Journal of pharmacological methods最新文献

{"title":"A reliable technique for chronic carotid arterial catheterization in the rat","authors":"Ban C.H. Tsui,&nbsp;Susan J. Mosher,&nbsp;Pollen K.F. Yeung","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90033-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90033-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A reliable and simple method for cannulating the carotid artery of rats is described. The rat was anesthetized with halothane. The right carotid artery located between the omohyoideus and sternohyoideus muscles was exposed through a 2-cm ventral neck incision. The catheter was made of Silastic tubing and a monofilament line, which served as an obturator and internal support. The line was then filled with a viscous mixture of heparin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone and normal saline to prevent the formation of blood clots. The catheter was advanced through the carotid artery towards the heart by a predetermined distance (15–20 mm) depending on the size of the rat. The catheter was well tolerated by the rats and the success rate was 95%. Its patency lasted for at least 7 days postsurgery without any special maintenance care. With the described method one would be able to perform repetitive blood sampling and arterial blood pressure measurements in unanesthetized and unrestrained rats for prolonged period after Catheterization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 343-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90033-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13046603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technique for quantification of LTB4-lnduced changes in peripheral granulocyte counts in vivo in the rabbit","authors":"Don E. Griswold ,&nbsp;Lenox Martin ,&nbsp;John Ventre ,&nbsp;LaVonne Meunier ,&nbsp;Laura Perry","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90031-Y","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90031-Y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A method to quantify leukotriene B₄-(LTB₄)-induced changes in peripheral granulocyte counts in the rabbit is described. Rabbits were surgically prepared with vascular access ports cannulating the right external jugular vein. This preparation made possible rapid, accurate, and repeated sampling of venous blood. Intravenous infusion of LTB₄ (0.5–2 <span><math><mtext>μg</mtext><mtext>mL</mtext></math></span>) into the left marginal ear vein was found reproducibly to cause an initial, rapid (1–5 min) leukopenia (64%–100% reduction) followed by an extended (20–30 min) leukocytosis (121%–178% increase). Saline infusion for 30 min resulted in no changes in peripheral granulocyte number. The method described was sensitive and reproducible enough to allow evaluation of the LTB₄ receptor antagonist, LY223982 (10 <span><math><mtext>mg</mtext><mtext>kg</mtext></math></span>, i.v.), which was shown to block both the leukopenia and the leukocytosis induced by LTB₄ infusion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 319-328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90031-Y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12818437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A methodological basis for improving the reliability of measurements of opiate abstinence responses in the Guinea-Pig ileum made dependent in vitro","authors":"Silvia L. Cruz,&nbsp;Luis A. Salazar,&nbsp;Juliván E. Villarreal","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90032-Z","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90032-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study was to find a neurogenic response of the isolated guinea-pig ileum that could serve as an internal standard to normalize abstinence responses, which are also neurogenic, during opiate dependence produced in vitro. The internal standard is required because of baseline variability in these responses of the ileum and a time-dependent decay in neuroeffector responsiveness with prolonged incubation. Systematic studies were made of the variability in the responses to neurogenic stimulation by 1) electrical field stimulation, 2) nicotinic stimulation, and 3) precipitation of opiate abstinence with opiate antagonists as well as studies of the time-dependent decay in responsiveness with prolonged incubation. The three neurogenic responses show covariation but the best correlation is found between the nicotinic and the abstinence responses. The nicotinic system presents a pharmacological sensitivity to specific acute opiate action and also shows an improving correlation with abstinence which develops with the progression of dependence. This correlation tends to a direct linear relation with a slope approaching 1.0. The nicotinic response of the ileum seems to be a valid internal control to normalize its abstinence responses after incubation with opiates for different intervals of time.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 329-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90032-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13046602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photochemically induced thrombosis model in rat femoral artery and evaluation of effects of heparin and tissue-type plasminogen activator with use of this model","authors":"Hiroyuki Matsuno,&nbsp;Toshihiko Uematsu,&nbsp;Satoru Nagashima,&nbsp;Mitsuyoshi Nakashima","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90030-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90030-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We report a new and reproducible model of thrombosis in the rat femoral artery. The thrombosis is initiated by endothelial injury subsequent to photochemical reaction between systemically injected rose bengal (10 <span><math><mtext>mg</mtext><mtext>kg</mtext></math></span>, i.v.) and transillumination of filtered xenon lamp (wave length: 540 nm) from the outside of the vessel. The blood flow of the femoral artery, which was monitored by a pulsed doppler flow meter, was fully stopped in 348.68 ± 36.18 <em>sec</em> (<em>n</em> = 12) after i.v. injection of rose bengal under irradiation with green light. The formation of massive thrombosis was readily evident by visual inspection. The processes of primary endothelial injury and the subsequent formation of thrombosis during this manipulation were observed by light muscopy and analysed by the scanning and transmission electron muscopy. Pretreatment with heparin (30,100 or 300 <span><math><mtext>units</mtext><mtext>kg</mtext></math></span>, i.v.) 10 min before rose bengal injection dose-dependently prolonged the time required to interrupt the blood flow. The thrombolytic activity of a tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was also investigated. After the establishment of stable thrombotic occlusion of the femoral artery, infusion of tPA was started from the contralateral femoral vein for 30 min at the rate of 30 or 100 <span><math><mtext>μg</mtext><mtext>kg/min</mtext></math></span>. The occluded artery was reperfused in 2 out of 10 rats and in 9 out of 12 at the lower and higher rates of tPA infusion, respectively. That heparin could prevent the arterial occlusion and that tPA could reperfuse the occluded artery are observations consistent with the histopathological ones that the primary lesion of endothelium injured photochemically activates the platelet aggregation to form platelet-rich thrombus with extensions of erythrocyte-rich lesions. This model is expected to be a useful tool for evaluating the antithrombotic and thrombolytic agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 303-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90030-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13069494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canine carrageenin-lnduced acute paw inflammation model and its response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs","authors":"R.R. Brooks,&nbsp;J.F. Carpenter,&nbsp;S.M. Jones,&nbsp;T.C. Ziegler,&nbsp;S.F. Pong","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90027-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90027-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A quantitative method for testing antiinflammatory agents in beagles has been developed, based on measurement of paw inflammation induced by a local injection of carrageenin. Carrageenin [0.5 mL of 2% (<span><math><mtext>wt</mtext><mtext>vol</mtext></math></span>) in saline] was injected into the plantar region of the hindpaws of pentobarbital-anesthetized beagles. Paw pressure changes registered from a water-filled balloon held on the top of the paw by a light adhesive tape wrapping were monitored for 240 min. In control dogs given 0.5% (<span><math><mtext>wt</mtext><mtext>vol</mtext></math></span>) methylcellulose (10 <span><math><mtext>mL</mtext><mtext>kg</mtext></math></span> orally) just before carrageenin, paw pressure increased significantly (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05) over eightfold, from 2.9 ± 0.8 mm Hg (mean ± SEM, <em>n</em> = 29 paws) at 75 min to 26.0 ± 3.5 mmHg at 240 min. The increase in paw pressure was significantly inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitors, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and orpanoxin, and partially inhibited by the lipoxygenase inhibitor, phenidone, administered orally before carrageenin injection. Thus this model, with further characterization, could provide a convenient, quantitative way of assessing the efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents in dogs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 4","pages":"Pages 275-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90027-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13069493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The increasing-temperature hot-plate test: An improved test of nociception in mice and rats","authors":"Arne Tjølsen,&nbsp;Jan Henrik Rosland,&nbsp;Odd-Geir Berge,&nbsp;Kjell Hole","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90014-V","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90014-V","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing-temperature hot-plate test has several advantages compared to the conventional hot-plate test, but available equipment has been impractical and restricted with regard to stimulus control. We now describe an apparatus consisting of an aluminum plate that is heated and cooled by Peltier elements in contact with its lower surface. Several plates can be used simultaneously, individually controlled by electronic proportional feedback circuits. The set temperature of the feedback circuit is controlled by a computer program run on an IBM XT-compatible PC, so that a linear increase in temperature is achieved. Experiments were performed using rats and mice, with hindpaw licking as an end-point criterion. Experiments with various heating rates showed that 3.0° C/min is the lowest rate that can be applied without signs of stress in the animals. On the basis of the recorded data, nociceptive temperature thresholds were calculated to be approximately 44.5°C for both rats and mice. Inspection of the paws after analgesic treatment and exposure to different end-point temperatures suggested that a cutoff temperature of 50°C should be employed to minimize tissue damage. Testing at ambient temperatures of 18° and 28°C yielded similar results for rats, whereas mice responded at significantly higher plate temperatures in the colder environment. Dose-related antinociceptive effects were demonstrated for morphine and paracetamol in both species. The results confirm that the increasingtemperature hot-plate test is a valuable test of nociception, which is also suitable for demonstrating the antinociceptive effects of nonopioid analgesics. The test may also be used to estimate the nociceptive temperature threshold.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 3","pages":"Pages 241-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90014-V","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13212582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method to maintain normal respiratory and metabolic state in artificially respired rats","authors":"Claude F. Saunier ,&nbsp;Luc Quintin ,&nbsp;Hideo Akaoka ,&nbsp;Paul J. Charlety ,&nbsp;Guy Chouvet","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90013-U","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90013-U","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Analysis of arterial blood gases (ABG) in awake, paralyzed, locally anesthetized, and artificially respired rats revealed the development with time of severe hypoxemia associated with metabolic acidosis despite adequate ventilation as assessed by normal Paco₂. These respiratory and metabolic disturbances may underlie the progressive deterioration experienced with this preparation frequently used in neuropharmacological experiments. We report here that the intravascular infusion of bicarbonated artificial plasma, associated with continuous positive pressure ventilation, prevents the deterioration of the respiratory and metabolic state in this preparation, which can be maintained within the range of that of the freely moving animal. This stabilized preparation may thus be highly suitable for neuropharmacological experiments extending for several hours.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 3","pages":"Pages 229-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90013-U","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13064929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for potassium channel modulators by a high through-put 86-rubidium efflux assay in a 96-well microtiter plate","authors":"Selwyn Daniel,&nbsp;Lorraine Malkowitz,&nbsp;Hsuei-Chin Wang,&nbsp;Bernard Beer,&nbsp;Arthur J. Blume,&nbsp;M.Reza Ziai","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90009-T","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90009-T","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A rapid and sensitive ⁸⁶Rb efflux assay to detect chemical compounds capable of modulating the ATP-dependent potassium (K_ATP) channel is described. This assay, which is performed in a 96-well microtiter plate, utilizes a substrate adherent cell line as the target, requires a small amount of ⁸⁶Rb as the tracer, and is a suitable system for performing the biochemical and pharmacological characterization of the K_ATP-channel and its activators. Because this assay is amenable to automation, it presents a useful means for high-volume screening of chemical compounds on a routine basis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 3","pages":"Pages 185-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90009-T","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13212580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a toxicity testing model by evaluating oxygen supply and energy state in the isolated perfused rat kidney","authors":"Takehito Takano,&nbsp;Kazuyo Nakata,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Kawakami,&nbsp;Yoshifumi Miyazaki,&nbsp;Masataka Murakami,&nbsp;Yoshiteru seo,&nbsp;Eiji Suzuki","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90010-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90010-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Validation of a toxicity testing model concerning energy metabolism was attempted by evaluating the oxygen supply and energy state in an isolated perfused rat kidney of single-pass preparation without albumin. Perfusion was performed at a temperature of 31°C, flow rate of 11.0 mL/g/min, and pressure of 81–104 mmHg. The perfusate was saturated with 95% O₂/5% CO₂. After preperfusion for 30 min, the redox states of cytochrome aa₃ and c and pyridine nucleotides (PN) in the perfused kidney were measured to be stable for 90 min by a scanning reflectance spectrophotometry and surface fluorometry, respectively. During the same period, the contents of ATP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the perfused kidney were also measured to be stable by ³¹P-NMR spectroscopy. The oxygen supply to the cell was more than the amount required for the basal metabolism of the cell. For assessment of the effects of chemical agents on the renal cell metabolism, this preparation of the perfused rat kidney was considered to have several advantages, despite some of its inherent limitations in the function of the kidney.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 3","pages":"Pages 195-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90010-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13212581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Native fluorescence of extravasated proteins","authors":"Anna Miller-Larsson,&nbsp;Ralph Brattsand","doi":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90015-W","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0160-5402(91)90015-W","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Macromolecular vascular leakage into rat tracheal lumen is quantified by a new method that does not require the administration of an exogenous macromolecular tracer or dye to the animals. The magnitude of vascular leakage is determined by the concentration of extravasated plasma proteins measured by their native fluorescence and assayed against diluted plasma. Native fluorescence of proteins (PNF), when excited at 295 nm and measured at 340 nm, is almost exclusively due to tryptophan fluorescence. The PNF assay can be used in the range of protein concentration of 0.1–120 μg/mL. The results obtained in the PNF assay were found to be equivalent to the results from two other conventional assays where fluorescent or radioactive albumin was used as the external macromolecular tracer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16819,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacological methods","volume":"25 3","pages":"Pages 251-262"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0160-5402(91)90015-W","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"13212583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}