Journal of studies on alcohol最新文献

{"title":"Automated telephone screening for problem drinking.","authors":"Amy Rubin,&nbsp;Jeffrey P Migneault,&nbsp;Lisa Marks,&nbsp;Edward Goldstein,&nbsp;Kevin Ludena,&nbsp;Robert H Friedman","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.454","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study assessed test-retest reliability and criterion validity for an automated version of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a screening tool for alcohol-related problems. Participants' willingness to use such a system to learn about and change their drinking behavior was also assessed.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were 202 callers recruited through newspaper ads and flyers asking for volunteers concerned about their drinking and willing to help test a new method of screening and referral for alcohol problems. Participants were divided into two groups. The first group of subjects recruited received the Telephone-Linked Communications (TLC)-AUDIT twice, administered a week apart. The second group received the TLC-AUDIT once and a human-administered AUDIT once, also a week apart.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Test-retest reliability was assessed in 102 participants; the intraclass correlation of AUDIT scores between both administrations was .87; kappa for nonproblem versus problem drinking (AUDIT score of 8 or above) was .89. The validity study compared the TLC-AUDIT scores of the next 100 participants to AUDIT questions administered by a human interviewer. The intraclass correlation was .94; kappa was .75. Seventy-five percent of all participants who screened positive for problem drinking agreed they would \"talk to a computer again to learn more about your drinking pattern and how to deal with it\".</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Automated telephone technology can be used to administer the AUDIT instrument with high levels of reliability and validity. This technology could be used to deliver behavioral change interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 3","pages":"454-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25967973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of heavy drinking by maritime academy cadets on hangover, perceived sleep, and next-day ship power plant operation.","authors":"Damaris J Rohsenow,&nbsp;Jonathan Howland,&nbsp;Sara J Minsky,&nbsp;J Todd Arnedt","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The effects of an evening of heavy drinking on next-day occupational performance are mixed across studies and have not been investigated for ship-handling performance. Furthermore, it is not known whether the residual effects of alcohol on next-day performance are due to its effects on sleep.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Merchant marine cadets (N=61) who had been trained on a diesel power plant simulator and who drank heavily at least episodically were given placebo beer one evening and were randomized on a second evening to placebo or real beer that resulted in a mean breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of .115 g%. After an 8-hour sleep period, a meal, and a return to < or = .02 g% BrAC, cadets were assessed with self-report measures and the power plant simulator.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No effects of beverage condition were seen on actual performance, although cadets who consumed alcohol rated their performance as impaired compared with the placebo conditions. Alcohol consumption also increased the Acute Hangover Scale score, improved perceived sleep quality, and decreased perceived latency to sleep onset while not affecting perceived sleep duration.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While residual alcohol effects are found on some complex performance tasks, residual effects of .11 to .12 g% BrAC were not seen on ship engine simulator performance despite increased hangover symptoms and perceived impairment from the hangover. Therefore, this level of heavy drinking might not be deleterious to next-day routine occupational performance by young ship engineers despite the subjective ill effects. The perception that alcohol improves sleep onset might be a motivation for some to drink heavily. The effects on older engineers, at higher alcohol levels, and on other ship-handling tasks still need to be studied.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 3","pages":"406-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.406","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To what extent is intoxication associated with aggression in bars? A multilevel analysis.","authors":"Kathryn Graham,&nbsp;D Wayne Osgood,&nbsp;Samantha Wells,&nbsp;Tim Stockwell","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between level of intoxication and the frequency and severity of aggression at the person, incident, visit, and bar level for aggressive incidents observed in bars or clubs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) analysis of 1025 incidents of aggression documented by trained observers during 1334 nights of observation in 118 bars and clubs in Toronto, Canada, was conducted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both level of intoxication of the crowd during the visit as well as mean level of intoxication at the bar level significantly predicted frequency of aggression. There was a positive association between level of intoxication and severity of aggression at both the incident and person level except for the highest level of intoxication at the person level, where severity of aggression was less than for moderate intoxication. A person-incident level interaction between intoxication and severity of aggression was also found.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that prevention efforts should focus on both identifying bars that typically have more intoxicated patrons and reducing the intoxication levels of patrons across bars generally. The results also showed a strong positive relationship between level of intoxication and severity of aggression (except at the highest levels), indicating that intoxication increases risk in terms of both frequency and severity of aggression. The significant interaction between person- and visit-level intoxication suggests that greater attention needs to be paid to group dynamics in alcohol-related aggression.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 3","pages":"382-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol consumption and health-services utilization in Germany.","authors":"Sebastian E Baumeister,&nbsp;Christian Meyer,&nbsp;Daisy Carreon,&nbsp;Jennis Freyer,&nbsp;Hans-Jürgen Rumpf,&nbsp;Ulfert Hapke,&nbsp;Ulrich John,&nbsp;Dietrich Alte","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.429","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study tests two hypotheses. The first is that a U-shaped or inverse linear association exists between alcohol consumption and health-services utilization. Although this relationship has been examined previously, conclusions have been inconsistent. Additional research is needed to explain why abstainers use more health services than drinkers. Our second hypothesis is that abstainers with a history of heavy drinking seek out more health services than those without heavy drinking histories.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were from two surveys conducted in Germany (N's=4268 [51% women] and 6857 [52% women]). Alcohol consumption was assessed using a quantity-frequency measure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Outpatient and inpatient services showed an inverse linear relation with alcohol consumption. Among abstainers, those with a drinking history exhibited a higher use of outpatient visits but were not more likely to have been hospitalized.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study supports the view that alcohol consumption is associated with decreased utilization of health services. Results provide some evidence for the hypothesis that former heavy drinkers have higher health-services utilization than either moderate drinkers or other abstainers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 3","pages":"429-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are U.S. women drinking less (or more)? Historical and aging trends, 1981-2001.","authors":"Richard W Wilsnack,&nbsp;Arlinda F Kristjanson,&nbsp;Sharon C Wilsnack,&nbsp;Ross D Crosby","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.341","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Women's alcohol consumption in the United States has aroused increased public concern, despite a scarcity of evidence of any major increases in women's drinking. To help resolve this apparent inconsistency, we examined patterns of historical and age-related changes in U.S. women's drinking from 1981 to 2001.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In national surveys of women in 1981, 1991, and 2001, we measured the prevalence of 12-month and 30-day drinking, heavy episodic drinking (HED; six or more drinks per day), and subjective intoxication. Using these data, we analyzed time and age trends for six 10-year age groups in each survey, taking into account effects of repeated observations and possible covariates (ethnicity, marital status, and education).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women's 12-month drinking did not change significantly between 1981 and 1991, but it became more prevalent in the total samples between 1991 and 2001. Among 12-month drinkers, however, 30-day abstinence increased from 1981 to 2001 (particularly among women drinkers ages 21-30). From 1981 to 2001, HED declined (particularly among women drinkers ages 21-30), but intoxication became more prevalent (particularly among women drinkers ages 21-50). Drinking, HED, and intoxication became consistently less prevalent with increasing age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Among drinkers, increases in 30-day abstinence and declines in HED suggest that recent alarms about women's drinking may have been overstated. The contrast of lower rates of HED but increased reports of intoxication may indicate that women are more alert to alcohol's effects now than in earlier decades.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 3","pages":"341-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.341","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25968692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Event- and context-specific normative misperceptions and high-risk drinking: 21st birthday celebrations and football tailgating.","authors":"Clayton Neighbors,&nbsp;Laura Oster-Aaland,&nbsp;Rochelle L Bergstrom,&nbsp;Melissa A Lewis","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.282","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Negative alcohol-related consequences often occur during specific events and in specific contexts (e.g., 21st birthday celebrations and tailgating parties). A lack of available event- and context-specific interventions suggests the need to better understand factors associated with heavy drinking in these contexts, with an eye toward developing specific interventions. The purpose of this research was to lay the foundation for developing personalized normative feedback interventions for 21st birthday celebratory drinking and tailgating drinking by evaluating whether students overestimate norms in these specific contexts, as they do more generally.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Perceived descriptive norms and alcohol consumption were assessed at event- and context-specific levels in two studies. Study 1 included 119 students turning 21 years old who reported their 21st birthday drinking behavior and estimated the typical number of drinks consumed by students celebrating their 21st birthday. Study 2 included 140 undergraduates drawn from a stratified random sample who reported their behavior regarding drinking and tailgating and their perceived norms for typical drinking and tailgating behavior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results from Study 1 revealed that students overestimated peer drinking during 21 st birthday celebrations, and this overestimation was associated with heavier drinking on one's own 21st birthday. In Study 2, students underestimated the percentage of tailgaters who drank but overestimated typical consumption. Overestimation was consistently associated with heavier drinking during tailgating.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Successful correction of general normative misperceptions has been shown to reduce drinking in other research. Documentation of normative misperceptions for specific events and contexts provided by these results represents an important step in developing event- and context-specific interventions utilizing specific normative feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"282-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.282","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A within-subjects validation of a group-administered timeline followback for alcohol use.","authors":"Eric R Pedersen,&nbsp;Joseph W LaBrie","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study uses a within-subjects randomized design with the Timeline Followback (TLFB) method administered in groups or to individuals to determine the equivalence of these methods.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred and four male and female college students who reported drinking at least once in the past 3 months completed the TLFB during a one-on-one interview, as well as in a group setting days apart. The two administrations were counterbalanced among the participants. Drinking variables assessed were drinking days, average drinks, total drinks, and maximum drinks consumed both during a 3-month (90 days) and a 1-month (30 days) period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Repeated measures analyses revealed no differences within subjects between the individual TLFB and the group TLFB on any of the four assessed drinking variables in the past 3 months and the past 1 month. Pearson's correlation coefficients revealed strong and significant correlations between the two administration styles. Heavy episodic drinking behavior was similar across administration styles as well. No differences between administration styles were consistent regardless of which administration was received first.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study suggests that the group TLFB yields similarly accurate results to the previously validated individual TLFB. The group-administered TLFB could be used in clinical and research settings as an efficient means of collecting information from large numbers of individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"332-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25926599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the level of response to alcohol, externalizing symptoms, and depressive symptoms as predictors of alcoholism.","authors":"Marc A Schuckit,&nbsp;Tom L Smith","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The development of alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) reflects a complex relationship between genetic influences and environmental/cultural forces. Some genes operate through intermediate phenotypes, including a low level of response (LR) to alcohol, externalizing symptoms (EXT), and internalizing characteristics such as depressive syndromes (DEP). This article evaluates the impact of these three intermediate phenotypes and additional domains in a structural equation model (SEM).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data were available from baseline at approximately age 20 for LR, as well as from additional domains at the 10- and 15-year follow-up periods for 393 men from the San Diego Prospective Study. Correlational analyses and an AMOS-based SEM were used to evaluate the development of alcohol problems, including AUDs, with the hypothetical model based on results from prior studies evaluating each key intermediate phenotype separately.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The SEM explained 51% of the variance of the 15-year outcome, and had good fit characteristics. The family history ofAUDs (FHalc) was linked, directly or indirectly, to all three key domains. The combination of LR and EXT mediated the relationship between FHalc and 15-year alcohol outcomes, with a trend (p = .07) for LR to mediate between FHalc and the 10-year outcome. DEP, by itself, did not mediate FHalc to alcoholism. The LR predicted the 15-year outcome both through alcohol problems at 10 years and via drinking to cope (COPE), with each of these domains functioning as mediators. The relationship of EXT to outcome was mediated by alcohol expectations (EXPECT) and by COPE. DEP added to the model in the context of an FH of independent depressions, stress, and lower social supports, subsequently affecting COPE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results indicate that the development of AUDs reflects several genetically influenced endophenotypes in the context of multiple additional domains. Both EXPECT and COPE represented important pathways through which the phenotypes influenced the AUD risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"215-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do we learn from our mistakes? An examination of the impact of negative alcohol-related consequences on college students' drinking patterns and perceptions.","authors":"Kimberly A Mallett,&nbsp;Christine M Lee,&nbsp;Clayton Neighbors,&nbsp;Mary E Larimer,&nbsp;Rob Turrisi","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Little research has examined antecedents of specific drinking consequences (vomiting, regretted sex, hangover, blackouts) among college students. This research examined how students' experiences of past consequences relate to their beliefs of experiencing similar consequences in the future and how these beliefs relate to current drinking patterns.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Self-reported past drinking behavior and resulting consequences associated with specific occasions were assessed among 303 (66% women) college students. Students also estimated number of drinks associated with risk of experiencing future similar consequences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Paired-samples t tests indicated that students significantly overestimated the number of drinks it would take to vomit, have unwanted sexual experiences, experience hangovers, and black out in comparison with the actual self-reported number of drinks consumed the last time identical consequences were experienced. In addition, a series of multiple-regression analyses revealed that greater misperceptions between the perceived and actual number of drinks associated with each type of consequence were consistently associated with heavier drinking.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results suggest that heavier-drinking students do not learn from their mistakes but instead overestimate the amount of alcohol they can consume without experiencing negative consequences. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed in terms of augmenting brief interventions aimed at heavy-drinking college students.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"269-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.269","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marital status, alcohol dependence, and GABRA2: evidence for gene-environment correlation and interaction.","authors":"Danielle M Dick,&nbsp;Arpana Agrawal,&nbsp;Marc A Schuckit,&nbsp;Laura Bierut,&nbsp;Anthony Hinrichs,&nbsp;Louis Fox,&nbsp;Joseph Mullaney,&nbsp;C Robert Cloninger,&nbsp;Victor Hesselbrock,&nbsp;John I Nurnberger,&nbsp;Laura Almasy,&nbsp;Tatiana Foroud,&nbsp;Bernice Porjesz,&nbsp;Howard Edenberg,&nbsp;Henri Begleiter","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The gene GABRA2 has been associated with the risk for alcohol dependence in independent samples. This article explores how this genetic risk factor interacts with marital status, another factor previously shown to be associated with the risk for alcohol dependence.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Data from more than 1,900 male and female subjects from the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) sample were analyzed. Subjects were recruited based on membership in a family with multiple individuals with alcoholism. A series of analyses was performed to evaluate the relationship between the following: (1) GABRA2 and alcohol dependence, (2) marital status and alcohol dependence, (3) GABRA2 and marital status, and (4) interactions between GABRA2 and marital status on the development of alcohol dependence in the high-risk COGA sample. Additional analyses were carried out in a sample of approximately 900 individuals from control families to test the generalizability of results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both GABRA2 and marital status contributed independently to the development of alcohol dependence in the COGA sample. The high-risk genotype at GABRA2 was also related to a decreased likelihood of marrying and an increased likelihood of divorce, which appeared to be mediated in part by personality characteristics. There was also differential risk associated with the GABRA2 genotype according to marital status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These analyses provide evidence of both gene-environment correlation and gene-environment interaction associated with GABRA2, marital status, and alcohol dependence. They illustrate the complex pathways by which genotype and environmental risk factors act and interact to influence alcohol dependence and challenge traditional conceptualizations of \"environmental\" risk factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"185-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}