Journal of Radiation Research最新文献

{"title":"Features of internal absorbed dose microdistribution in biological tissue irradiated by 31SiO2 microparticles compared with dose microdistribution from exposure to 56MnO2 particles.","authors":"Valeriy Stepanenko, Andrey Kaprin, Sergey Ivanov, Peter Shegay, Viktoria Bogacheva, Sergey Shinkarev, Hitoshi Sato, Noriyuki Kawano, Megu Ohtaki, Nariaki Fujimoto, Satoru Endo, Aya Sakaguchi, Evgenia Ostroumova, Kassym Zhumadilov, Almagul Kushugulova, Masaharu Hoshi","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae096","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiobiological studies are ongoing to understand the consequences of internal exposure to neutron-activated radioactive microparticles, which were sprayed over experimental rats and mice. Special attention in these experiments is given to internal irradiation with radioactive microparticles with short-lived neutron-activated radionuclides 31Si (T1/2 = 2.62 h) and 56Mn (T1/2 = 2.58 h), which are among the main dose-forming factors from residual radioactivity activated in soils by neutrons in the first hours after atmospheric nuclear explosions. The presented work is devoted to microdosimetry peculiarities of 31SiO2 and 56MnO2 microparticles. The radiation from 31Si consists of intensive short-range beta particles and gamma rays with very low intensity. It differs from the radiation of 56Mn, which includes intensive beta particles, low energy Auger electrons and very intensive gamma rays. Differences in the energies and intensities of short-range beta particles and penetrating gamma rays emitted by 31SiO2 and 56MnO2 microparticles can lead to differences in the spatial microdistribution of absorbed dose around the corresponding radioactive microparticles embedded in biological tissue. It was found in the presented work that the absorbed doses of beta radiation emitted by 56MnO2 and 31SiO2 microparticles has significant but different spatial gradients with distances in biological tissue that correspond to the typical thickness of epithelial cells of lungs' alveoli and bronchioles. The results obtained are necessary for a better understanding of radiobiological effects of internal exposure by radioactive microparticles with 56Mn and 31Si observed in framework of performed and ongoing radiobiological studies with experimental animals-rats and mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"16-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142854555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization and regional disparities of radiotherapy in cancer treatment in Japan: a longitudinal study using NDB open data.","authors":"Kazuya Takeda, Rei Umezawa, Takaya Yamamoto, Noriyoshi Takahashi, Hiroshi Onishi, Keiichi Jingu","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae100","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB) is a database that stores anonymized information on medical receipts and health checkups in Japan. The NDB Open Data is a publicly accessible summary table of the NDB database. To reveal annual trends and regional disparities in radiotherapy utilization in Japan, we analyzed the NDB Open Data tables for a 9-year period from 2014 to 2022. We extracted medical cost codes for radiotherapy management fees and specific types of radiotherapy, such as stereotactic irradiation (STI) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), to analyze nationwide changes over time. To investigate regional disparities, we counted the three subitems representing 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), IMRT, and STI for each prefecture per year. The utilization of advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as IMRT (199% increase), increased, while the use of simpler forms of irradiation, such as 1 or 2-opposite fields irradiation (40% decrease), decreased in the period from 2014 to 2022. Regarding regional disparities, the coefficients of variation in 47 prefectures for 3D-CRT remained relatively stable at 0.17 in 2014 and 0.18 in 2022, while the coefficients of variation for IMRT and STI decreased from 0.64 and 0.39 in 2014 to 0.31 and 0.36 in 2022, respectively. The popularization of IMRT was correlated with the number of certified radiation oncologists in the prefecture. In conclusion, although the utilization of high-precision radiotherapy in Japan has been increasing and regional differences have been diminishing, there are still persistent disparities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"82-88"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753831/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical workload profile of medical physics professionals at particle therapy Centers: a National Survey in Japan.","authors":"Seiichi Ota, Keisuke Yasui, Toshiyuki Ogata, Yutaro Mori, Teiji Nishio, Naoki Tohyama, Hiroyuki Okamoto, Masahiko Kurooka, Kohei Shimomura, Toru Kojima, Hiroshi Onishi","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae092","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current research on staffing models is primarily focused on conventional external photon beam therapy, which predominantly involves using linear accelerators. This emphasizes the need for comprehensive studies to understand better and define specific particle therapy facilities' staffing requirements. In a 2022 survey of 25 particle therapy facilities in Japan with an 84% response rate, significant insights were obtained regarding workload distribution, defined as the product of personnel count and task time (person-minutes), for patient-related tasks and equipment quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC). The survey revealed that machinery QA/QC tasks were particularly demanding, with an average monthly workload of 376.9 min and weekly tasks averaging 162.1 min. In comparison, patient-related workloads focused on treatment planning, exhibiting substantial time commitments, particularly for scanning and passive scattering techniques. The average workloads for treatment planning per patient were 291.3 and 195.4 min, respectively. In addition, specific patient scenarios such as pre-treatment sedation in pediatric cases require longer durations (averaging 84.5 min), which likely include the workloads of not only the physician responsible for sedation but also the radiotherapy technology and medical physics specialists providing support during sedation and the nursing staff involved in sedation care. These findings underscore the significant time investments required for machinery QA/QC and patient-specific treatment planning in particle therapy facilities, along with the need for specialized care procedures in pediatric cases. The results of this survey also emphasized the challenges and staffing requirements to ensure QA/QC in high-precision medical environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"52-64"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends in single-fraction palliative radiotherapy across the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: a nationwide claims study.","authors":"Yutaro Koide, Takahiro Aoyama, Masamune Noguchi, Yurika Shindo, Tomoki Kitagawa, Hidetoshi Shimizu, Shingo Hashimoto, Hiroyuki Tachibana, Takeshi Kodaira","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rraf001","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rraf001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate the recent trends in single-fraction conventional radiotherapy (CRT) as palliative treatment in Japan, using data from the National Database published by the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. Data from fiscal year (FY) 2014 to FY2022, specifically related to the utilization of single-fraction CRT, were analyzed. Multi-fraction CRT, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and brachytherapy were excluded. The primary outcome was the cumulative and annual number of single-fraction CRT courses. Additionally, quarterly course data from FY2019 to FY2022, the period for which monthly data were available, were assessed to evaluate the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on single-fraction CRT utilization. Of the total 2 315 607 radiotherapy courses, we identified 33 221 single-fraction CRT courses after excluding multi-fraction CRT (n = 1 835 650), SBRT (n = 33 935), IMRT (n = 332 827), and brachytherapy (n = 113 195). The annual number of single-fraction CRT courses increased from 1730 in FY2014 to 5642 in FY2022, with an average annual growth rate of 0.28 (range: -0.07 to 0.65). Outpatient courses significantly increased, particularly from FY2019 onward, surpassing inpatient courses in FY2022 (2914 vs 2728). The highest annual increase was observed in FY2020, particularly from April to December, although this upward trend did not persist in 2021. In conclusion, single-fraction CRT has exhibited a consistent upward trend, highlighting its expanding role in palliative radiotherapy. Although the COVID-19 pandemic temporarily accelerated this trend, its impact has already subsided, with growth rates returning to pre-pandemic levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"89-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142983785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis for multi adverse events of proton beam therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma in Japan.","authors":"Takaaki Yoshimura, Yasuhiro Morii, Honoka Tamori, Ryuki Kita, Takayuki Hashimoto, Hidefumi Aoyama, Katsuhiko Ogasawara","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae086","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Medulloblastomas are one of the most common malignant cancers of the central nervous system in children. Proton beam therapy (PBT) is expected to provide equivalent tumor control to photon therapy while reducing the various adverse events caused by irradiation. Few studies have considered the cost-effectiveness of PBT for pediatric medulloblastoma, considering the multiple adverse effects and reflecting on the latest treatment advancements. A cost-utility analysis of PBT for pediatric medulloblastoma was conducted in a Japanese setting and compared to conventional photon therapy. The analysis was conducted from the public healthcare payer's perspective, and direct costs for the treatment of radiation therapy and radiation-induced adverse events were included. A Markov model was used, and the health states of secondary cancer, hypothyroidism and hearing loss were defined as adverse events. The time horizon was the lifetime. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was used as a measurement of cost-effectiveness, with quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) used as an outcome. The costs were estimated from the national fee schedule, and the utility and transition probabilities were estimated from published literature. PBT incurred an additional 1387116 Japanese yen (JPY) and 1.56 QALYs to the comparator. The ICER was JPY 887053/QALY, indicating that PBT was cost-effective, based on the reference value of JPY 5 million/QALY used in the Japanese cost-effectiveness analysis. Deterministic sensitivity analysis showed that the ICER ranged from JPY 284782/QALY to JPY 1918603/QALY as a result of deterministic sensitivity analysis, and probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that PBT was cost-effective, with a probability of 91.7%.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142676002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) carbon ion irradiation inhibited immune suppressive protein expression on Pan02 cell line.","authors":"Shohei Katsuki, Kazumasa Minami, Karin Oniwa, Masashi Yagi, Shinichi Shimizu, Noriaki Hamatani, Masaaki Takashina, Tatsuaki Kanai, Kazuhiko Ogawa","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae091","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, ultra-high dose rate (> 40 Gy/s, uHDR; FLASH) radiation therapy (RT) has attracted interest, because the FLASH effect that is, while a cell-killing effect on cancer cells remains, the damage to normal tissue could be spared has been reported. This study aimed to compare the immune-related protein expression on cancer cells after γ-ray, conventionally used dose rate (Conv) carbon ion (C-ion), and uHDR C-ion. B16F10 murine melanoma and Pan02 murine pancreas cancer were irradiated with γ-ray at Osaka University and with C-ion at Osaka HIMAK. The dose rates at 1.16 Gy/s for Conv and 380 Gy/s for uHDR irradiation. The expressed calreticulin (CRT), major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)-I, and programmed cell death 1 ligand (PD-L1) were evaluated by flow cytometry. Western blotting and PCR were utilized to evaluate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, DNA damage, and its repair pathway. CRT, MHC-I on B16F10 was also increased by irradiation, while only C-ion increased MHC-I on Pan02. Notably, PD-L1 on B16F10 was increased after irradiation with both γ-ray and C-ion, while uHDR C-ion suppressed the expression of PD-L1 on Pan02. The present study indicated that uHDR C-ion has a different impact on the repair pathway of DNA damage and ER than the Conv C-ion. This is the first study to show the immune-related protein expressions on cancer cells after uHDR C-ion irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":" ","pages":"97-102"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11753840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Segmentation of the general public according to differences in knowledge and beliefs about radiation-cluster analysis by attitude, knowledge, belief and anxiety.","authors":"Kei Hirai, Asayo Yamamura, Yuko Matsumura, Asako Miura, Ekou Yagi, Ryohei Fujino, Masaharu Tsubokura, Fumio Ohtaka","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae030","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, public behaviors have been marked by excessive avoidance and stigma, driven by fear and uncertainty regarding radiation exposure and its health implications. Despite extensive media dissemination of information on radiation, the precise nature of the public's knowledge, beliefs and the resultant behavioral responses remain unclear. This study aimed to segment the population based on their attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and anxiety levels about radiation, correlating these factors with their cognitive and behavioral responses to radiation exposure. Surveying 2400 individuals, we identified seven distinct segments that illustrated a spectrum of health concerns, even among those well-informed about radiation. Notably, individuals with higher health anxiety were found to reject discriminatory prejudices linked to radiation, yet they tended to distrust official information, potentially as a psychological mechanism to justify their avoidance behaviors. These findings underscore the need for tailored communication strategies that address the complex landscape of radiation-related perceptions and misinformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":"65 Supplement_1","pages":"i42-i51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647920/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of optical techniques to evaluate the ionizing radiation effects on biological specimens.","authors":"Hideaki Fujita, Tomonobu M Watanabe","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae016","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation induces various changes in biological specimens; however, the evaluation of these changes is usually complicated and can be achieved only through investment in time and labor. Optical methods reduce the cost of such evaluations as they require less pretreatment of the sample, are adaptable to high-throughput screening and are easy to automate. Optical methods are also advantageous, owing to their real-time and onsite evaluation capabilities. Here, we discuss three optical technologies to evaluate the effects of radiation on biological samples: single-molecule tracking microscopy to evaluate the changes in the physical properties of DNA, Raman spectral microscopy for dosimetry using human hair and second-harmonic generation microscopy to evaluate the effect of radiation on the differentiation of stem cells. These technologies can also be combined for more detailed information and are applicable to other biological samples. Although optical methods are not commonly used to evaluate the effects of radiation, advances in this technology may facilitate the easy and rapid assessment of radiation effects on biological samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":"65 Supplement_1","pages":"i117-i125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647921/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA double-strand break repair capacity and normal tissue toxicity induced by radiotherapy.","authors":"Ikuno Nishibuchi, Satoshi Tashiro","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae081","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation therapy is used in the treatment of various cancers, and advancements in irradiation techniques have further expanded its applicability. For radiation oncologists, predicting adverse events remains a critical challenge, even with these technological advancements. Although numerous studies have been conducted to predict individual radiosensitivity, no biomarkers have been clinically applied thus far. This review focuses on γ-H2AX foci and chromosomal aberrations, providing an overview of their association with normal tissue toxicities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":"65 Supplement_1","pages":"i52-i56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647926/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population shifts during the reconstruction period in areas marked as evacuation zones after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident: a mobile spatial statistics data-based time-series clustering analysis.","authors":"Toshiki Abe, Hiroki Yoshimura, Hiroaki Saito, Michio Murakami, Asaka Higuchi, Nobuaki Moriyama, Isamu Amir, Naomi Ito, Akihiko Ozaki, Toyoaki Sawano, Chika Yamamoto, Tianchen Zhao, Masaharu Tsubokura","doi":"10.1093/jrr/rrae024","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jrr/rrae024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An accurate understanding of the population is essential for the development of medical care and social resources. However, the development of transportation networks has increased temporal and spatial fluctuations in the population, making it difficult to accurately forecast medical care demand, especially during disaster recovery. This study examined the population movement in areas affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident using demographic data. The target area includes two cities, seven towns, and three villages that are in the evacuation zone. Using a population estimation that reflects changes in population by time of day, which was obtained from a mobile phone company (NTT DOCOMO), we applied clustering analysis to examine the population dynamics over a 4-year period. From 2019 to 2022, the population increased in eight areas and decreased in four areas. The population was further classified into five groups, identifying the unique characteristics and fluctuations of each group. Different regions had different percentages of groups reflecting the characteristics of their populations. The differences among the regions and demographic transition showed the potential to understand the challenges of recovery and to use the data to inform healthcare planning and social policies. This method, which utilizes estimated population data, is also applicable to the study of medical resources and social policies in the event of future disasters and may be useful in analyzing regional characteristics in detail.</p>","PeriodicalId":16922,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Radiation Research","volume":"65 Supplement_1","pages":"i106-i116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647923/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142829124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}