Social Entrepreneurship eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Stimulating Microenterprise Growth: Results from a Loans, Grants and Training Experiment in Uganda","authors":"N. Fiala","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2358086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2358086","url":null,"abstract":"Small enterprises may face a number of challenges to growth, including capital constraints, lack of skills and poor self-control. This paper presents the results of a randomized experiment involving microenterprise owners in Uganda designed to explore these constraints. Individuals from a pool of business owners who expressed interest in expanding their enterprises were randomly selected to receive loans, cash grants, business skills training or a combination of these programs. Participants were then followed quarterly to determine the short-run effects on business and household outcomes. I find that six and nine months after the interventions, men with access to loans with training report 54% greater profits. This effect increases slightly over time and is driven by men with higher baseline profits and ability. The loan-only intervention had some initial impact, but this is gone by the nine month follow-up. I find no impacts from the unconditional grant interventions. Markedly, there are no effects for women from any of the interventions. Family pressure on women appears to have significantly negative effects on business investment decisions: married women with family living nearby perform worse than those in the control group in a number of the interventions. Men instead benefit from close family proximity and demand labor from the household. The results suggest that highly motivated and skilled male-owned microenterprises can grow through finance, but the current finance model does not work for female-owned enterprises.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134346269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combatting Money Laundering in Nigeria: Challenges and Suggested Solutions","authors":"Adewale Adegoke Alawiye-Adams, A. Oluwafemi, O. Ibitoye","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2352420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2352420","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria State has been an entity from inception that is endowed with multitudes of economic and growth provoking physical and natural resources with which she could have raised her head above any micro or macro-economic storms. But this nation as blessed as she is has never been seen to have maximally explored her potentials for the good of the citizenry. Scholars of repute have come out with series of research works blaming the economic woes of the nation on bad leadership, corruption, political instability occasioned by incessant military incursions, faulty economic policies just to mention but a few. In furtherance of the quest for other causes apart from the aforementioned, our research light is beamed on money laundering, identified as a phenomenon to be completely wiped out of our system to further promote economic growth and development through home grown savings and investment, job opportunities, increased fund availability for industrialization, SMEs, and considerable increase in the per capita income as a measure of improving the nation’s standard of living. Thus this paper examines the various causes of money laundering in Nigeria, challenges of fighting it, its effects on the nation’s economy and offers useful suggestions on how to prevent and eliminate the causes and ultimately, the effects of the bad practice.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115028425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Independent, Local Broadband and Business Performance: A Multiple Case Study","authors":"M. Fortunato, T. Alter, Abigail Miller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2315279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2315279","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research has supported the notion that affordable, business-class broadband access is critical for businesses to thrive well into the 21st Century. For places that are still unserved and underserved by broadband providers, some local conglomerates, often spearheaded by local governments, have taken it upon themselves to provide broadband access through a municipal or public-private partnership model. A question remains as to whether these independent models are primarily used by specific types of businesses, or associated with certain business-related internet activities (including non-use) and self-reported improvements in business performance. Our previous research has already shown that differences exist in terms of business user satisfaction between these independent models and more mainstream, national broadband providers. Local businesses who used mainstream internet providers reported mixed satisfaction vis-a-vis businesses using independent local providers, even though research on residential users showed satisfaction scores for local providers as being uniformly higher than their mainstream counterparts. (Fortunato et al. 2013, under review). This paper uses primary survey research of local businesses of various sizes from a six-site multiple case study from Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin to examine the relationship between use of a local, independent provider and business performance, when compared to businesses using mainstream providers, and those who do not use broadband at all. The analysis examines whether the choice of a mainstream or local provider has also influenced business activities, and self-reported business performance, on several metrics such as increased sales and reduced operational costs. Other control variables, such as the length of time in business, size of business, and number of employees telecommuting or working remotely via internet will also be examined. Additionally, the paper examines differences in attitudes about broadband use in business, such as the importance of reliable, affordable broadband to succeed, across users of mainstream and independent local services, and those businesses that do not use broadband at all. While the implications of the digital divide are well-understood, this paper attempts to uncover associations that may suggest the impact of local, independent broadband delivery on overall local business effectiveness. This case study is not generalized to all business broadband users, but the paper aims to fill an important gap in the research where a more complete understanding of the impacts of local broadband development is required. We then detail the resultant implications of the study’s findings with regard to local, state, and federal economic and business development policy in an attempt to understand the value of independent broadband development compared to mainstream service proliferation, and whether policy could – or should – broaden its focus on independent service ","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115587820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and Policy","authors":"W. Naudé","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2314802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2314802","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of the intersection of development and entrepreneurship. Given the neglect of entrepreneurship by development scholars it deals with (i) recent theoretical insights from the intersection of entrepreneurship and development studies; (ii) the empirical evidence on that relationship between entrepreneurship and development; and (iii) fresh insights for entrepreneurship policy for development that emerges from recent advanced in this area, including female entrepreneurship in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Restructured Agricultural Cooperative Marketing System in Uganda: A Study of the 'Tripartite Cooperative Model'","authors":"N. Kwapong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2312314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2312314","url":null,"abstract":"The study focused on describing and analysing the integrated approach to agricultural cooperative marketing in Uganda: the tripartite cooperative model. It was found that structural changes and successful growth have been achieved within the agricultural cooperative marketing system. This model promoted complementarity of services by combining farmers’ access to financial services through Savings and Credit Cooperative Organisations (SACCOs), and marketing services through Rural Producer Organisations (RPOs) and Area Cooperative Enterprises (ACEs). Results of the study showed that the tripartite cooperative model focused on measures to promote financially autonomous and viable cooperatives, member participation and empowerment. The model has achieved success by linking farmers to profitable markets and granting them access to financial services. The model did, however, face challenges in the form of members no fully participating in cooperative activities and members side-selling.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125989697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Financial Sustainability and Outreach of Microfinance Institutions in Ethiopia: Does Organizational Form Matter?","authors":"G. Abate, C. Borzaga, Kindie Getnet","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2288627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2288627","url":null,"abstract":"Growing commercialization and competition in microfinance drives the focus of micro lenders from outreach per se to achieving financial sustainability in serving the poor. Such a goal can conflict with the traditional social mission of microfinance � outreach to the poor. In places where credit markets are inefficient, attaining financial sustainability while serving the poor depends largely on the ability of lenders to overcome the costs of market contracts and constraints. Such ability of cost containment often varies by lending terms and organizational forms. Using disaggregated data of microfinance providers in Ethiopia, we compared financial cooperatives and specialized or non-bank microfinance institutions on their outreach, financial performance and ability to achieve financial self-sufficiency together with outreach to the poor. The results show that nonbank microfinance providers perform relatively well in terms of breadth and depth of outreach, but face higher cost, which creates tension between outreach and financial sustainability. In contrast, there exists a positive complementarity between outreach and financial viability for financial cooperatives. On average, financially self-sufficient cooperatives lend small size loans and serve larger proportions of women borrowers, implying a greater depth of outreach together with achieving financial sustainability. While non-bank microfinance providers do better in expanding outreach, based on the findings, financial cooperatives better contain their costs, balance social and economic goals and enable the microfinance industry to fulfill its full promise �serving the poor on cost-covering basis.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132965124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linkages between Entrepreneurship and Black Economic Empowerment in the South African Context","authors":"Professor Alain Ndedi, L. Kok","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.877869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.877869","url":null,"abstract":"Entrepreneurship is sometimes seen as a process of few peoples. Although some persons have innate abilities as entrepreneurs, many can also develop this capacity in their life through a learning process. According to Timmons (1999:27), entrepreneurship is a way of thinking and reasoning. At the heart of entrepreneurship are the creation and/or recognition of opportunities. What is the link between entrepreneurship and BEE? What is BEE? The term Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) started slipping into vocabulary of black activists at just about the same time that \"black advancement\" was the term in vogue in the late 1970s. But it was only in the late 1980s, that it began to be used strongly as a counterpoint to the meaningless \"equal opportunity\" that had been given prominence by the corporate sector. Since the first democratic elections in South Africa, the term BEE has evolved. The BEE Commission defined BEE as a strategy aimed at substantially increasing black participation at all levels in the economy. BEE is aimed at redressing the imbalances of the past by seeking to substantially and equitably transfers ownership, management and proportionate control of South Africa's financial and economic resources to the majority of its citizens. From this definition, there are key words that needs to be underlined and which explains the whole policy of BEE: BEE is a strategy aimed to redress the imbalances of the past by increasing black participation in the national economy. Therefore, BEE is a mean aimed to empower previously disadvantaged persons. Many ways have been explored during the last decade with few positive results. The present paper explores the entrepreneurship as an alternative way that can be undertaken to alleviate poverty among this group of the population.The question surrounding this paper is what to focus on entrepreneurship as a remedy to improving black's lives and reduces poverty? The history of the Unites States is an example that needs further examination. More than twenty years ago MIT researcher David Birch finds that the new and growing smaller firms created 81, 5 percent of the net new jobs in America from 1969 till 1976. During 1993-1996, eight million jobs were created in US, with 77% of these by small enterprises. The conclusion that arises from Birch's findings is that job creation is driven by the birth and growth of companies. Fighting poverty among black peoples through BEE can be effectively achieved through job creation. Job creation is achieved mostly by small and medium size organizations. Entrepreneurs create small and medium enterprises. Therefore, entrepreneurship as a way of thinking or reasoning help disposed people to change their social life, from poverty to wealth: a direct link between BEE and entrepreneurship. How this can be achieved? How can entrepreneurial mindset be implemented among black population? This paper develops entrepreneurship as an alternative way of implementing BEE in an entrepreneurial ","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"30 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129379359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Executive Summary: The Evolution of Entrepreneurship in Kansas City: A Visual Approach to Analyzing Entrepreneurial Development","authors":"H. Mayer","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2307871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2307871","url":null,"abstract":"Kansas City followed a markedly different path of economic development than more prominent entrepreneurial regions such as Silicon Valley or Boston’s Route 128. Kansas City’s life sciences and technology industries evolved primarily through entrepreneurial spin-off processes, and a few large firms and institutions played key roles in these processes. We have conducted an analysis of and visualized the entrepreneurial dynamics in the Kansas City region in a unique way. Key results are highlighted in this executive summary.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129968359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting Enterepreuerial Orientation Level of Business Women: The Case of Gambela Region of Ethiopia","authors":"D. Gelan, Getachew Tadesse Wedajo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2261488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2261488","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted that the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sectors have the potential to provide a livelihood for a considerably large number of people in least developed countries such as Ethiopia. African women entrepreneurship development is generally inadequate and beset with numerous constraints and challenges, which have to do with culture, entrepreneurial orientations and their total perceptions in entrepreneurship. This study is therefore to examine women entrepreneurial orientation, determine factors affecting entrepreneurial orientation Level of business women. The result indicated that the levels of EO of business women were in low to medium level of category. The result also showed that number of business, age, level of education, prior experience, the size of the business, business age since its establishment, need of independence motivational factors, self achievement, social network, and market availability (compete) are significantly associated with entrepreneurial orientation. Among the socio-economic variables, diversification of businesses or the tendency to own more than one business has been found to be positively related with the entrepreneurial orientation of women.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122668701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cui Bono, Benefit Corporation? An Experiment Inspired by Social Enterprise Legislation in Germany and the US (Preprint Version)","authors":"Sven J. Fischer, Sebastian J. Goerg, Hanjo Hamann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2226382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2226382","url":null,"abstract":"How do barely incentivized norms impact incentive-rich environments? We take social enterprise legislation as a case in point. It establishes rules on behalf of constituencies that have no institutionalized means of enforcing them. By relying primarily on managers' other-regarding concerns whilst leaving corporate incentive structures unaltered, how effective can such legislation be? This question is vital for the ongoing debate about social enterprise forms, as recently introduced in several US states and in British Columbia, Canada. We ran a laboratory experiment with a framing likened to German corporate law which traditionally includes social standards. Our results show that a stakeholder provision, as found in both Germany and the US, cannot overcome material incentives. However, even absent incentives the stakeholder norm does not foster other regarding behavior but slightly inhibits it instead. Our experiment thus illustrates the paramount importance of taking into account both incentives and framing effects when designing institutions. We tentatively discuss potential policy implications for social enterprise legislation and the stakeholder debate.","PeriodicalId":170603,"journal":{"name":"Social Entrepreneurship eJournal","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116170667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}