Journal of Sleep Research最新文献

{"title":"Sleep Health and White Matter Integrity in the UK Biobank.","authors":"Roxana Petri, Florian Holub, Julian E Schiel, Bernd Feige, Martin K Rutter, Sandra Tamm, Dieter Riemann, Simon D Kyle, Kai Spiegelhalder","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many people experience impaired sleep health, yet knowledge about its neurobiological correlates is limited. As previous studies have found associations between white matter integrity and several sleep traits, white matter integrity could be causally implicated in poor sleep health. However, these studies were often limited by small sample sizes. In this study, we examine associations between multiple indices of white matter integrity and sleep health in 29,114 UK Biobank participants. Late chronotype, daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms and, most extensively, long sleep duration were independently associated with diffusion MRI markers of reduced white matter integrity. Previous findings showing an association between insomnia symptoms and decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the anterior internal capsule could not be replicated. To our knowledge, the current analysis is the first study to find an association between long sleep duration and impaired microstructural white matter integrity. Previous assumptions concerning the role of white matter integrity for insomnia are challenged.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70034"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of RBDtector: An Open-Source Automated Software for Scoring REM Sleep Without Atonia.","authors":"Stephen Joza, Amélie Pelletier, Jean-François Gagnon, Jacques Y Montplaisir, David Bertram, Kasia Bozek, Ronald B Postuma, Michael Sommerauer","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate quantification of REM sleep without atonia (RSWA) is essential in the diagnosis of idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD). This study aims to validate RBDtector, a free and open-source tool for automated RSWA quantification using the Sleep Innsbruck Barcelona (SINBAR) scoring method, by comparing its performance against human visual scoring in a large independent cohort of subjects with iRBD and healthy controls. Muscle activity from 118 iRBD participants and 37 healthy controls that underwent polysomnography was analysed by RBDtector and compared with human visual scoring. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves, and optimal cut-offs for iRBD screening and diagnosis were determined. The results of RSWA quantification were applied to survival analyses of time to phenoconversion. RBDtector showed excellent agreement with human visual scoring, particularly in 'any' RSWA activity (Pearson's correlation = 0.89, R² = 0.79, p < 0.001). RBDtector identified iRBD subjects with 95.6% sensitivity and 95.5% specificity by using a cutoff of 33.0% for combined 'any' RSWA activity in the submentalis and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles, with each muscle in isolation providing comparable results. In iRBD patients, each 10% increase in submentalis 'any' activity was associated with a 23% increase in the risk of phenoconversion (HR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.06, 1.44], p = 0.008), while no associations were observed with increased activity in the flexor digitorum superficialis or tibialis anterior. RBDtector provides accurate, automated RSWA quantification comparable to human visual scoring, offering a reliable and efficient method to support the diagnosis of iRBD and identify iRBD at a higher risk of phenoconversion.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70037"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143615776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slow Wave Sleep and Emotion Regulation in Adolescents With Depressive Symptoms: An Experimental Pilot Study.","authors":"João Paulo Lima Santos, Mahi Pachgade, Adriane M Soehner","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Emotion regulation deficits are a hallmark of adolescent depression, and sleep greatly impacts emotion regulation. Initial data indicate acute mood benefits of slow-wave sleep deprivation (SWSD) in depressed adults, but it is unclear whether this may occur through improvement in emotion regulation. In addition, this has not been tested experimentally in adolescent depression. In this pilot study, we tested the effect of SWSD on emotion regulation in adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms. Fifteen adolescents (mean age [SD] = 17.47 [1.55] years, 12 female) completed three consecutive nights of polysomnographic sleep recording: Baseline, SWSD, and Recovery. Auditory stimulation (sounds of varying pitch, duration, and volume) suppressed slow-wave sleep (SWS) during SWSD. After Baseline and SWSD nights, the Emotional Go/No-Go task was administered the next day as a behavioural assessment of cognitive control, emotion discrimination, and emotion regulation outcomes. False Discovery Rate was used to account for multiple comparison correction. We found that, at Baseline, longer SWS duration was associated with poorer emotion discrimination (β = -0.44, p = 0.012, Q = 0.036). There was no association between other sleep stages and emotion regulation. While Emotional Go/No-Go outcomes did not significantly differ between Baseline and SWSD nights, greater attenuation in SWS significantly correlated with improvement in cognitive control (β = 0.61, p = 0.021, Q = 0.038), emotion discrimination (β = -0.44, p = 0.025, Q = 0.038), and emotion regulation (β = 0.62, p = 0.049, Q = 0.049) between nights. Findings from this pilot study tie elevated SWS to impaired emotion regulation in adolescents with depressive symptoms and suggest that targeted deprivation of SWS may improve emotion regulation in depressed adolescents with elevated SWS.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70038"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topological Data Analysis Based Characteristics of Electroencephalogram Signals in Children With Sleep Apnea.","authors":"Aarti Sathyanarayana, Shashank Manjunath, Jose A Perea","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to identify differences in the functional neural connectivity of the brain of paediatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Using EEG signals from 3673 paediatric patients, we grouped subjects into OSA or control groups based on sleep oxygen desaturation levels and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and applied topological data analysis (TDA) techniques. We evaluated our approach through statistical testing of TDA-based EEG features, which indicate fundamental differences in the functional neural connectivity of subjects with sleep apnea as compared to controls. There were statistically significant differences ( <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi> <mo><</mo> <mn>0.05</mn></mrow> <annotation>$$ p<0.05 $$</annotation></semantics> </math> ) between EEG signals taken during apnea and hypopnea events as compared to those taken from healthy controls. No significance was found between the latent EEG signals within the same groups. We observed significant differences between EEG signals collected during oxygen desaturation as compared to the EEG signals of the controls. We additionally identified significant differences between the latent EEG signals (i.e., no oxygen desaturation event occurring) of subjects as compared with the EEGs from controls. Lastly, significant differences were additionally found in the awake before sleep portion of the polysomnograms when grouping subjects based on minimum oxygen saturation experienced during sleep. TDA techniques allow us to identify statistically significant differences between the EEG signals of subjects with OSA and healthy controls, including during awake periods. Our results provide novel insights on the effects of OSA on the central nervous system, and insights into potential novel methods for identification of sleep apnea.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70017"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143605239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart rate variability impairment during sleep in Veterans with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, traumatic brain injury, and post-traumatic stress disorder: an early potential window into autonomic dysfunction?","authors":"Hannah A Cunningham, Laura Dovek, Natasha Recoder, Mohini D Bryant-Ekstrand, Brittany R Ligman, Juan Piantino, Miranda M Lim, Jonathan E Elliott","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70004","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jsr.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with comorbid rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and neurotrauma (NT; defined by traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder) have an earlier age of RBD symptom onset, increased RBD-related symptom severity and more neurological features indicative of prodromal synucleinopathy compared to RBD only. An early sign of neurodegenerative condition is autonomic dysfunction, which we sought to evaluate by examining heart rate variability during sleep. Participants with overnight polysomnography were recruited from the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System. Veterans without NT or RBD (controls, n = 19), with RBD only (RBD, n = 14), and with RBD and NT (RBD+NT, n = 19) were evaluated. Eligible 5-min non-REM (NREM) and REM epochs without apneas/hypopneas, microarousals, and ectopic beats were analysed for frequency and time domain (e.g., low-frequency [LF] power; high-frequency [HF] power; root mean square of successive R-R intervals [RMSSD]; percentage of R-R intervals that vary ≥50 ms [pNN50]) heart rate variability outcomes. Heart rate did not significantly differ between groups in any sleep stage. Time domain and frequency domain variables (e.g., LF power, HF power, RMSSD, and pNN50) were significantly reduced in the RBD+NT group compared to the controls and RBD-only group during NREM sleep. There were no group differences detected during REM sleep. These data suggest significant reductions in heart rate variability during NREM sleep in RBD+NT participants, suggesting greater autonomic dysfunction compared to controls or RBD alone. Heart rate variability during sleep may be an early, promising biomarker, yielding mechanistic insight for diagnosis and prognosis of early neurodegeneration in this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70004"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shared Determinants of Poor Sleep, Obesity and Adiposity in Adolescents Aged 8-18-Years: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Emma Louise Gale, Joanne Elizabeth Cecil, Andrew James Williams","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70029","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Relationships between multiple sleep outcomes, obesity and adiposity across childhood and adolescence have been previously reported. Health-promoting interventions to improve sleep and reduce adolescent obesity could target shared determinants of sleep and obesity. The aim of this systematic review was to systematically identify and examine research that investigated the shared determinants of poor sleep and increased adiposity or obesity in adolescents. A systematic literature search covering publications up to April 2024 was conducted across 10 bibliographic databases. Search terms included objective and subjective sleep/circadian rhythm measurements, objective adiposity measurements and adolescents aged 8-18 years. Eighty studies were included in the final review. Determinants were categorised into three different domains: socioenvironmental determinants, behavioural determinants and health determinants. Shared determinants of poor sleep and increased adiposity or obesity in adolescents aged 8-18 years included: socioenvironmental determinants (gender, ethnicity, pubertal status, academic attainment), behavioural determinants (timing of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), unhealthy diet choices and timing of consumption and screen time and videogaming quantity and timing) and health determinants (wellbeing). These findings suggest that sleep hygiene and the modifiable shared behavioural determinants should be targeted in health-promoting interventions, and statistical analyses should be adjusted for socioenvironmental determinants and wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70029"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bidirectional Predictors Between Neurobehavioural Measures During Total Sleep Deprivation and Baseline and Recovery Sleep Measures.","authors":"Lauren N Pasetes, Namni Goel","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For the first time, we examined bidirectional predictors between baseline night (B2) and recovery night 1 (R1) actigraphic sleep measures and neurobehavioural indices during total sleep deprivation (TSD) in a 5-day experiment with 32 healthy adults. During the B2 and R1 nights, wrist actigraphy assessed sleep indices. Neurobehavioural measures were collected during B2 daytime and TSD. Simple linear regression assessed bidirectional predictors between B2 and R1 night sleep measures and TSD neurobehavioural measures. We found greater B2 sleep efficiency predicted lower TSD Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) scores, and later B2 sleep onset and sleep midpoint predicted lower TSD Profile of Mood States Fatigue (POMS-F) scores. Overall, B2 sleep measures predicted 14.2%-17.2% of the variance in subjective sleepiness and fatigue measures during TSD. Better TSD Digit Symbol Substitution Test performance predicted shorter R1 sleep duration, longer sleep onset latency, and later sleep onset; and better TSD Digit Span Test performance predicted later sleep onset. Furthermore, greater TSD 10-min. Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) lapses predicted longer R1 sleep duration, lower sleep efficiency, greater wake after sleep onset, lower percent sleep, and later sleep offset. Overall, cognitive performance measures during TSD predicted 13.6%-29.9% of the variance in R1 sleep measures. Notably, females showed more significant predictive bidirectional relationships. Our novel findings demonstrate that baseline sleep measures predict subjective sleepiness and fatigue resilience during TSD, whereas cognitive performance resilience during TSD predicts subsequent recovery sleep measures. In summary, our results underscore predictors, mechanisms, and biomarkers between sleep health and individual differences in neurobehavioural performance during TSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sleep Opportunity, Need and Ability (SONA) Theory.","authors":"Hannah Scott, Michael Perlis","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>'How much sleep does one need?' is a critical question that has been difficult to answer. The long history of sleep research has culminated in population-derived normative values of 7 to 9 h of sleep per night to avoid dysfunction. Such a wide range is sufficiently large that one cannot know what is required for any given individual. 'Sleep need' cannot currently be directly measured, might not be represented by one number (given the multiple functions that sleep subserves), and likely varies from individual-to-individual and from day-to-day. This said, the concept should be embraced and can be considered alongside more easily operationalised and routinely measured constructs of 'sleep opportunity' (e.g., time in bed) and 'sleep ability' (i.e., the obtained sleep, such as sleep duration). Considering the dynamics of all three constructs together may drive greater understanding about sleep health, sleep insufficiency, and sleep disorder pathology. In this article, we describe a new theory called Sleep Opportunity, Need, and Ability and provide a rationale for why this theory has both theoretical and clinical value.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70030"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143567461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of an under-mattress sleep sensor versus polysomnography in > 400 nights with healthy and unhealthy sleep.","authors":"Jack Manners, Eva Kemps, Bastien Lechat, Peter Catcheside, Danny J Eckert, Hannah Scott","doi":"10.1111/jsr.14480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.14480","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Consumer sleep trackers provide useful insight into sleep. However, large-scale performance evaluation studies are needed to properly understand sleep tracker accuracy. This study evaluated performance of an under-mattress sensor to estimate sleep and wake versus polysomnography in a large sample, including individuals with and without sleep disorders and during day versus night sleep opportunities, across multiple in-laboratory studies. One-hundred and eighty-three participants (51%/49% male/female, mean [SD] age = 45 [18] years) attended the sleep laboratory for a research study including simultaneous polysomnography and under-mattress sensor (Withings Sleep Analyser) recordings. Epoch-by-epoch analyses determined accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the Withings Sleep Analyser versus polysomnography. Bland-Altman plots examined bias in sleep duration, efficiency, onset-latency, and wake after sleep onset. Overall Withings Sleep Analyser sleep-wake classification accuracy was 83%, sensitivity 95% and specificity 37%. The Withings Sleep Analyser significantly overestimated total sleep time (48 [81] min), sleep efficiency (9 [15]%) and sleep-onset latency (6 [26] min), and underestimated wake after sleep onset (54 [78] min). Accuracy and specificity were higher for night versus daytime sleep opportunities in healthy individuals (89% and 47% versus 82% and 26%, respectively, p < 0.05). Accuracy and sensitivity were also higher for healthy individuals (89% and 97%) versus those with sleep disorders (81% and 91%, p < 0.05). Withings Sleep Analyser performance is comparable to other consumer sleep trackers, with high sensitivity but poor specificity compared with polysomnography. Withings Sleep Analyser performance was reasonably stable, but more variable in daytime sleep opportunities and in people with a sleep disorder. Contactless, under-mattress sleep sensors show promise for accurate sleep monitoring, noting the tendency to over-estimate sleep particularly where wake time is high.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e14480"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearables as Translational Physiomarkers and Clinical Endpoints in Insomnia Research: Can Sleep Research Advance Psychiatry?","authors":"Victor I Spoormaker, Borbala Blaskovich","doi":"10.1111/jsr.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearables that integrate actigraphy and pulse photoplethysmography (ACT + PPG) could represent a promising advancement in insomnia research and clinical practice. This especially applies to assessing objective sleep for a longer period in the home environment, which is impractical with ambulatory polysomnography (PSG) whereas actigraphy alone struggles with detecting wake-after-sleep-onset, as one of the most important variables for insomnia research (on which further variables, such as sleep efficiency, depend). The addition of heart rate and heart rate variability data to actigraphy strongly enhances WASO detection, offering hope for objective WASO detection for insomnia. For further physiomarker development, several challenges of ACT + PPG need to be tackled. Current commercial solutions often rely on \"black-box\" algorithms trained on small, healthy samples, leading to inaccuracies in sleep-disordered populations. Moreover, the lack of access to raw data hinders validation and cross-study comparability. These and other issues are addressed in detail in this opinion paper in order to raise awareness and start a discussion about more reliable, objective sleep markers that could be readily used as objective clinical endpoints in clinical trials on cognitive-behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) or stress-related mental disorders and novel pharmacological compounds. The sleep research community has the opportunity to establish ACT + PPG as a gold standard of home based, longitudinal sleep monitoring, which has the potential to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, transforming clinical trials and improving psychiatric care.</p>","PeriodicalId":17057,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sleep Research","volume":" ","pages":"e70028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}