Larissa Castro Ampese , Henrique Di Domenico Ziero , Iolanda De Marco , Mariarosa Scognamiglio , Stefania Mottola , Ernesto Reverchon , Tânia Forster-Carneiro
{"title":"Application of supercritical technology in the production of microparticles of bioactive compounds from apple pomace","authors":"Larissa Castro Ampese , Henrique Di Domenico Ziero , Iolanda De Marco , Mariarosa Scognamiglio , Stefania Mottola , Ernesto Reverchon , Tânia Forster-Carneiro","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106685","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study's objective was to evaluate the efficiency of supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) technology in encapsulating bioactive compounds extracted from apple pomace (AP), a by-product of the juice industry. Supercritical assisted atomization (SAA) was performed with extract to polymer ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:20), encapsulation used polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and a sugar-removal method was applied. The results indicate that the 1:10 ratio presented superior results, with an average particle size of 1.67 ± 1.25 µm and a dispersion index 2.25. The antioxidant capacity was 2.55 µmol of Trolox/g of AP, and the content of phenolic compounds reached 2.18 mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of AP. Despite reducing the bioactive compounds after encapsulation, the stability was significantly improved: 92 % of the antioxidant capacity and 99 % of the phenolic compounds were preserved after two months of exposure to light, while the non-encapsulated extract retained only 66 % and 71 %, respectively. HPLC analysis identified gallic acid (91.16–128.13 ppm) and ascorbic acid (111.12–153.67 ppm) as the main compounds. The work also includes the feasibility of this route as a strategy for sustainable valorization of apple pomace using the Path2Green metric to evaluate the process from the perspective of green chemistry. The sustainability assessment using the Path2Green method generated a score of 0.524, indicating the sustainable feasibility of the process. Encapsulation aimed to protect bioactive compounds, such as phenolics and antioxidants, from degradation, increasing their stability and bioactivity for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106685"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Najmeh Youseftabar Miri, Mohammad H. Eikani, Nahid Khandan, Yasamin Bide
{"title":"Ultrasound-assisted subcritical water nanonization of quercetin","authors":"Najmeh Youseftabar Miri, Mohammad H. Eikani, Nahid Khandan, Yasamin Bide","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106683","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106683","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The response surface Box-Behnken (BBD) design was applied to optimize quercetin nanoparticle (nano-QC) formation by ultrasound-assisted subcritical water (SCW) nanonization. The SCW was the solvent in an anti-solvent precipitation (ASP) process and independent variables were SCW temperature (120–150°C), ultrasound power (0–100 W), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) concentration (0.1–0.5 wt%). The optimal conditions for producing the lowest mean particle size of 17 ± 4 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.143 ± 0.022 were SCW temperature of 150 °C, ultrasound power of 100 W, and PVP concentration of 0.3 wt%. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of the nano-QC were compared to raw-QC. The FTIR results confirmed no chemical changes in the samples after the SCW nanonization. However, significant changes were observed by DLS and SEM. Compared with the raw-QC, the nano-QC showed noticeable increase in dissolution rate and higher antioxidant activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106683"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144232608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexey Kurlov , Luděk Meca , Tyko Viertiö , Sari Rautiainen , Frédéric Vogel , Juha Lehtonen , Pavel Kukula , David Baudouin
{"title":"Stability assessment of sulfided NiMo-based catalysts for continuous flow supercritical water hydrodeoxygenation applications","authors":"Alexey Kurlov , Luděk Meca , Tyko Viertiö , Sari Rautiainen , Frédéric Vogel , Juha Lehtonen , Pavel Kukula , David Baudouin","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sulfided NiMo-based catalysts are widely used in hydroprocessing, including hydrotreating and hydrocracking in petroleum refining and renewable fuel production via biomass conversion. The development of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) for biocrude production has increased interest in direct hydrothermal upgrading processes, such as (hydro)deoxygenation and desulfurisation. This study evaluated the stability of NiMo- and NiW-based catalysts under continuous-flow conditions to assess their suitability for hydrothermal upgrading. After just 2 h in supercritical water (SCW), significant metal leaching was observed: Mo losses ranged from 47 % to 97 %, and Ni losses from 35 % to 80 %. Sulfidation provided only modest improvement, with losses still at 56–80 % for Mo and 52–75 % for Ni. Tungsten loss reached 90 % in the sulfided NiW catalyst. Mo leaching was particularly severe during the heating phase, with over 60 % of Mo and around 20 % of Ni lost during heating and cooling, peaking at 200 °C. At 400 °C, leaching rates from unreduced NiMo/AC were 0.4 mg h⁻¹ for Ni and 10 mg h⁻¹ for Mo. Sulfided NiMo showed better Mo stability, with leaching rates of 0.24 mg h⁻¹ for Ni and 3.6 mg h⁻¹ for Mo. These findings highlight the importance of assessing catalyst stability under realistic flow conditions. NiMo-, NiW-, and by extension, CoMo- and CoW-based catalysts are unsuitable for hydrothermal upgrading due to poor stability in SCW, particularly during heat-up and cool-down phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144289153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiayang Sun , Wenyu Zhong , Yichong Chen , Jiabao Yu , Zhenhao Xi , Jinjin Li , Dongdong Hu , Bojiang Chen , Zhilu Shi , Ling Zhao
{"title":"Preparation of long-chain branched polyarylate foam with low dielectric and superior flame retardant performance by supercritical CO2 foaming","authors":"Jiayang Sun , Wenyu Zhong , Yichong Chen , Jiabao Yu , Zhenhao Xi , Jinjin Li , Dongdong Hu , Bojiang Chen , Zhilu Shi , Ling Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106681","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid advancement of high-frequency, high-speed communication has increased the demand for electronic components with low dielectric properties and excellent stability. This study focuses on polyarylate (PAR), an engineering plastic, selected as a matrix material. To improve its properties, ADR, a long-chain branched modifier, was used to enhance rheological, mechanical, and foaming behavior. Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> was employed as a foaming agent, producing long-chain branched PAR foams. The results showed significant improvements in foaming performance, with a foam density of 0.364 g/cm³ and small, well-arranged cells (10 μm). Characterization revealed that the foam possesses outstanding mechanical properties, excellent low dielectric loss (0.00217), low water absorption, and superior flame retardancy, making it a promising substrate material for high-frequency, high-speed communication applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106681"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144240282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omofolasewa H. Mukeba, Neo Motang, Cara E. Schwarz
{"title":"Mixtures of supercritical CO2 + (1‑octanol and/or n‑alkanes) at saturation: Density and viscosity measurements","authors":"Omofolasewa H. Mukeba, Neo Motang, Cara E. Schwarz","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Density and dynamic viscosity data were measured at phase transition for binary mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> with 1-octanol, <em>n</em>-dodecane and <em>n</em>-tetradecane, and ternary mixtures of CO<sub>2</sub> with (1-octanol+<em>n</em>-dodecane), (1-octanol+<em>n</em>-tetradecane) and (<em>n</em>-dodecane+<em>n</em>-tetradecane). Data were measured at conditions between 308 and 348 K and up to 28 MPa and modelled using commercially available models in Aspen Plus® V11. A variable-volume high-pressure cell equipped with a torsional quartz crystal viscometer was used to detect the phase transition visually and non-visually. Densities were measured using the cell’s calibrated volume. The non-visual phase transition pressures compared well with the visual measurements (%AAD<sub>P</sub> <3 %). The density and viscosity data for the CO<sub>2</sub> +1-octanol exhibited an inversion, introducing a non-ideal, non-linear relationship between the physical properties and temperature. However, the addition of <em>n</em>-alkanes to the system removed these density and viscosity inversion effects. Further, the models poorly predicted the measured physical properties data, necessitating future improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144254757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tongjia Zhang, Bowei Zhang, Jie Zhang, Xiaoran Rong, Hui Jin
{"title":"Predicting self-diffusion coefficients of light gases in supercritical carbon dioxide: A molecular dynamics method","authors":"Tongjia Zhang, Bowei Zhang, Jie Zhang, Xiaoran Rong, Hui Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The methanation of CO<sub>2</sub> and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> (scCO<sub>2</sub>) fracturing represent effective approaches for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization and greenhouse effect mitigation. In these process, light gases like H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, CO, CH<sub>4</sub> are commonly involved. However, limited studies have focused on the diffusion behavior of these gases in scCO<sub>2</sub> under high-pressure conditions, as well as a shortage of self-diffusion coefficient data and prediction equations specifically designed for scCO<sub>2</sub> solvents. To address this gap, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to compute the self-diffusion coefficients of several light gases in scCO<sub>2</sub> across a wide temperature range (313 K–713 K) and at high pressures (75.994 bar, 101.325 bar and 126.656 bar) under infinitely dilute conditions. The effects of temperature, density, viscosity, molecular mass, and solute–solvent interaction energy on the self-diffusion behavior were systematically analyzed. Two empirical equations (a Speedy–Angell-type power-law equation and a newly developed equation incorporating temperature, density, and viscosity) were refitted based on simulation data. The overall relative errors are 4.52 % and 4.44 %, respectively, indicating an improved accuracy compared to conventional experimental and MD-based empirical equations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Júlia Silva de Matos , Paulo Eduardo Batista de Mello , Fábio Saltara , Daniel Jonas Dezan , Leandro Oliveira Salviano , Jurandir Itizo Yanagihara
{"title":"Modeling and simulation of supercritical CO2 flow in a heavy-duty centrifugal compressor: A design robustness assessment in the liquid-like region","authors":"Júlia Silva de Matos , Paulo Eduardo Batista de Mello , Fábio Saltara , Daniel Jonas Dezan , Leandro Oliveira Salviano , Jurandir Itizo Yanagihara","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study models and simulates supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> behavior on the fourth stage of an industrial-scale centrifugal compressor, operating near the critical point in the liquid-like region. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations assessed steady-state, three-dimensional turbulent flow with a domain comprising the inlet duct, impeller, and vaneless diffuser. The novelty of this work lies in evaluating the robustness of the rotor design under realistic operational conditions found in floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) units, through the application of a metastable thermodynamic model to capture property variations in the liquid-like region. A phase change and cavitation hypothesis are addressed. Entropy analysis showed most losses in the middle rotor passage. Key metrics like pressure ratio, isentropic efficiency, and input power were analyzed to enhance understanding of CO<sub>2</sub> behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144230940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chenhao Huang , Weizhi Zhang , Jing yan , Tan Gu , Hongyuan Fan , Lan Sun , Jun Wang
{"title":"Dynamic evolution of corrosion products and their influence on carbon steel corrosion in supercritical CO₂","authors":"Chenhao Huang , Weizhi Zhang , Jing yan , Tan Gu , Hongyuan Fan , Lan Sun , Jun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The successful implementation of carbon capture and storage depends on mitigating CO<sub>2</sub>-induced pipeline corrosion. This study simulates supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> corrosion of carbon steel under extreme saturated water conditions, comparing corrosion mechanisms in atmospheric, low, and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> environments using weight loss and electrochemical methods. The results show that the corrosion rate in the supercritical environment is 0.396 ± 0.017 mm/y, which is much higher than that in the atmospheric environment (0.226 ± 0.011 mm/y) and slightly higher than that in the low pressure environment (0.317 ± 0.013 mm/y). However, the electrochemical impedance data show that the resistance of the corrosion product layer formed in the supercritical environment in the later stage of corrosion to electric charge is 2439.53 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>, which is 5 times that in the low pressure environment and 31 times that in the atmospheric pressure environment. This shows that the supercritical corrosion product layer structure is denser and has a stronger protective effect on the carbon steel in the later stage of corrosion. The corrosion resistance in the supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> is controlled by the deposition of corrosion products, forming a double-layer structure. In-situ electrochemical data show that the resistance of the corrosion layer after corrosion for 192 h is 91 times that of corrosion for 6 h (26.66 Ω·cm<sup>2</sup>). Combined with TEM and other experiments, it is found that this is mainly due to the change of relative supersaturation driving the formation of amorphous and crystalline layers, which affects the overall corrosion protection of the material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 106670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144184527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Salal Hasan Khudaida , Ming-Yuan Huang , Hsu-Chen Wang , Yu-Ming Chen , Chieh-Ming Hsieh , Chie-Shaan Su
{"title":"Prediction of the solid solubility of anthraquinone derivatives in supercritical CO2 from the molecular structure and melting temperature by the solution model approach","authors":"Salal Hasan Khudaida , Ming-Yuan Huang , Hsu-Chen Wang , Yu-Ming Chen , Chieh-Ming Hsieh , Chie-Shaan Su","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solubility estimations and understandings are crucial tasks for designing and developing supercritical fluid technology. This study aims to develop an approach to predict the solid solubility in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> for a class of structure-related compounds, anthraquinone derivatives (AQDs), by using only the molecular structure and melting temperature. A regular solution model coupled with the Flory-Huggins equation was used to generalize the total 1362 solid solubility data of 28 AQDs in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>. By the developed model, the solubility behavior can be predicted successfully within order consistency with an average absolute logarithmic deviation (AALD) of 0.439. To demonstrate the extrapolation ability of the model, new solid solubility data of an AQD, 1,5-diaminoanthraquinone, in supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> were measured, and the experimental solubilities could be predicted to be order-consistent with AALD of 0.453. In addition, the robustness of the solution model approach was confirmed by building different tests, even in an extreme case, using only 2 % of the data (28/1362) for model generalization. In summary, only by using the molecular structure and melting temperature, the developed solution model is efficient for solubility prediction within order consistency and shows excellent extrapolation ability for screening and designing new AQD molecules for supercritical fluid applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 106667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144202448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A wall-temperature-independent heat transfer model and dominant dimensionless numbers for supercritical CO2 in vertical upward flow","authors":"Zhenghui Hou, Haifan Liao, Kuang Yang, Shaozhe Bai, Xinjiang Fan, Chaofan Yang, Haijun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The heat transfer coefficient is a critical parameter for the design and optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO₂) heat exchange systems. Based on 20723 data points collected from 22 published studies, existing heat transfer correlations are evaluated, and a new model with improved stability and predictive accuracy is developed. Current correlations for upward vertical sCO₂ flow typically include wall-temperature-dependent parameters, which often lead to issues such as non-uniqueness or the absence of solutions during wall temperature prediction, along with limited accuracy. To address these issues, this study integrates the Buckingham Pi theorem and constructs a wall-temperature-independent heat transfer model using a dimensionless neural network. This approach avoids the problems of multiple or no solutions and achieves high predictive performance, with mean absolute relative errors of 2.83 % for wall temperature and 5.81 % for Nusselt number predictions. Furthermore, the active subspace method is employed to identify four dominant dimensionless groups governing the heat transfer process. These groups can be decomposed into products of commonly known dimensionless numbers. During this process, a new dimensionless number—the buoyancy generation (<em>BG</em>) number—is proposed and defined. This study leverages data-driven dimensional analysis to explore key influencing parameters and dominant dimensionless numbers for supercritical heat transfer, offering new insights into the underlying physical mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"224 ","pages":"Article 106665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144154387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}