{"title":"Effect of stirring and KOH/NaOH ratio on phase formation in hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO3-NaNbO3 particles","authors":"Ellawala K. Chandima Pradeep, Alexandre Chauvel, Cenk Abdurrahmanoglu, Ragnar Kiebach, Astri Bjørnetun Haugen","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the hydrothermal synthesis of KNbO<sub>3</sub>-NaNbO<sub>3</sub> particles, which contains compositions of interest as lead-free piezoelectric materials. Precursor solutions containing Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, NaOH/KOH were hydrothermally reacted at 190 <sup>0</sup>C for 15 hours using either a conventional reactor or a reactor with stirring. For 50 % KOH or lower, the product was cubic or elongated cuboid/belt-shaped NaNbO<sub>3</sub>, whereas solely KOH resulted in hexagonal plate-like KNbO<sub>3</sub>. When 75 % KOH was used, the product was a mixture of large K<sub>5</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>6</sub>O<sub>19</sub>·9 H<sub>2</sub>O hexagonal plates and smaller NaNbO<sub>3</sub> cubes. We hypothesized this phase segregation was induced by highly concentrated microenvironments, and stirring would prevent that. Accordingly, stirring hydrothermal treatment of 75 % KOH solution produced only K<sub>5</sub>Na<sub>3</sub>Nb<sub>6</sub>O<sub>19</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O hexagonal plates, which could be transformed to K<sub>0.7</sub>Na<sub>0.3</sub>NbO<sub>3</sub> by calcination. By reducing the hydrothermal treatment time to 1 – 6 hours we isolated reaction intermediates, and based on them propose a kinetics-controlled mechanism for hydrothermal reactions of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and KOH/NaOH.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089684462400175X/pdfft?md5=9896c0d608550f2b36abe1d0085df976&pid=1-s2.0-S089684462400175X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141607432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aref Mamakhel , Magnus Kløve , Martin Bondesgaard , Troels L. Christiansen , Steen Uttrup Pedersen , Jørgen Skibsted , Bo Brummerstedt Iversen
{"title":"Amphoteric SnO2 nanoparticles via pH-controlled continuous flow solvothermal synthesis","authors":"Aref Mamakhel , Magnus Kløve , Martin Bondesgaard , Troels L. Christiansen , Steen Uttrup Pedersen , Jørgen Skibsted , Bo Brummerstedt Iversen","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106341","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106341","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Amphoteric oxides can be challenging to produce in phase pure form due to their sensitivity to the pH of the reaction mixture. The high-pressure, high-temperature reaction conditions of hydrothermal processes make the pH difficult to control. Here we report a simple approach to obtain nanoparticles of amphoteric oxides, where cheap metal nitrate precursors are reacted in alcohol (2-propanol) water mixtures (25 vol%:75 vol%) to maintain a neutral pH under solvothermal conditions. Phase pure SnO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were synthesized in a continuous flow solvothermal reactor at 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C with sizes ranging from 3 nm to 7 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, <sup>119</sup>Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption, UV–VIS, and as anode material in CR2032 Li-ion battery cells. To demonstrate generality, amphoteric oxides ZnO, Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and γ-AlOOH were also synthesized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106341"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001761/pdfft?md5=fa89cf655ae986f2f7fd6596993da994&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001761-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marvin Dorn , Lukas Franke , Paul Figiel , Sabine Kareth , Eckhard Weidner , Christoph Held , Marcus Petermann
{"title":"Measurement and modeling of the electrical conductivity of organic electrolyte solutions and their mixtures with compressed CO2","authors":"Marvin Dorn , Lukas Franke , Paul Figiel , Sabine Kareth , Eckhard Weidner , Christoph Held , Marcus Petermann","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is of increasing importance for the development of a closed carbon cycle. Here, electrolytes are often used to increase the electrical conductivity and thus the current density. In addition, the use of compressed CO<sub>2</sub> and electrolyte-containing organic solvents suppresses hydrogen evolution. However, the electrical conductivity of CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions is mostly unknown. Therefore, their electrical conductivity was investigated in this work at different electrolyte concentrations, pressures (up to 150 bar) and temperatures (298.15 K and 343.15 K). In addition, the simplified Mean Spherical Approximation (MSA-simple) model, supported by ePC-SAFT for density modeling, was used to successfully model the conductivity. The results show that CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions generally exhibit lower conductivities than CO<sub>2</sub>-free electrolyte solutions. However, at very low electrolyte and CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, the conductivities were higher in CO<sub>2</sub>-saturated electrolyte solutions than in CO<sub>2</sub>-free electrolyte solutions, which is a new finding in the literature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106338"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001736/pdfft?md5=95fd1acbf1ab9cbd8710a02275c15cc1&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001736-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141464132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liang Wang , Yuechen Zhao , Minxuan Liu , Zihang Song , Yiwei Sun , Sijia Ni , Shenguang Fu , Rongkun Pan
{"title":"Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on pore structure and methane adsorption of shale with different particle sizes","authors":"Liang Wang , Yuechen Zhao , Minxuan Liu , Zihang Song , Yiwei Sun , Sijia Ni , Shenguang Fu , Rongkun Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO<sub>2</sub>) fracturing significantly enhances shale gas recovery, which is influenced by particle size. We soaked shale in SCCO<sub>2</sub> and investigated the impact of SCCO<sub>2</sub> on different particle sizes. Large-particle shales showed the largest percentage changes in specific surface area and total pore volume (54.11 %, 87.87 %; 58.59 %, 76.32 %) followed by small-particle size shales. This trend was also observed in other pore structure parameters. The particle-size effect is: Large-particle shale, with abundant microfractures, enhances SCCO<sub>2</sub> flow and pore alteration. Small-particle shale's high specific surface area facilitates SCCO<sub>2</sub> penetration. Medium-particle shale is less affected due to balanced interactions of these factors. Methane is primarily found in large and medium pores and microfractures. Methane adsorption in shale mainly involves multi-layer adsorption. Following SCCO<sub>2</sub> treatment, pore fractures narrowed, increasing the proportion of methane molecules adsorbed as a single-layer. This study is crucial for evaluating the fracturing effects on shale gas wells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141542931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liposomes and niosomes production by a supercritical CO2 assisted process for topical applications: A comparative study","authors":"Lucia Baldino, Domenico Riccardi, Ernesto Reverchon","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> assisted process was used to perform a comparative study between liposomes and niosomes. Process operating conditions were fixed at 100 bar and 40 °C, and the produced vesicles were characterized in terms of mean diameter, size distribution, ζ-potential, and stability over time. Mean diameters of liposomes and niosomes were similar (130 ± 37 nm for liposomes and 141 ± 36 nm for niosomes) and both systems were stable after 1 month from production. Ascorbic acid (AA) was loaded in both kinds of formulation. AA encapsulation efficiency was equal to 92 % and 99 % for liposomes and niosomes, respectively, and DPPH-activity was larger than 90 % in both vesicular systems. Drug release tests revealed that AA was released in 120 min and 240 min from liposomes and niosomes, respectively, due to a different compactness of the vesicle bilayer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001773/pdfft?md5=fa5cb71a969bc34b2be22799e697f75f&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001773-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joséphine de Meester , Patrick Layrisse , Mathieu Marchivie , Laurent Collard , Guillaume Wery , Clément Brandel , Yohann Cartigny , Pascale Subra-Paternault , Tom Leyssens , Christelle Harscoat-Schiavo
{"title":"Towards a new approach in chiral resolution: Pressurized-CO2 assisted preferential cocrystallization","authors":"Joséphine de Meester , Patrick Layrisse , Mathieu Marchivie , Laurent Collard , Guillaume Wery , Clément Brandel , Yohann Cartigny , Pascale Subra-Paternault , Tom Leyssens , Christelle Harscoat-Schiavo","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We here report the first occurrence of a preferential cocrystallization process assisted by compressed carbon dioxide. Our study focuses on the Nefiracetam-Mandelic acid conglomerate forming system. The cocrystal conglomerate was successfully crystallized using compressed CO<sub>2</sub> as antisolvent, and acetone, ethyl acetate, or isobutanol as solvents for starting solutions in the so-called GAS process. We then focus on acetone to successfully perform preferential cocrystallization supported by compressed CO<sub>2</sub>. A critical step in the design of the process is the adaptation of the set-up to allow the introduction of enantiopure seeding inside the reactor. Based on the use of seeded rings, we test several seeding configurations to enhance enantioseparation through the simultaneous crystallization of both enantiomers in two different areas of the reactor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141464207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chiara Bufalini , Ida Palazzo , Alessandro Alberto Casazza , Pier Francesco Ferrari , Roberta Campardelli , Giuseppe Firpo , Patrizia Perego , Ernesto Reverchon
{"title":"Encapsulation of Arthrospira platensis polyphenolic extract using supercritical emulsion-based process","authors":"Chiara Bufalini , Ida Palazzo , Alessandro Alberto Casazza , Pier Francesco Ferrari , Roberta Campardelli , Giuseppe Firpo , Patrizia Perego , Ernesto Reverchon","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Arthrospira platensis</em> polyphenolic natural extracts have several benefits for human health. Due to their instability and reduced shelf-life, these extracts are usually encapsulated. This work analyzed the supercritical emulsion extraction (SEE) process for the production of polymeric nanoparticles loaded with <em>A</em>. <em>platensis</em> polyphenolic extracts. The objective of this work was to evaluate a powdered encapsulation system to overcome the drawbacks of liquid systems, which are those mainly used for microalgae extract stabilization. An optimization study was performed investigating different process parameters and comparing the obtained particles in terms of particle size distribution, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. The process permitted the successfull production of loaded polymeric nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency up to 74 % in the best operating conditions. The SEE process allowed a better control of morphology and particle size distribution of the nanometric particles operating in a continuous mode.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141543023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lili Qian , Wenyu Ma , Dan Fang , Yanmeng Gong , Weijing Liu , Shuang Wang , Shuzhong Wang
{"title":"Corrosion characteristics of Fe, Ni and Ti based alloys near the critical point of water and during supercritical water gasification and oxidation of municipal sludge","authors":"Lili Qian , Wenyu Ma , Dan Fang , Yanmeng Gong , Weijing Liu , Shuang Wang , Shuzhong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106337","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106337","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and oxidation (SCWO) were promising technologies for treating municipal sludge; however, corrosion hindered their development. To obtain the candidate material for preheaters, corrosion characteristics of 316, 316 L, Incoloy 800, 825, and TA-10 were investigated at 350 °C and 400 °C. For SCWG and SCWO reactors, corrosion behaviors of 316, Incoloy 800, 825, Inconel 600, 625, and Hastelloy C276 were explored at 450 °C and 520 °C, with and without oxidants. Near the critical point of water, corrosion rates of all materials were below 0.4 mm·a<sup>−1</sup>, with 316 L being the candidate material. According to the pH variation, materials underwent activation (350 °C) and passivation (400 °C) pathways. During SCWG and SCWO, Incoloy 825 and Inconel 625 were prioritized at 450 ℃ and 520 ℃, exhibiting corrosion rates below 0.40 mm·a<sup>−1</sup> and 0.50 mm·a<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Chemical corrosion dominated and double-layer oxide films (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-FeCr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and NiO-Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) formed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106337"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141464171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generalization of the Wong-Sandler mixing rule to a generic cubic equation of state: Examples of use for systems of industrial interest (Hydrogen, CCUS, refrigeration)","authors":"Salaheddine Chabab , Christophe Coquelet , Fabien Rivollet","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cubic equations of state (EoS) remain the most widely used models in chemical engineering, and their predictive capabilities are highly dependent on mixing rules (MR). Considered as one of the most accurate, Wong Sandler's (WS) MR, have been generalized in this work, to allow its use with all 2-parameter (PR, SRK, …) and 3-parameter (PT, mPT, NEOS, …) cubic EoSs. The procedure for implementing the generalized WS MR is presented and tested with PR, PT and its variants (mPT and NEOS) on vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and density data on various classes of mixtures for different types of use (hydrogen, CCUS, refrigeration). The results clearly show the benefits of this type of MR, especially around the critical point and for density data without considering volume translation frequently used with PR and SRK EoS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844624001712/pdfft?md5=01c355d4f0c7eb8d95a22c1e8fc9f1b2&pid=1-s2.0-S0896844624001712-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141464162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facile fabrication of lightweight and high expanded TPU/PBS bead blend foam with segregated microcellular network for reduced shrinkage and enhanced interface bonding","authors":"Fengkun Sun, Minghao Zhou, Feifan Yi, Haokun Wang, Binyi Chen, Xiangfang Peng, An Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106334","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.supflu.2024.106334","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The emergence of expanded thermoplastic polyurethane foam beads (ETPU) has expanded the application range of polymer foam materials. However, most of the prepared bead foam products suffer from high shrinkage rate, high density, and poor interfacial bonding, severely affecting the mechanical stability and lightweighting of the products. Herein, this study constructed thermoplastic polyurethane/polybutylene succinate (TPU/PBS) bead blend foams with a segregated microcellular network structure (SMNS) for the first time, where the TPU/PBS continuous phase formed the SMNS and the bead phase was consisted of TPU foam beads. The results showed good interfacial bonding between the continuous and bead phases. By adding PBS to the continuous phase, the shrinkage percentage of TPU/PBS bead blend foam decreased from 79.19 % to 67.31 %, reduced by 15.0 %. In addition, the foam expansion ratio gradually decreased with increasing PBS content, dropping from 12.07 to 9.03. Moreover, TPU/PBS bead blend foams exhibited good energy absorption and mechanical stability without sacrificing thermal insulation performance. This work effectively reduced the shrinkage of TPU based foam materials, offering a simple and economical solution for the preparation of dimensionally stable, well-interfaced, and lightweight polymer foams.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":17078,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Supercritical Fluids","volume":"212 ","pages":"Article 106334"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141395491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}