Central European Papers最新文献

{"title":"Regulation of special legal order in Hungary - Constitutional options in the shadow of the COVID crisis -","authors":"István Simicskó","doi":"10.25142/cep.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"States often try to find a way of dealing with social problems and crises by legal institutions. The regulations of special legal order occupy a unique place among the general constitutional rules of the Hungarian legal order. The need of introducing special legal order means that Hungary is in a situation which requires special legal instruments from the state in order to return to the normal operation of the country determined by the normal legal order as soon as possible. The fact that the freely elected legislative power, the National Assembly determines the content and form of the cases when a deviation becomes possible from the general rules is an important pillar of the stability of the democratic state. Based on the principle of proportionality, there are different types of special legal order, consequently the concentration of power is possible only when it is absolute necessary to deal with the situation. Finding the balance between efficiency and the risk of abuse is very important. So special legal order is always temporary and ultimate, which can be applied as an ultima ratio of the legislation in the times of need, but only if their every constitutional conditions are met. Potential threats change constantly, so the regulations of special legal order also need to be updated from time to time.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127710280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defensive Measures Adopted by Czechoslovak Authorities in Reaction to Danger Posed by Nazi Germany during Years 1935 - 1937","authors":"Soňa Gabzdilová, M. Olejník","doi":"10.25142/cep.2020.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2020.005","url":null,"abstract":"Submitted paper is mapping measures enacted by Czechoslovak government during period of years 1934–1937 as a reaction to aggressive policy of Nazi Germany. Attention is given to proceedings aimed at increase of fighting ability of Czechoslovak Army such as field military exercises improvement of organization structure and elaboration of defensive operations in response to possible German attack. Focus is placed on defense construction works protecting boundaries, namely along western region of state. The paper is endeavoring to provide, in a concise fashion, a picture of struggle of Czechoslovak political leaders and military to prepare CSR to be able to cope with threat of German aggression and role of Czech and Slovak periodical press to inform public about dramatic political development during years 1935–1937. Attention is given to endeavors of periodical press in creation of confidence in Czechoslovak Republic ability to withstand danger of aggression from Nazi Germany.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126734184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"University education and Hungarian minority in Slovakia 1918-1938","authors":"Soňa Gabzdilová","doi":"10.25142/cep.2019.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2019.007","url":null,"abstract":"The paper is devoted to education issues of young generation of Hungarian minority at universities in Czechoslovak Republic in their mother tongue. The situation in years 1918– 1922 is analyzed, when students of Hungarian nationality were fi nishing university studies of law in Hungarian language in Bratislava and in Košice. Paper analyses with obstacles which they were encountering. Hungarian students, interested to acquire university education in their native language were attending universities in Hungary, namely in Budapest. Analyzed is also a measure of Ministry of Schools adopted in year 1928, which annulled validation of diplomas issued by Hungarian universities. Consequently, identical measure was adopted by Hungarian authorities. Paper is also pointing to a moderate increase of Hungarian university students in Czechland and Slovakia, which, however, was in monitored period not higher than 5 % and to negative reaction of Hungarian students that there was no university in Czechoslovakia offering education in Hungarian language.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127569070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Border Barrier- A Hungarian Solution","authors":"Gabriella Kakuk","doi":"10.25142/cep.2019.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2019.008","url":null,"abstract":"The growing mass of migrants arriving of the European Union at the area from the year 2015 had imposed a huge burden on the European Union. Considering that a solution to the problem resulting in the large-scale migration cannot be expected in the near future, the danger of another wave of mass migration reaching Europe and seeking international refuge is still present. Since the flow of migrants resulted in heavy burdens on the member states – especially to the countries of the Schengen-borders – the problems arised called for urgent measures according to the existing legislation. The solution that Hungary found was the erection of the border barrier. In the present study the effects of the border barrier on the migration data will be overviewed, based upon statistics published on the topic. Since 2015, a large number of publications have been published on the topic of the migration crisis, the problems arised in the wake of it, and the possible solutions like the “compulsory resettlement quotas” or the physical border barrier. In the present study I would like to further examine the Hungarian solution to this problem. During the preparation of the study I processed the literature on the topic and also analyzed statics in order to determine the effectiveness of the border closure.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"39 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125741462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activities and Agreements of the Hungarian-Czechoslovakian Boundary Commission (1947-1949)","authors":"G. Hollósi","doi":"10.25142/cep.2019.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2019.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125014469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detours in Hungarian administrative criminal justice","authors":"Zsuzsanna Árva","doi":"10.25142/cep.2019.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2019.004","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key directions of change in the Hungarian administrative sanctioning system is represented by a shift from the classic, subjective sanctions that are difficult to be enforced by the authorities towards objective sanctions. This change has impacted the offenses established by the local governments specifically, which revived first in the form of decrees regulating anti-social behaviors, and subsequently that of peaceful public coexistence and the sanctions included therein. The process was also supervised by the Constitutional Court, however, the antecedents reach all the way back to the period preceding the change of regime in Hungary, when the legislator at first attempted to preserve the unity of offenses, which may be seen as a melting pot of numerous anti-administrative and petty crimes; then subsequently we could witness a degree of restoration despite all efforts in which the offenses have again assumed the characteristics of criminal law. This paper provides an overview of the process that led not necessarily to the complete withdrawal of the Hungarian offense law but its termination in the classic sense of the term, while the elements of the legal institution continue to live on as other types of administrative sanctions and helped the institution of administrative criminal law survive.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129329918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Threats to the image of the Polish Army","authors":"G. Klein","doi":"10.25142/cep.2019.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2019.003","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the most serious threats to the image of the Polish Army. The beginning of the research period was adopted in 2009 as the moment of starting the process of professionalization. It was a period in which missions outside the country were a particularly important threat to image. In the light of public opinion, nowadays the most serious threat is the partial politicization of the image of the army. After identifying the most serious image threats, the problem of researchers was formulated and expressed in the question: how people and institutions responsible for creating the image of the Polish Army should counteract to the most serious image threats? In this article, the recapitulated research was accompanied by the hypothesis that in order to counteract the most serious image threats, there should be an extension of civilian meaning and democratic control over the army. This control should include actions of state authorities protecting the military from the negative image-related effects of political decisions and ongoing political rivalry.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127228891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strike movement in Czechoslovakia in the years 1945-1948","authors":"D. Janák","doi":"10.25142/cep.2018.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2018.003","url":null,"abstract":"Der Beitrag fasst die ersten Ergebnisse von Erforschung der Arbeiterstreikbewegung in der Tschechoslowakei zwischen den Jahren 1945 und 1948 zusammen, die im Rahmen des von der Grant-Agentur der Tschechischen Republik unterstützten Projekts „Industriearbeiter in den tschechischen Ländern zwischen 1938 und 1948“ herausbekommen sind. Durch Recherchen im Archiv des Tschechisch-Mährischen Gewerkschaftsbundes in Prag, im Archiv der Sicherheitsdienste und in anderen Archiven sind Daten zu 262 Streikaktionen gesammelt worden – fast doppelt so viele als die bisher aus der Tschechoslowakei zwischen 1946 und 1948 bekannten Streikaktionen. Aufgrund von Analyse der einzelnen Streikaktionen in der tschechischen Industrie konnten innerhalb der untersuchten Zeitspanne sechs Entwicklungsstufen der Arbeiterstreikbewegung erschlossen werden. Die erste, die von Mai 1945 bis Juni 1946 dauerte, brachte mit sich eine geringe Anzahl von Streiks, die zumeist politisch bedingt waren und Prototype verschiedener Formen politischen Zwangs darstellten, die vom „linken Kartell“ der Kommunistischen Partei der Tschechoslowakei und der Revolutionären Gewerkschaftsbewegung eingesetzt wurden. Nach einer kurzen Pause im Sommer 1946 nahm die Intensität der politisch motivierten Streiks zwischen Oktober 1946 und März 1947 im Rahmen des sogenannten Streits um beschlagnahmtes Eigentum erneut zu, bis sie bei dem bekannten Warnsdorfer Streik ihren Höhepunkt erreichte. Fast drei Fünftel der Konflikte in dieser Phase bestanden jedoch aus Streiks, die durch soziale Bedürfnisse oder Lohnforderungen motiviert waren und die in vielen Fällen mit politisch motivierten oder organisatorische Veränderungen anfordernden Streiks zu vergleichen waren. Nach einem weiteren Rückgang der Streikintensität im Frühjahr 1947 folgte in der Zeitspanne von Beginn des Sommers 1947 bis Januar 1948 eine große Welle spontaner Proteststreiks gegen die Neueinführung von Leistungsentgeltmaßnahmen und Anordnung von Leistungsstandards. Verteidigungsstreiks der Arbeiter gegen Lohnsenkungen und mangelhafte Warenlieferung hörten nach Februar 1948 zeitweilig auf. Im Sommer 1948 brachen sie jedoch in zahlreichen Fabriken erneut aus. Die Mehrheit von ihnen dauerte kaum ein paar Stunden, mit Ausnahme des dreitägigen Streiks in der schlesischen Baumwollefabrik in Frýdek, der 60 Streikbewegung in Tschechoslowakei in den Jahren 1945–1948 ARTICLES Dušan JANÁK die Fabrikgrenzen überschritt und mit Aufbruch von Solidaritätsstreiks im benachbarten Schwerindustriegebiet von Ostrava drohte. Die Staatssicherheit (StB) hatte während der Streikbeseitigung zwar noch nicht eingegriffen, hatte sie jedoch dauernd überwacht und sobald die Drohung eines Streiks vorüber war, zögerte sie nicht, gegen die führenden Persönlichkeiten des Streiks rasch fortzuschreiten.","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124648742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic conditions of strikes in Poland in 1945-1948","authors":"J. Chumiński","doi":"10.25142/cep.2018.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2018.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121640930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strikes in the GDR: Causes, courses of action and dimensions","authors":"A. Steiner","doi":"10.25142/cep.2018.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25142/cep.2018.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":168251,"journal":{"name":"Central European Papers","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129148896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}