{"title":"Biochemical and haemostatic variables associated with metastasis in dogs with carcinoma or sarcoma.","authors":"P Pazzi, G T Fosgate, A T Kristensen, A Goddard","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Identify alterations in biochemical and haemostatic variables between tumour-bearing dogs with and without metastasis that can be used to predict the presence of metastasis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Thirty dogs with sarcoma and 29 with carcinoma were included in the analysis. Serum biochemistry profiles and haemostatic variables (haematocrit value, platelet count, thromboelastography (TEG), fibrinogen, Factor X, VII, antithrombin activity and D-dimer concentration) were measured for all dogs. All dogs underwent complete post-mortem and histopathological evaluations. For tumour-bearing dogs without intracavitary haemorrhage, measured variables were compared between dogs with and without metastasis, and univariate and multivariable analysis were performed to identify predictors of metastasis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Metastasis was identified in 31 of 59 (53%) dogs, of which 5 of 31 (16%) had metastasis to the regional lymph node only and 26 of 31 (84%) had distant metastasis. Sodium, ionised calcium, TEG lysis % at 30 and 60 minutes (Ly60) were significantly lower in tumour-bearing dogs without intracavitary haemorrhage with metastasis compared to dogs without metastasis. Multivariable analysis identified sodium <142.5 mmol/L as 64% sensitive (CI<sub>95%</sub>:45% to 82%) and 63% specific (CI<sub>95%</sub>:44% to 81%); and Ly60 < 1.0% as 68% sensitive (CI<sub>95%</sub>: 49% to 88%) and 78% specific (CI<sub>95%</sub>:61% to 95%) for prediction of the presence of metastasis. Parallel interpretation of lower sodium and decreased Ly60 resulted in high sensitivity (96%) for the presence of metastasis.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Sodium and TEG-based decreased fibrinolysis were associated with metastasis in tumour-bearing dogs without haemorrhage; when identified, they should prompt further diagnostics to detect possible metastasis of a primary carcinoma or sarcoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Echocardiographic findings of aortic dissection in a cat with systemic hypertension and congestive heart failure.","authors":"H-Y Tsai, P-Y Lo, C-H Lin, C-H Wu, W-T Chang","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70021","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of standard aerobic bacterial culture and sensitivity results from three laboratories for canine pyoderma.","authors":"S Zebley, I Spiegel, Z Zhou, S Sanchez","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the reported bacteria and antibiotic sensitivities of aerobic bacterial cultures taken from the same lesion and submitted to three different laboratories. The second objective was to evaluate the clinical significance of the results.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Three cultures were collected simultaneously from the same lesion (crusts, collarettes or pustules). They were submitted to three laboratories, and the results were analysed. The cultured bacteria and reported sensitivities were compared across the laboratories. Fifteen dogs were included in the study (8 male neutered, 7 female spayed), with an age range of 2 to 17 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 3/14 dogs had total agreement with the bacteria species grown across laboratories; however, the same staphylococcus species was grown in 12/14 dogs. Sensitivity agreement between laboratories was calculated using Cohen's kappa and Fleiss' kappa coefficient when the same bacteria were reported. There was almost perfect agreement of the sensitivity results. Four antibiotics were more likely to have disagreement: gentamicin (40%), doxycycline (26.6%), enrofloxacin (26.6%) and clindamycin (13%).</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Staphylococcus species and their sensitivities were reliable and reproducible, which agree with recent studies; however, the additional bacteria reported varied considerably, which may lead to the choice of a broader spectrum antibiotic. To ensure appropriate antibiotic stewardship, all culture results should be compared to cytology results and interpreted with an understanding of the causes of canine pyoderma; any discrepancies should encourage consultation with a microbiologist.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A M Tardo, C G Vecchiato, E Gherlinzoni, A Corsini, S Corradini, F Del Baldo, G Biagi, F Fracassi
{"title":"Effect of a homemade diet compared to a commercial diet on glycaemic variability and glycaemic control assessed by continuous glucose monitoring system in diabetic dogs: a randomised crossover study.","authors":"A M Tardo, C G Vecchiato, E Gherlinzoni, A Corsini, S Corradini, F Del Baldo, G Biagi, F Fracassi","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the effects of a homemade diet and a commercial diet on glycaemic control and glycaemic variability of diabetic dogs monitored with the FreeStyle Libre continuous glucose monitoring system.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Prospective randomised crossover study including ten client-owned diabetic dogs on insulin treatment with good glycaemic control. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either a moderate-fibre (total dietary fibre: 2.2 g/100 kcal ME) homemade diet or a high-fibre (total dietary fibre: 4.8 g/100 kcal ME) dry commercial diet in a 2 × 6-week period. Dogs were re-evaluated every 2 weeks. Clinical and clinicopathological variables, selected continuous glucose monitoring system-derived and glycaemic variability metrics, glucose nadir and postprandial hyperglycaemia were recorded. Differences between diets were analysed by a repeated measure ANOVA fitting a crossover design with pairwise comparisons.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no differences in insulin dose and glycaemic control levels between the two dietary periods. The homemade diet significantly reduced serum cholesterol concentration (mean difference: 76 mg/dL; 95% CI: -51.97 to 204 mg/dL). The percentage of time above glucose range was significantly lower (mean difference: -22.5%; 95% CI: -43.9% to -1.08%) and the percentage of time below range higher (mean difference: 6.9%; 95% CI: 1.38% to 12.4%) during the homemade diet period. The percentage of time in range and glycaemic variability metrics were not different between the two diets.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>The homemade diet and commercial diet can be considered valid dietary options in diabetic dogs. The results suggest that, with regard to the diets examined, the homemade diet might have a more effective glucose-lowering effect compared to the commercial diet.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cumulative gonadal hormone exposure is nonlinearly associated with risk of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease: a generalised additive model analysis of 20,590 dogs (1988-2023).","authors":"D Low","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the association between cumulative gonadal hormone exposure and the risk of cranial cruciate ligament disease (CrCLD) in dogs.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Secondary analysis of retrospective cohort data of 20,590 dogs (9845 female, 10,745 male) investigating the association between age at gonadectomy and various health outcomes in dogs was conducted. Cumulative gonadal hormone exposure was defined as the continuous independent variable. The occurrence of CrCLD was binarily defined as the outcome measure. Generalised additive models were used to assess the relationship between hormone exposure and risk of CrCLD, adjusted for potential confounders.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of CrCLD was 245 of 9845 (2.49%) in females and 203 of 10,745 (1.89%) in males. The risk of CrCLD was nonlinearly associated with cumulative gonadal hormone exposure in both sexes. The risk of CrCLD was greatest in dogs with the least gonadal hormone exposure, sharply decreasing to minima at 1054 days for females and 805 days for males.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Risk of CrCLD is nonlinearly associated with age at gonadectomy in dogs. Early gonadectomy may be preliminarily defined as that before 2.9 and 2.2 years in female and male dogs, respectively, in the context of CrCLD risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A canine case of metastasised mast cell tumour identified in the cerebrospinal fluid.","authors":"H Tani, A Oshima, M Kitagawa, T Nakayama","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R Moxon, E Yarwood, H Hawkins, J Came, G C W England
{"title":"Laparoscopic ovariectomy provides favourable peri- and postoperative outcomes compared with ovariohysterectomy via celiotomy in bitches.","authors":"R Moxon, E Yarwood, H Hawkins, J Came, G C W England","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsap.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the peri- and postoperative outcomes for bitches neutered via laparoscopic ovariectomy or open ovariohysterectomy (celiotomy).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Retrospective data were obtained for 519 bitches neutered in UK Veterinary Practices (VP) by either laparoscopic ovariectomy (LAP-OVE, n = 213, performed at VP1) or ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy (OVH-CEL, n = 306, performed at VP1-4). Data for complications in the perioperative and postoperative periods were compared for LAP-OVE, all OVH-CEL, and VP1 OVH-CEL (providing a comparison between procedures at the same practice). Differences in surgery duration were examined using generalised linear mixed models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference in surgery duration between LAP-OVE surgeries and all OVH-CEL surgeries, or VP1 OVH-CEL surgeries. Intraoperative complications were reported for 2.3% of LAP-OVE, 2.9% of all OVH-CEL and 1.7% of VP1 OVH-CEL surgeries. Postoperative complications prior to being discharged were reported for 0.5% of LAP-OVE, 1.0% of all OVH-CEL and 0% of VP1 OVH-CEL surgeries. There were fewer LAP-OVE than OVH-CEL bitches with redness or swelling of the wound site in the postoperative period (16.3% LAP-OVE, 36.6% all OVH-CEL and 43.1% of VP1 OVH-CEL surgeries). Complications in the postoperative period that required veterinary attention were reported for 12.9% of LAP-OVE, 16.3% of all OVH-CEL and 24.0% of VP1 OVH-CEL bitches. Inappetence, discomfort and uncharacteristic licking or chewing of parts of the body were observed in fewer bitches following laparoscopic ovariectomy than following ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>The findings provide evidence to support the contention that postoperative complications, including those related to wound healing and those requiring further veterinary intervention, are lower following laparoscopic than open neutering surgeries in bitches.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144883090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K Mourou, P O Gonin, M Cervone, L Zenner, M Hugonnard
{"title":"Risk factors for recurrence of Giardia duodenalis infection in dogs: a case-control study.","authors":"K Mourou, P O Gonin, M Cervone, L Zenner, M Hugonnard","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To identify risk factors for recurrence of giardiasis in naturally infected symptomatic dogs after specific treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (2006 to 2016) for dogs diagnosed with symptomatic Giardia duodenalis infection. Signalment, housing conditions, clinical signs, concurrent diseases, treatments and outcome were recorded. Data were compared between dogs with and without symptomatic recurrence within 6 months of specific treatment using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighty-two dogs were included. Fifty-five were cured after treatment, and 27 had recurrent giardiasis. Factors significantly associated with recurrence on univariate analysis were age <6 months at first diagnosis, being a Retriever, living in a non-household environment or with other dogs, having concurrent chronic inflammatory enteropathy and having received a specific treatment other than fenbendazole or adjuvant probiotics. On multivariate analysis, retriever breed (odds ratio, 7.75; 95% confidence interval, 2.03 to 34.90), concurrent food-responsive enteropathy (odds ratio, 15.06; 95% confidence interval, 3.41 to 90.26) and adjuvant probiotics (odds ratio, 13.28; 95% confidence interval, 2.41 to 93.10) were independent risk factors for recurrence, while age >6 months at first diagnosis was a protective factor (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.05 to 0.95).</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Not only are puppies and dogs living in communities at risk of G. duodenalis infection but they are also at higher risk of recurrence. Concurrent chronic inflammatory enteropathy should also be investigated in cases of symptomatic recurrence. These findings may provide indicators for the prevention and management of recurrent giardiasis in dogs.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144873752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Twenty-four hour ambulatory electrocardiography in healthy dogs: reference intervals and measurement variability.","authors":"M Vigeral, J A Abbott","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Published normative data acquired by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring of healthy dogs of diverse lineage are sparse. Reference intervals and indices of measurement variability have not been published.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Forty-nine healthy dogs were subject to ambulatory electrocardiography. After exclusions, the reference sample consisted of 44 dogs. Eight of these dogs were randomly selected and subject to a second ambulatory electrocardiographic recording no more than 10 days after the first. Reference intervals for minimum, maximum and mean heart rates and for PR intervals were determined. The repeatability coefficient was used to define measurement variability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>When recordings that included greater than 100 ventricular ectopic complexes - presumed to reflect subclinical disease - were excluded, ventricular ectopic complexes were rare; the median (range) number of complexes was 0 (0 to 17). Second-degree atrioventricular block was recorded in 25% of subjects. Reference intervals for minimum, maximum and mean heart rates, respectively, were 15 to 42, 194 to 294 and 50 to 93 bpm. PR intervals were positively correlated with body weight. Based on calculated repeatability coefficients, differences in minimum, maximum and mean heart rates from serially obtained recordings, respectively, of 12, 44 and 11 bpm are within the expected ranges of measurement variability.</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Reference intervals for heart rates and PR intervals obtained from ambulatory electrocardiographic are proposed. Repeatability coefficients, which provide an estimate of what might represent a clinically relevant change when serially acquired ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings are compared, are reported. PR intervals were positively correlated with body size. These data might be of use when reviewing ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K M Tam, A Giuliano, S S U H Bukhari, P V Steagall
{"title":"Caregiver burden in owners of dogs and cats undergoing anticancer therapy in a referral hospital in Hong Kong.","authors":"K M Tam, A Giuliano, S S U H Bukhari, P V Steagall","doi":"10.1111/jsap.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the prevalence and factors associated with increased caregiver burden among owners of dogs and cats undergoing anti-cancer therapy in Hong Kong.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Clients of the oncology service of a large veterinary hospital in Hong Kong completed an online survey during real-time consultations. Caregiver burden was based on an adapted and abbreviated Zarit Burden Interview score (seven questions; up to 28 points with cut-off of ≥9 points for increased burden). Client and patient demographics, along with oncological treatment data, were collected. Data were analysed using the chi-square (χ<sup>2</sup>) test and odds ratios, with P < 0.05 considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 54 responses, 70.4% of caregivers reported increased burden. Caregivers not working in the human medical field experienced an increased burden compared to those working in the field (P = 0.03, χ<sup>2</sup> = 4.26, odds ratio = 7.54). Increased burden was associated with caregivers' concerns about the cost of treatment (P = 0.01, χ<sup>2</sup> = 11.96, odds ratio = 2.30) and its potential side effects (P = 0.03, χ<sup>2</sup> = 10.27, odds ratio = 12.24). Caregivers reported an increased burden with prolonged treatment durations (P = 0.01, χ<sup>2</sup> = 14.17, odds ratio = 2.39). The burden level was not significantly different between cat and dog caregivers (P = 0.27).</p><p><strong>Clinical significance: </strong>Caregiver burden is observed in owners of dogs and cats undergoing anticancer therapy affecting their psychosocial well-being. Recognising factors associated with increased burden enables veterinarians to provide better support to caregivers and improve veterinarian-client relationships.</p>","PeriodicalId":17062,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Small Animal Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144855661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}