Journal of studies on alcohol最新文献

{"title":"The introduction of the heavy and frequent drinker: a proposed classification to increase accuracy of alcohol assessments in postsecondary educational settings.","authors":"Cheryl A Presley,&nbsp;Edgardo R Pimentel","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study demonstrates the differences that exist within college drinkers identified as high-risk drinkers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study looked at alcohol and other drug (AOD) use patterns of the entire U.S. college student body, using a cross-section of institutions (public, private, 2-year, and 4-year) and students that reflected the enrollment patterns within geographic regions of the country. A survey that focused on safety and violence on college campuses, in addition to more traditional questions regarding the prevalence of alcohol and other drug use and negative consequences, was mailed to a stratified random sample. The final sample consisted of students from 96 institutions of higher education (N = 17,821; 45.3% males, 54.7% females) and was weighted to ensure an accurate representation of the student population in the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found there to be a broad range of problematic drinkers grouped together within the category \"heavy drinking,\" which is defined by a single episode (five or more drinks on one occasion). The seriously problematic drinkers can be differentiated from those less problematic by the inclusion of frequency in the criteria. Comparing heavy drinkers with \"heavy and frequent drinkers,\" we found rates of negative consequences to be almost three times higher for the heavy and frequent drinkers. In addition, the heavy and frequent drinkers account for nearly half of all negative consequences reported by all drinkers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Greater specificity in classification is a necessary component of alcohol research and intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"324-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misperceptions of college student marijuana use: implications for prevention.","authors":"Jason R Kilmer,&nbsp;Denise D Walker,&nbsp;Christine M Lee,&nbsp;Rebekka S Palmer,&nbsp;Kimberly A Mallett,&nbsp;Patricia Fabiano,&nbsp;Mary E Larimer","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.277","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigates the relationship between marijuana use, perceived norms of use by friends and students in general, and negative experiences or problems from alcohol and drug use. It was hypothesized that students would overestimate the marijuana use of students in general and that perceptions about the prevalence of marijuana use would be related to drug-related consequences.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>In this study, 5,990 participants provided information on the perceptions and consequences of drug use via an online survey or via a paper-based survey.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although two thirds of participants reported no marijuana use, 98% of respondents incorrectly predicted that students in general use marijuana at least once per year. Perceptions of use by friends and students in general accounted for variance in drug use and related problems or experiences.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Given the relationship between norm misperception and behavior with marijuana use, future research could explore the impact of targeting misperceived norms through prevention and intervention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"277-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maturing out of alcohol dependence: the impact of transitional life events.","authors":"Deborah A Dawson,&nbsp;Bridget F Grant,&nbsp;Frederick S Stinson,&nbsp;Patricia S Chou","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of transitional life events related to education, employment, and family formation on the likelihood of recovery from alcohol dependence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), distinguishing the short- and long-term effects of these events and potential effect modification by treatment history, gender, and severity of dependence.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>This analysis is based on data from the Wave 1 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a cross-sectional, retrospective survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults 18 years of age and older. The analytic sample consisted of 4,422 individuals with prior-to-past-year (PPY) onset of DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Time-dependent proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effects of completing school, starting full-time work, getting married, becoming separated/divorced/widowed, and becoming a parent on the outcomes of nonabstinent recovery (NR; e.g., low-risk asymptomatic drinking) and abstinent recovery (AR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Entry into and exit from a first marriage each increased the likelihood of NR during the first 3 years after those events occurred (hazard rate ratio [HRR] = 1.37 and 1.76, respectively). However, individuals who were still dependent 3 or more years after those events occurred had a decreased likelihood of subsequent NR (HRR = 0.70 for both events), as did those who were still dependent 3 or more years after completing schooling (HRR = 0.54). The likelihood of AR was more than doubled in the 3 years after first becoming a parent (HRR = 2.22) but was decreased among individuals still dependent 3 or more years after starting full-time work. For the outcome of NR, all of the negative effects associated with still being dependent 3 or more years after the occurrence of key life events were more strongly negative among individuals with less severe cases of dependence.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transitional life events demonstrate many effects on recovery, including both direct effects consistent with role socialization and associations more reflective of selectivity than causation. Taken as a whole, these events appear to contribute to (but by no means fully explain) the high rates of recovery from alcohol dependence that have been observed even in the absence of treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"195-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25934607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Normative misperceptions and temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking.","authors":"Clayton Neighbors, Amanda J Dillard, Melissa A Lewis, Rochelle L Bergstrom, Teryl A Neil","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.290","DOIUrl":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Previous research has shown that students overestimate the drinking of their peers, and that perceived norms are strongly associated with drinking behavior. Explanations for these findings have been based largely on cross-sectional data, precluding the ability to evaluate the stability of normative misperceptions or to disentangle the direction of influence between perceived norms and drinking. The present research was designed to evaluate (1) the stability of normative misperceptions and (2) temporal precedence of perceived norms and drinking.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants were college students (N = 164; 94 women) who completed assessments of perceived norms and reported behavior for drinking frequency and weekly quantity. Most participants (68%) completed the same measures again two months later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results indicated large and stable overestimations of peer drinking for frequency and weekly quantity. Results also showed that for weekly quantity, perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking also predicted later perceived norms. Results for frequency revealed perceived norms predicted later drinking, but drinking did not predict later perceived norms.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings underscore the importance of longitudinal designs in evaluating normative influences on drinking. The present findings suggest that normative misperceptions are stable, at least over a relatively short time period. Findings support a mutual influence model of the relationship between perceived norms and drinking quantity but are more strongly associated with conformity explanations for the relationship between perceived norms and drinking frequency. Results are discussed in terms of implications for prevention interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"290-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443635/pdf/nihms55308.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of deaths from harmful drinking in the United States: the potential effects of tax increases and advertising bans on young drinkers.","authors":"William Hollingworth,&nbsp;Beth E Ebel,&nbsp;Carolyn A McCarty,&nbsp;Michelle M Garrison,&nbsp;Dimitri A Christakis,&nbsp;Frederick P Rivara","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Harmful alcohol consumption is a leading cause of death in the United States. The majority of people who die from alcohol use begin drinking in their youth. In this study, we estimate the impact of interventions to reduce the prevalence of drinking among youth on subsequent drinking patterns and alcohol-attributable mortality.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We first estimated the effect of public health interventions to decrease harmful drinking among youth from literature reviews and used life table methods to estimate alcohol-attributable years of life lost by age 80 years among the cohort of approximately 4 million U.S. residents aged 20 in the year 2000. Then, from national survey data on transitions in drinking habits by age, we modeled the impact of interventions on alcohol-attributable mortality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A tax increase and an advertising ban were the most effective interventions identified. In the absence of intervention, there would be 55,259 alcohol-attributable deaths over the lifetime of the cohort. A tax-based 17% increase in the price of alcohol of dollar 1 per six pack of beer could reduce deaths from harmful drinking by 1,490, equivalent to 31,130 discounted years of potential life saved or 3.3% of current alcohol-attributable mortality. A complete ban on alcohol advertising would reduce deaths from harmful drinking by 7,609 and result in a 16.4% decrease in alcohol-related life-years lost. A partial advertising ban would result in a 4% reduction in alcohol-related life-years lost.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interventions to prevent harmful drinking by youth can result in reductions in adult mortality. Among interventions shown to be successful in reducing youthful drinking prevalence, advertising bans appear to have the greatest potential for premature mortality reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"300-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol use by pregnant women: partners, knowledge, and other predictors.","authors":"Grace Chang,&nbsp;Tay K McNamara,&nbsp;E John Orav,&nbsp;Louise Wilkins-Haug","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The impact of a couple's knowledge about healthy pregnancy habits involving alcohol and substance use was assessed in the context of other factors previously identified to predict prenatal alcohol consumption in a sample of 254 pregnant women and their male partners.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Couples were asked to assess independently a series of statements (true or false) describing the consequences of prenatal substance exposure, while also providing information about their own drinking.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although the couples demonstrated good knowledge of healthy habits during pregnancy, they did not agree when the element of chance was considered. Median household income was more highly predictive of a pregnant woman's knowledge score than her partner's score. In turn, the subject's knowledge of healthy pregnancy habits as manifested in the assessment score had only a weak relationship with prenatal alcohol consumption. Previous alcohol use by the pregnant woman was the strongest predictor of prenatal alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Because previous alcohol consumption use by the pregnant woman was the strongest predictor of prenatal alcohol use, the importance of its accurate identification is emphasized. Although pending further investigation, knowledge about healthy pregnancy behaviors may exert greater impact if it is shared by a pregnant woman and her partner.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"245-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating two brief substance-use interventions for mandated college students.","authors":"Helene R White,&nbsp;Thomas J Morgan,&nbsp;Lisa A Pugh,&nbsp;Katarzyna Celinska,&nbsp;Erich W Labouvie,&nbsp;Robert J Pandina","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated two brief personal feedback substance-use interventions for students mandated to the Rutgers University Alcohol and Other Drug Assistance Program for Students (ADAPS): (1) a brief motivational interview (BMI) intervention and (2) a written feedback-only (WF) intervention. A key question addressed by this study was whether there is a need for face-to-face feedback in the context of motivational interviewing to affect changes in substance-use behaviors or whether a written personal feedback profile is enough of an intervention to motivate students to change their substance use.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The sample consisted of 222 students who were mandated to ADAPS, were eligible for the study, and completed the 3-month follow-up assessment. Eligible students completed a baseline assessment from which a personal feedback profile was created. They were then randomly assigned to the BMI or WF condition. Students were followed 3 months later.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Students in both interventions reduced their alcohol consumption, prevalence of cigarette and marijuana use, and problems related to alcohol and drug use between baseline and follow-up. There were no differences between the two intervention conditions in terms of any substance-use outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that, under these circumstances and with these students, assessment and WF students changed similarly to those who had an assessment and WF within the context of a BMI. Given the fact that the former is less costly in terms of time and personnel, written profiles may be found to be a cost-effective means of reducing alcohol and drug use and related problems among low- to moderate-risk mandated college students. More research is needed with mandated students to determine the efficacy of feedback interventions and to isolate the effects of interventions from the effects of being caught and being reprimanded to treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"309-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25925130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High- and low-dose expectancies as mediators of personality dimensions and alcohol involvement.","authors":"Jennifer P Read,&nbsp;Roisin M O'Connor","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study examined the influences of personality dimensions (extraversion, neuroticism) on college alcohol involvement both (1) directly and (2) mediated by positive and negative alcohol expectancies across two imagined (high and low) alcohol doses.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (N = 339; 176 women) were regularly drinking college students who completed a questionnaire battery on demographic characteristics, personality, expectancies, and alcohol use and problems.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Structural equation modeling analysis of low- and high-dose models revealed partial support for the Social Learning Theory conceptualization of expectancies as mediators of more distal (personality) influences. Interestingly, patterns of association differed by dose. At high-expectancy doses, positive alcohol expectancies fully mediated the extraversion-use association. At low doses, positive expectancies did not play a critical role. Two distinct pathways from neuroticism to alcohol use were observed: a direct pathway, whereby neuroticism is a protective factor for alcohol use, and an indirect pathway, through positive expectancies, whereby neuroticism is a risk factor. The protective pathway was evident regardless of expectancy doses, whereas the risk pathway was evident only at high doses. Negative expectancies partially mediated the association between neuroticism and alcohol problems at both high- and low-expectancy doses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data underscore the unique role of both positive and negative expectancies in the association between personality and drinking behavior and point to the importance of considering alcohol dose when assessing expectancies. Findings suggest that it may be beliefs about the effects resulting from heavy (rather than moderate) drinking that may be the active mechanism underlying drinking behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"204-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional practices, traditional spirituality, and alcohol cessation among American Indians.","authors":"Rosalie A Torres Stone,&nbsp;Les B Whitbeck,&nbsp;Xiaojin Chen,&nbsp;Kurt Johnson,&nbsp;Debbie M Olson","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The detrimental effects of alcohol misuse and dependence are well documented as an important public-health issue among American Indian adults. This preponderance of problem-centered research, however, has eclipsed some important resilience factors associated with life course patterns of American Indian alcohol use. In this study, we investigate the influence of enculturation, and each of the three component dimensions (traditional practices, traditional spirituality, and cultural identity) to provide a stringent evaluation of the specific mechanisms through which traditional culture affects alcohol cessation among American Indians.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>These data were collected as part of a 3-year lagged sequential study currently underway on four American Indian reservations in the upper Midwest and five Canadian First Nation reserves. The sample consisted of 980 Native American adults, with 71% women and 29% men who are parents or guardians of youth ages 10-12 years old. Logistic regression was used to assess the unique contribution of the indicators of alcohol cessation. Excluding adults who had no lifetime alcohol use, the total sample size for present analysis is 732 adult respondents.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings show that older adults, women, and married adults were more likely to have quit using alcohol. When we examined the individual components of enculturation, two of the three components (participation in traditional activities and traditional spirituality) had significantly positive effects on alcohol cessation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although our findings provide empirical evidence that traditional practices and traditional spirituality play an important role in alcohol cessation, the data are cross-sectional and therefore do not indicate direction of effects. Longitudinal studies are warranted, in light of the work that concludes that cultural/spiritual issues may be more important in maintaining sobriety once it is established rather than initiating it.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"236-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The efficacy of experimental interventions designed to reduce drinking among designated drivers.","authors":"James E Lange,&nbsp;Mark B Reed,&nbsp;Mark B Johnson,&nbsp;Robert B Voas","doi":"10.15288/jsa.2006.67.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.261","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Designated drivers are a popular strategy for avoiding drunk driving. However, studies have demonstrated that the strategy is often implemented poorly, resulting in diminished risk-reduction effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of six interventions designed to reduce alcohol consumption among designated drivers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 376 groups consisting of 1,412 pedestrians (57.8% men) were recruited as they crossed into Tijuana, Mexico, from San Diego, CA. Before crossing into Mexico, each group was assigned at random to one of six experimental conditions or to one control condition. The six interventions were designed to (1) cue the use of designated drivers, (2) change attitudes about designated drivers, (3) provide monetary rewards for driver sobriety, and (4) increase group supportive norms for proper designated driver use. Participant breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) were collected before entering Mexico and on return to the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Using group members to deliver pro-designated driver messages significantly decreased driver and passenger BrACs relative to controls. Male drivers were more likely to return from Mexico with BrACs of zero if they were rewarded. Among female drivers, wearing a bracelet with the printed words \"designated driver\" in addition to cuing resulted in 9 of 10 drivers returning with BrACs equal to zero.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate that designated driver sobriety can be enhanced through brief interventions, and proper use of the designated driver concept did not increase the risk of excessive alcohol consumption for passengers.</p>","PeriodicalId":17092,"journal":{"name":"Journal of studies on alcohol","volume":"67 2","pages":"261-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.15288/jsa.2006.67.261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25928008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}