Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer最新文献

{"title":"Suitability of a group of spheroids with a lognormal shape distribution for modeling the scattering and polarimetric properties of irregular particles","authors":"Jie Luo ,&nbsp;Yangyang Ma ,&nbsp;Miao Hu ,&nbsp;Congcong Li ,&nbsp;Hongjin Li ,&nbsp;Xiulin Geng ,&nbsp;Meihua Bi ,&nbsp;Xuefang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109732","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109732","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The morphology of certain atmospheric particles, such as dust, is highly complex, yet remote sensing retrieval methods often employ simplified morphological representations. extensive research has demonstrated that particle morphology significantly influences optical properties, it remains uncertain whether a set of simple models can represent the optical properties of more complex particles. Based on scattering matrices of irregularly shaped model particle ensembles, we assume a lognormal distribution of aspect ratios and invert for the optimal spheroidal particle ensemble to evaluate its ability to replicate the optical and polarimetric properties of particles with more intricate and irregular morphologies. This work compares the performance of both the best-fit single spheroid and the best-fit spheroidal ensemble in simulating the scattering matrix of irregular particles. Our findings indicate that the suitability of the spheroidal-based simulation of the scattering matrix is significantly affected by different shapes. Additionally, the applicability of the spheroidal ensemble is investigated in the context of simulating satellite polarimetric observations, using a vector radiative transfer model with irregular particles as the reference. Results reveal that the normalized radiance simulated by the optimal spheroidal ensemble can deviate by approximately 6% from that of irregular particles, while differences in the polarized bidirectional reflectance factor (pBRF) and the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) range from –0.0015 to 0.0015 and –0.03 to 0.06, respectively. Moreover, the distribution of the best-fit aspect ratios for irregular particles of varying shapes is analyzed. This study provides valuable insights for employing simplified models to assess uncertainty sources in remote sensing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109732"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145447635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implementation of low stream interpolation technique to accelerate scattering calculations in the 4A/OP radiative transfer model","authors":"Bojan Sic ,&nbsp;Elsa Jacquette ,&nbsp;Denis Jouglet ,&nbsp;Pierre Lafrique ,&nbsp;Clemence Pierangelo ,&nbsp;Raymond Armante ,&nbsp;Olivier Lezeaux ,&nbsp;Mahmoud El Hajj","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Considering scattering in radiative transfer calculations often leads to extensively long computation times that can be prohibitive, especially in the operational context of satellite missions. Over time, numerous methods were developed to accelerate scattering calculations. In this paper, based and further built upon the work of O’Dell [1], we describe the implementation of the Low-Stream Interpolation acceleration technique in the 4A/OP radiative transfer model. The method’s acceleration relies on the execution of computationally expensive calculations only for representative points, which represent the regions in the gas absorption optical depth space called “bins”. For all other points the calculation is performed at a low accuracy and by subsequent interpolation. We have considered a number of method’s aspects, and introduced various modifications in order to optimise its accuracy and computation time. This includes: a) an extension of the method to Jacobians, b) modifications of bin and sub-bin divisions, c) implementation of automatic binning and its comparison to fixed bins, d) improvement of the computation of representative points, e) improvement of the definition of “significant scattering” used by the method, f) avoiding the redundancy of high-accuracy computation at large gas absorption optical depths, g) optimisations of the method computation domain size and h) evaluations of various possible accelerations of low-accuracy calculations. We applied the method on the MicroCarb O₂ and CO₂ bands in near-infrared and shortwave-infrared over a large variety of geophysical cases and discussed the impacts of the modifications and the overall performance. We confirmed that the Low-Stream Interpolation is a powerful technique to accelerate the scattering calculations and, in our model, it provided relative accuracies on polarised and unpolarised radiances and Jacobians lower than 0.05 % with acceleration of 10–50 times.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109734"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145423985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph-enhanced residual attention networks for high-resolution reconstruction in VSHDOM","authors":"Qianwen Wang,&nbsp;Sixu Pu,&nbsp;Ruoxi Peng,&nbsp;Biao Zhang,&nbsp;Jian Li,&nbsp;Chuanlong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Vector Spherical Harmonics Discrete Ordinate Method (VSHDOM) is an efficient deterministic solver for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer. However, it still suffers from significant computational time and memory demands when applied to high spatial resolution cloud fields. Hence, this study proposes a super-resolution reconstruction approach based on a Graph-Enhanced Residual Attention Network (GRAN). The key innovation of this method lies in its ability to directly reconstruct high-resolution outputs from the low-resolution results produced by VSHDOM, thereby generating images that are comparable to high-resolution reference solutions while avoiding the heavy computational cost associated with explicitly solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE) at high resolutions. Results show that a 3D flux field with a resolution of 37 × 37 × 26 can be super-resolved to 370 × 370 × 26 in only 0.39 s, with a reconstruction error of &lt;3.7 %. In contrast, a single VSHDOM iteration under the same computational setup takes approximately 12 min. Beyond RTE flux reconstruction, GRAN is also capable of performing super-resolution reconstruction for synthesized Stokes images, achieving a maximum absolute error of &lt;0.01 compared to the benchmark.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109754"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145536647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The HITRAN2024 methane update","authors":"T. Bertin ,&nbsp;I.E. Gordon ,&nbsp;R.J. Hargreaves ,&nbsp;J. Tennyson ,&nbsp;S.N. Yurchenko ,&nbsp;K. Kefala ,&nbsp;V. Boudon ,&nbsp;C. Richard ,&nbsp;A.V. Nikitin ,&nbsp;V.G. Tyuterev ,&nbsp;M. Rey ,&nbsp;M. Birk ,&nbsp;G. Wagner ,&nbsp;K. Sung ,&nbsp;B.P. Coy ,&nbsp;W. Broussard ,&nbsp;G.C. Toon ,&nbsp;A.A. Rodina ,&nbsp;E. Starikova ,&nbsp;A. Campargue ,&nbsp;G.B. Rieker","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spectroscopic parameters of methane from many different studies were gathered to improve the HITRAN database towards its 2024 version. After a validation process using high-resolution FTS and CRDS spectra, about 80,000 lines of the four most abundant isotopologues were replaced from the dyad to the triacontad regions. These changes amount to 51,000 transition wavenumbers, 18,000 line intensities, 33,000 pressure-broadening half-widths, and 3300 assignments. 44,000 new lines were added with 16,000 old lines removed, extending the database from 12,000 cm⁻¹ up to 14,000 cm⁻¹, and covering some gaps. A greater focus was brought on the pentad, octad, and tetradecad regions, targeted by several remote sensing instruments. In these regions, comparisons of spectral fits from multiple line lists were performed, taking only the parameters that provide best fit for each line. In the <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span> band, in addition to replacing the previous values, speed-independent pressure broadening parameters of ¹²CH₄ were gathered and used to fit Padé-approximant functions. These functions then replaced any outdated experimental data in <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>, missing data in the new lines, as well as the values that were determined to be outside their physical boundaries. The CH₃D broadening parameters were replaced in the same manner, for missing and low or high values, using a semi-empirical formula instead.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109736"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145461886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emulating non-gray gas radiative heat transfer in combustion scenarios by machine learning method","authors":"Yujia Sun ,&nbsp;Chenxin Lin ,&nbsp;Shu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109735","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109735","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal radiation plays an important role in combustion systems due to its significant effect on the energy evolution. Radiation modeling in combustion simulations needs expensive computational resources due to high complexity of the radiative transfer equation and highly variations of the spectral radiative properties. Traditional numerical methods for the radiation modeling have many simplified and approximated models, but they are still suffering from the irreconcilable conflict between the accuracy and efficiency. This work investigates the capability of machine learning for predicting radiative heat transfer in combustion scenarios. Two machine learning models, UNet model and Fourier network operator (FNO) model are designed to learn radiative heat transfer directly from the temperature and concentrations fields. Their performances are tested for a turbulent diffusion flame. Results show that both UNet and FNO performs well for emulating the radiative heat source for the considered flame, with relative errors generally smaller than 0.3 %. The two models have similar accuracies. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using UNet and FNO models as surrogate model for non-gray gas radiative heat transfer in combustion system, but they need further investigations for more complex combustion scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109735"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145435107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First high-resolution spectral study of the far infrared fundamental OH- torsional band of ethyl alcohol (CH3CH2OH), using synchrotron radiation","authors":"Indranath Mukhopadhyay","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the high-resolution far infrared (FIR) and infrared (IR) spectrum of ethyl alcohol has been recorded in the range 50–1200 cm^-1, with an excellent signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, using a synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform spectrometer. This spectrum, along with the spectrum obtained earlier with a conventional Fourier transform spectrometer in the range 15–350 cm^-1, has been utilized to assign many ∆<em>K</em>=±1 transitions from the trans- or anti and gauche-states in the ground state to connect the lowest lying state (o₂) for the first excited O<img>H torsional vibrational band. Since the transitions originating from the trans- states are the strongest mode, the terminating state is termed trans (anti) State (o₂). However, this state has odd parity. In addition, many millimeter (MMW) wave transitions have been measured elsewhere and assigned. The assignments have been rigorously confirmed using several complementary methods. An expanded appendix (Appendix-1) of about 8000 accurate wavenumbers of assigned transitions in the millimeter (MMW), FIR, and IR regions has been prepared and is being submitted as a depository. The assignments allowed indirect energy differences between the trans- and gauche states in the ground state, which are not otherwise obtainable via dipole selection rules. The accurate wavenumbers should help detect ethanol in interstellar space, particularly using the IR telescopes, and for further studies on intricate interactions between the various vibrational modes and rotation. This is the first time high-resolution studies have been performed in the elusive excited torsional state of ethyl alcohol. The reported transition wavenumber should have an uncertainty of less than ±0.0002 cm^-1</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"349 ","pages":"Article 109707"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145383148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of deterministic and stochastic methods for the subcritical linear Boltzmann equation: PN, double-PN and Monte Carlo frameworks","authors":"Frédéric Bernardin,&nbsp;Amine Ben Daoued,&nbsp;Pierre Duthon","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article evaluates and compares deterministic and stochastic numerical methods for solving the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE), with application to the modeling of light propagation in participating media such as fog—key challenges for automotive sensor performance in adverse weather. The study focuses on two deterministic frameworks: the 1D Double-PN method (DPN) and the 3D PN method under spherical symmetry with an isotropic point source. These are benchmarked against analytical solutions in isotropic and extreme scattering cases (purely forward/backward) to analyze convergence, numerical stability, and error behavior. In parallel, a probabilistic formulation of the RTE is introduced, and an explicit expression for the variance of the backward Monte Carlo method is derived, enabling rigorous assessment of stochastic simulations. Results show first-order convergence in space for the DPN method and convergence difficulties for the PN method for distances close to the point source and for strong forward or backward scattering. Furthermore, numerical simulations validate the analytical expressions of the backward Monte Carlo variances obtained in the 1D case under isotropic scattering. These findings provide essential tools for verifying Monte Carlo codes or other physically-based simulator, supporting virtual testing of autonomous driving systems under extreme weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 109711"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative infrared cross sections of vapor-phase perfluoroalkanoyl fluorides (C5 to C8)","authors":"Tracy J. Baker,&nbsp;Michael J. Wilhelm,&nbsp;Kendall D. Hughey,&nbsp;Kai-For Mo,&nbsp;Zoe M. Comstock,&nbsp;Timothy J. Johnson","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quantitative infrared absorption cross sections for a series of four vapor-phase perfluoroalkanoyl fluorides at 50 °C are reported for the first time, namely the C5 to C8 homologues, perfluoropentanoyl fluoride (PFPeF), perfluorohexanoyl fluoride (PFHxF), perfluoroheptanoyl fluoride (PFHpF), and perfluorooctanoyl fluoride (PFOF). The integrated band strengths of the C-F bands centered near 1250 cm^-1 increase with chain length and represent some of the strongest infrared band strengths reported to date for any species, approximately 7 × 10^–3 (1/ppm-m) (2.7 × 10^–16 cm/molecule) for the perfluorooctanoyl fluoride. The perfluoroalkanoyl fluorides are also analyzed and the results interpreted via molecular modeling at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level of theory. The DFT results revealed that while the data are indeed for pure species, the observed IR spectra need to be recognized as composite spectra of multiple conformers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 109715"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145396443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling raman scattering from combustion with PGOPHER","authors":"Joshua B. Sinrud ,&nbsp;Riley M. Jacobs ,&nbsp;Jeffrey C. Owrutsky ,&nbsp;Christopher B. Reuter","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although spontaneous Raman scattering is a widely used diagnostic technique for various combustion environments, very few openly accessible models exist that are capable of extracting species concentration and temperatures. The objective of this work is to bridge the gap between Placzek’s polarizability Raman theory and a computational framework useful for implementation in a broad range of Raman combustion experiments. The model outlined in this work was developed in PGOPHER which provides flexibility for adaptation with different wavelengths and the addition of virtually any molecule. To validate the technique and model, Raman scattering measurements from H₂/air flames stabilized on a Hencken burner were compared to synthetic spectra generated with PGOPHER. The mole fractions extracted from PGOHER data are within 5% of Cantera predictions for diatomic species. H₂O mole fractions predicted by the synthetic spectra also displayed good agreement with experimental measurements up to 2000 K, after which predicted concentrations started to deviate from the measurement. Temperatures extracted for rich equivalence ratio H₂-air flames using H₂ rotational lines are within 7% of predicted temperatures. For conditions where H₂ lines cannot be detected, H₂O thermometry is proposed as an alternative technique which allows the retention of all species information in a single acquisition. Ultimately, this work establishes a robust spectroscopic model incorporated in a flexible computational framework for modeling gas-phase Raman scattering and can be applied to a broad range of combustion environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 109698"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convergence of the Monte Carlo method in calculating the normal spectral albedo of optically thick snow and cloudy ice","authors":"Leonid A. Dombrovsky ,&nbsp;Jixun Sun ,&nbsp;Junming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109709","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jqsrt.2025.109709","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Monte Carlo (MC) method is often used to obtain a benchmark numerical solution for radiative transfer problems that can also be solved using approximate methods. The present study is based on accurate analytical solutions for the spectral normal albedo of optically thick snow cover and light-scattering ice sheets. These analytical solutions are used to study the convergence of the MC simulation to the analytical solutions as the number of stochastic rays increases. This is a rare and unusual problem statement. One might expect that the numerical procedure would converge slowly in the visible spectral range, where the absorption of radiation by snow and cloudy ice is very low compared to scattering. This is a typical effect of the “scattering order problem” known in astrophysics. However, this does not apply to the integral characteristics of the radiation field, such as the normal-hemispherical reflectance (normal albedo) of scattering media. The calculations demonstrate good convergence of the Monte Carlo simulation to accurate values of the normal albedo in both the visible and infrared spectral ranges, which are important for solving geophysical problems. At the same time, a more sophisticated physical model based on differential approximations for the diffuse component of radiation intensity is preferable for both snow cover and cloudy ice layers. The results obtained are expected to be useful for selecting a method for radiative transfer calculations in diverse natural or artificial media of relatively strong scattering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16935,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer","volume":"348 ","pages":"Article 109709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145363889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}