescents' physical fitness and is regarded as a promising protocol. This review and future research can inform a call to action for using INT as a novel approach for developing motor competence, strength, and conditioning simultaneously during childhood and adolescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1105-e1122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variation of Kinematic Metrics With Perceived Fatigue in Ice Skating Measured Using Wearable Sensors.","authors":"Aminreza Khandan, Ramin Fathian, Jason P Carey, Hossein Rouhani","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005181","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Khandan, A, Fathian, R, Carey, JP, and Rouhani, H. Variation of kinematic metrics with perceived fatigue in ice skating measured using wearable sensors. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1178-e1187, 2025-Enabling to obtain ice skaters' kinematics, wearable technology can track skaters' performance and thus detect performance fatigue in real-world settings. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the potential of wearable inertial measurement units (IMU) to track skaters' performance, predict perceived fatigue, and detect severe fatigue onset before serious fatigue-related sequelae. In a multistage aerobic experiment, 19 subjects, 2 groups of high- and low-caliber skaters clustered by a novel algorithm, were asked to skate at a self-selected speed around an ice rink. During the experiments, subjects skated with 2 IMUs on their dominant leg's shank and thigh and 4 IMUs on their skates, pelvis, and trunk. These IMU outputs were used to develop 22 kinematic metrics whose variations were monitored with self-reported perceived fatigue by a linear mixed model, considering the effect of caliber. Finally, a machine learning algorithm was implemented to predict severe fatigue onset using the proposed kinematic metrics. The variations of intersegment correlation, joint angle fluctuations, and trunk angle were considerable (6-17% variation) during this intermittent skating experiment. In addition, a gradient-boosting model could predict severe fatigue onset with average precision, sensitivity, accuracy, and F1 score of 75, 81, 74, and 78%, respectively, in 196 skating stages captured from the subjects. The proposed kinematic metrics, as performance indicators, could also indicate perceived fatigue during an aerobic ice skating experiment and predict severe fatigue onset. The kinematic metrics introduced in this study equip coaches with quantitative tools to monitor performance and assess perceived fatigue in ice skating.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1178-e1187"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144506081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twelve-Week Structured Physical Training Improves Occupational Role-Related Fitness and Physical Function in U.K. Specialist Police Officers.","authors":"Morc Coulson, Eddie J Bradley","doi":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005197","DOIUrl":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000005197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Coulson, M and Bradley, EJ. Twelve-week structured physical training improves occupational role-related fitness and physical function in U.K. specialist police officers. J Strength Cond Res 39(10): e1249-e1255, 2025-Physical performance is crucial to enable police officers to complete occupation-related tasks effectively. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week unsupervised structured exercise training program across a range of fitness measures. Twenty-three U.K. firearms officers (FO) underwent initial physical assessments then completed a 12-week training intervention that included exercises that targeted aerobic and anaerobic capacity, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. For cardiovascular fitness, officers were advised to complete 3 d·wk -1 , 10 minutes per session starting at an intensity of 7-8 (rating of percieved exertion [RPE]) with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1 progressing to RPE level 8-9 and work-to-rest ratio of 1:2 and then to RPE level 9-10 with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:3. For resistance-related training, officers were advised to complete a minimum 1 d·wk -1 , 10 minutes per session. Physical assessments were reassessed and analyzed to identify whether significant ( p ≤ 0.05) changes because of the intervention occurred. The training intervention produced moderate significant increases in V̇ o2 max of 1.7 ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ( d = 1.12; p < 0.001), grip strength of 8.1 kg ( d = 0.89; p = 0.002), and reaction score of 2.7 strikes ( d = 0.73; p = 0.007). The FO had a good level of muscular endurance at the beginning of the assessment, which stayed relatively stable after the training intervention. The outcomes of this study suggest that a 12-week structured nonsupervised exercise training program can improve a range of beneficial physical and fitness measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":17129,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research","volume":" ","pages":"e1249-e1255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}