Journal of Phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"Physiological Responses of Maize Leaves Exposed to Ethylene and Infected by Exserohilum turcicum","authors":"Lillian Matias Oliveira,&nbsp;Andersom Milech Einhardt,&nbsp;Bianca Apolônio Fontes,&nbsp;Luiz Felipe Castro Carmo Pinto,&nbsp;Dimas Mendes Ribeiro,&nbsp;João Américo Wordell Filho,&nbsp;Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues","doi":"10.1111/jph.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The hormone ethylene (ET) plays multiple roles in plant growth and development. However, its involvement in the maize–<i>Exserohilum turcicum</i> interaction must be better elucidated. This study investigated the role of ET in the infection process of <i>E. turcicum</i> on maize leaves at the physiological (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll <i>a</i> fluorescence parameters and concentrations of photosynthetic pigments) and biochemical [concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion radical] levels. Plants were sprayed with water (control), ET or aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) (an inhibitor of ET production) and challenged or not with <i>E. turcicum</i>. ET was not detected in the infected leaves of ET- or AOA-sprayed plants compared to noninfected leaves exposed to ET. The symptoms of northern corn leaf blight were very well developed in the leaves of ET-sprayed plants. Moreover, the greatest disease severity was closely associated with higher concentrations of MDA and H₂O₂ in the leaf tissues, indicating intense lipid peroxidation. On top of that, the photosynthetic apparatus was significantly impaired considering the lower values for net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximal photosystem II quantum yield. In conclusion, the exogenous supply of ET to maize leaves was of pivotal importance in favouring the infection process of <i>E. turcicum</i> in maize leaves.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Plant Disease Management: An Agro-Innovative Approach","authors":"Kritika Minhans,&nbsp;Sushma Sharma,&nbsp;Imran Sheikh,&nbsp;Saleh S. Alhewairini,&nbsp;Riyaz Sayyed","doi":"10.1111/jph.70084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in agriculture leads to intelligent operational systems for immediate field management needs. Modifications in AI, specifically regarding plant disease the detection have turned this technology into a revolutionary instrument that modern agriculture depends on. The growing human population requires smart farming technology for boosting efficiency in crop cultivation since conventional expansion of agricultural land is no longer feasible. The combination of constrained land sizes with labour scarcity and environmental issues affecting soil productivity along with limited production results lead to technology adoption becoming needed. Imported through AI, precision farming provides maximum efficiency in productivity by performing instantaneous property assessments to achieve superior crop protection and leadership decisions and disease management. Agricultural automation enables higher efficiency through IoT because it reduces human interaction. Disease diagnosis by AI-based systems with machine learning and computer vision facilitates early detection, enabling automated monitoring and decision systems that enable optimisation of the use of resources and losses in agricultural products. The implementation of AI technology faces drawbacks from limited availability of data, and difficulty in understanding models, and difficulties with technology deployment in basic facilities. The integration of AI-based tools also requires farmers to acquire technical expertise because existing farmer-centric systems do not exist for them to use. The complete agricultural transformation and global food security need the removal of these important barriers that limit AI application.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preconditioning Hormesis of the Fungicide Dimethachlone on Mycelial Growth and Aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","authors":"Wanjun Chen,&nbsp;Pengju Wang,&nbsp;Fuxing Zhu","doi":"10.1111/jph.70090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70090","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Preconditioning hormesis refers to the phenomenon that early exposure (preconditioning) to low doses of a toxicant may reduce the potency of the subsequent high doses of the same toxicant. This paper investigated the preconditioning hormetic effects of the dicarboximide fungicide dimethachlone on mycelial growth and aggressiveness of the necrotrophic phytopathogen <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>. <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with different doses of dimethachlone. After the preconditioned mycelia were transferred onto PDA amended with a highly challenging concentration of dimethachlone, significant stimulation of mycelial growth was detected. The aggressiveness of the preconditioned mycelia to rapeseed leaves sprayed with a high concentration of dimethachlone was also enhanced, and the maximum stimulation magnitude for lesion size averaged 19.1% for the six isolates tested. Mycelia with the maximum stimulation in the preconditioning treatment were transferred onto PDA amended with challenging concentrations of dimethachlone, and mycelial growth of the second generation displayed a similar stimulation magnitude of around 10% for different challenging concentrations of dimethachlone. After dimethachlone-preconditioned mycelia were subjected to similar in vitro and in vivo tests with high concentrations of challenging iprodione, carbendazim, and boscalid, only iprodione induced significant growth and aggressiveness stimulations. These results indicate that preconditioning hormesis could occur for fungicides with the same mode of action. For <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> mycelia preconditioned with dimethachlone, control efficacies of dimethachlone and iprodione were reduced slightly, whereas no decreases in control efficacies were found for carbendazim and boscalid.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Blast Disease on Hymenachne amplexicaulis Caused by Pyricularia oryzae in Argentina","authors":"Lisandro Martín Bastida,&nbsp;Susana Alejandra Gutiérrez,&nbsp;Gustavo Bich,&nbsp;María Lorena Castrillo,&nbsp;Marcelo Aníbal Carmona,&nbsp;Lourdes Cardozo Téllez,&nbsp;Alice Rocío Chávez","doi":"10.1111/jph.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 2022, blast-like symptoms were observed on <i>Hymenachne amplexicaulis</i> plants in Argentina. The causal agent was identified as <i>Pyricularia oryzae</i> based on its cultural and morphometric characteristics, sequencing of the ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 region, phylogenetic analysis, and PCR amplification of the Pot2 transposon marker. Koch's postulates were fulfilled through pathogenicity tests on both <i>H. amplexicaulis</i> and <i>Oryza sativa</i> cv. Guri INTA CL, placing the isolate within a clade that includes <i>P. oryzae</i> strains known to infect <i>Oryza</i> spp. The ITS sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession number OR741771. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report worldwide of <i>H. amplexicaulis</i> serving as a host for <i>P. oryzae</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhizospheric Bacteria: Promising Candidates for Biocontrol of Apple Trunk Pathogens","authors":"Khadija Goura,&nbsp;Nabila El Alami,&nbsp;Salah-Eddine Laasli,&nbsp;Rachid Lahlali,&nbsp;Abdessalem Tahiri","doi":"10.1111/jph.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Biocontrol provides a compelling alternative to fungicide applications for plant disease management. In the present study, bacteria from the rhizosphere of different fruit trees in Morocco were tested for their potential to inhibit causal agents of trunk diseases in apple trees, including <i>Lasiodiplodia theobromae</i>, <i>Diaporthe eres</i>, <i>Neopestalotiopsis rosae</i> and <i>Diplodia seriata.</i> These pathogens pose a considerable threat to worldwide apple production. Fifteen rhizobacterial isolates demonstrated notable antifungal activity against the tested fungal pathogens in vitro. Sequencing analysis classified these isolates into three bacterial genera: <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Stenotrophomonas</i> and <i>Alcaligenes.</i> In vitro experiments demonstrated that <i>Bacillus</i> species were the most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the aforementioned pathogens. For instance, <i>B. subtilis</i> PH31Z8 was highly effective against <i>D. seriata</i> (94.22% growth inhibition after 3 days), <i>B. amyloliquofaciens</i> PH34Z5 showed strong antagonistic activity against <i>L. theobromae</i> (94.12% inhibition) and <i>D. eres</i> (93.10%), whereas <i>B. tequilensis</i> AH31Z6 demonstrated notable efficacy against <i>N. rosae</i> (74.66%). Most of these bacterial strains secreted hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade fungal cell walls. In plant growth promotion assays with <i>Brassica napus</i> seedlings, the selected bacteria, particularly strains PH1Z8 and PM6Z12, enhanced plant growth compared with the negative controls. Experiments under glasshouse conditions revealed limited effectiveness of the antagonistic bacteria in reducing infections on apple plants, except for <i>D. seriata</i> treated with <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> PH34Z5, <i>B. subtilis</i> PH31Z8 and <i>B. siamensis</i> PC4Z9, which showed notable results. This study provides essential groundwork for advancing research on the biological control of apple canker diseases.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144219920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Leaf Blight on Aesculus chinensis in China","authors":"Cuicui Wang,&nbsp;Lina Liu,&nbsp;Yongguang Liu,&nbsp;Zihao Wu,&nbsp;Chao Li,&nbsp;Haoqin Pan","doi":"10.1111/jph.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In July 2024, a leaf blight disease was observed on <i>Aesculus chinensis</i> plants in Shandong Province, China. The disease presented as brown lesions progressing to light brown. The morphological features of colonies and conidia observed on PDA medium were consistent with those of <i>Botryosphaeria dothidea</i>. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on <i>A. chinensis</i> leaves using both greenhouse-grown seedlings and field-grown mature trees through a wound inoculation method. Brown lesions developed on the inoculated leaves of both seedlings and mature trees, whereas no symptoms appeared on the control leaves. The ITS, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (<i>TEF1</i>) and β-tubulin (<i>TUB</i>) regions from the isolates were amplified and sequenced. BLAST analysis of these three genes revealed 99.61%–100.00% identity with the corresponding sequences of <i>B. dothidea</i> ex-epitype strain (CBS 115476) available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed the identification of the pathogen as <i>B. dothidea</i>. This study represents the first report of <i>B. dothidea</i> causing leaf blight disease on <i>A. chinensis</i> in China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144197061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Strawberry Disease Associated With Leaf Spot, Crown Rot, and Root Rot Caused by Neopestalotiopsis rosae in Italy","authors":"Stefania Mirela Mang,&nbsp;Ippolito Camele,&nbsp;Carmine Palmieri,&nbsp;Carmine Marcone","doi":"10.1111/jph.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the spring of 2023 in Eboli and Caserta (Campania, southern Italy), strawberry plants (var. Marimbella) grown in organic open fields showed an outbreak of a severe and unprecedented decline (disease incidence reaching &gt; 80%) associated with root rot, crown rot, and leaf spot and closely resembling symptoms reported previously in other countries for <i>Neopestalotiopsis</i> spp. infection. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the aim of determining the aetiology of this serious disease. Fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic strawberry plants and investigated in detail for molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted by amplifying and sequencing three DNA barcodes: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, the β-tubulin (<i>tub2</i>) partial gene, and the translation elongation factor 1α (<i>tef1</i>) partial gene. Symptoms observed in the field were replicated in pathogenicity tests, conducted by inoculating strawberry (var. Marimbella) leaves, fruits and plants, thus satisfying Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analyses identified the causal agent as <i>Neopestalotiopsis rosae</i>. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the emerging and serious fungal pathogen <i>N</i>. <i>rosae</i> infecting strawberry in Italy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jph.70071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144135547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Sophora alopecuroides in China","authors":"Yufei Gou,&nbsp;Manmei Wu,&nbsp;Hong Zhang,&nbsp;Shuhua Wei,&nbsp;Jianli Liu","doi":"10.1111/jph.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Sophora alopecuroides</i> is a medicinal herb with high alkaloid content that is crucial in sand fixation in northwest China. In September 2023, a leaf spot disease was detected on wild <i>S. alopecuroides</i> growing in semi-arid steppe in Yanchi county (Ningxia, China). Based on morphological features and <i>tef1</i>, <i>gapdh</i> and <i>rpb2</i> sequence analysis, the representative isolates obtained from the leaf spots (H3 and H4) were identified as <i>Alternaria alternata</i>. Koch's postulates for pathogenicity tests were completed on <i>S. alopecuroides</i> seedlings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>A. alternata</i> causing leaf spot on <i>S. alopecuroides</i> in China.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malate Synthase Gene Regulates Vegetative Growth, Spore Germination, Toxin Production, Pathogenicity and Sensitivity to Fungicides in Fusarium graminearum","authors":"Tongyu Hao,&nbsp;Huiming Li,&nbsp;Xuelian Duan,&nbsp;Yikai Zhang,&nbsp;Jia Jiang,&nbsp;Le Qian,&nbsp;Shengming Liu","doi":"10.1111/jph.70081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Fusarium graminearum</i> is a fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat. The glyoxylate cycle serves as an essential complement to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, critically regulating cellular energy homeostasis and fungal virulence biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the biological functions of glyoxylate cycle-related genes and their regulatory mechanisms in <i>F. graminearum</i> pathogenesis require systematic characterisation. The <i>FgMS</i> knockout mutant <i>ΔFgMS</i> and complemented strain <i>ΔFgMS-C</i> were generated from wild-type <i>F. graminearum</i> strain AY1801 using targeted gene replacement. Compared with AY1801 and <i>ΔFgMS-C</i>, several significant defects were observed in <i>ΔFgMS</i>, which include a reduced growth rate, decreased sporulation, weakened spore germination, diminished virulence, lower toxin production, increased sensitivity to cell wall stress, and reduced sensitivity to carbendazim, pydiflumetofen, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and phenamacril. The dynamic <i>FgMS</i> expression patterns during distinct developmental stages and infection phases were determined by qRT-PCR. <i>FgMS</i> was expressed at a high level during the spore stage. In addition, its expression level increased rapidly as the infection progressed. These findings demonstrate that <i>FgMS</i> is indispensable for vegetative growth, spore formation and germination, virulence and toxin production in <i>F. graminearum</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LCNFN: LeNet-Cascade Neuro-Fuzzy Network for Grape Leaf Disease Segmentation and Multi-Classification","authors":"Gopinath Selvaraj,&nbsp;Smitha Vas Puthenkaleelkal,&nbsp;Parivazhagan Alaguchamy,&nbsp;S. Thiru Nirai Senthil","doi":"10.1111/jph.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Grapes are the most productive fruit; however, they are at risk for a greater number of diseases. Grapes are one of the finest popular fruits and prime things for wine production; consequently, their relent and grape quality are of extensive monetary value. Nevertheless, the grape leaves are vulnerable to several diseases, which are affected by weather conditions and their atmosphere, and they are majorly affected by fungi, viruses and bacteria. Moreover, diverse conventional approaches have neglected to classify grape leaf disease. To subdue this gap, an effectual module is presented for the multi-classification of grape leaf disease utilising the LeNet-Cascade Neuro-Fuzzy Network (LCNFN). The original image of the grape leaf is filtered by applying a Laplacian filter and region of interest (ROI) extraction. The black spot segmentation is performed by Black Hole Entropic Fuzzy Clustering (BHEFC), and then feature extraction is progressed. Thus, multi-classification is performed with LCNFN, which is classified into Isariopsis leaf spot, black spot, black measles and healthy. The measures used for LCNFN are accuracy, sensitivity and specified observed 89.6%, 91% and 91.2%, respectively.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"173 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144100655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}