{"title":"Navigating Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonist Reinitiation Amid Access Barriers: An Adverse Drug Event Case Report.","authors":"Olivia Denny, Jeffrey Baron, Nicole P Albanese","doi":"10.1177/08971900241256775","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241256775","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The expanding roles and popularity of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists has created access barriers to medication use. We sought to describe an adverse drug event which occurred after reinitiation of a GLP-1 receptor agonist following a prolonged lapse in therapy due to poor medication access. <b>Case Summary</b>: Once-weekly injectable semaglutide was prescribed to an outpatient 33-year-old male for chronic weight management. After a delayed initiation due to global shortage, semaglutide was initiated and titrated over five months before a seven week lapse in therapy due to prior authorization interruption. Despite the extended treatment gap, the patient was directed to reinitiate semaglutide at the target dose rather than starting dose, which was followed by recurrent, symptomatic nausea and vomiting requiring medical intervention. <b>Practice Implications:</b> A prolonged lapse in GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy, typically defined as missing three or more doses of a once-weekly injectable, warrants consideration of reinitiation at a reduced dose, personalized to the patient's prior gastrointestinal tolerability, efficacy goals, and therapy lapse duration. Therapy lapses with GLP-1 receptor agonists may be prevented by utilizing a multi-modal approach including extended dosing intervals, intermediate doses, agent interchange, efficient prior authorization communication, and cautious initiation of GLP-1 recent agonists while supply cannot meet demand.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1410-1413"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141093619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Updates in Chronic Kidney Disease.","authors":"Haley N Johnson, Lalita Prasad-Reddy","doi":"10.1177/08971900241262381","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241262381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects approximately 14% of adults in the United States and is present in at least 10% of the population worldwide. Blood glucose and blood pressure control are imperative to adequately manage CKD as they are the only primary prevention measures for the condition. Recent changes in CKD evaluation and medication therapies that modify disease progression and aid in managing complications such as anemia of CKD have emerged, including a newly approved mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, respectively. This focused update on CKD evaluation and management will review the most recent evidence and approved agents to support patients with CKD, including a review of glomerular filtration rate measurement methods such as CKD-EPI 2021 and utilization of cystatin C, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines, and primary literature supporting the use of newer agents in CKD. Checklists for managing blood pressure and blood glucose, CKD-mineral bone disorder, and anemia of CKD targeted for pharmacists are also provided. Additionally, a discussion of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid (CMS) coverage of agents approved for managing complications of CKD is included.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1380-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of ChatGPT as a Tool for Answering Clinical Questions in Pharmacy Practice.","authors":"Faria Munir, Anna Gehres, David Wai, Leah Song","doi":"10.1177/08971900241256731","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241256731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In the healthcare field, there has been a growing interest in using artificial intelligence (AI)-powered tools to assist healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, in their daily tasks. <b>Objectives:</b> To provide commentary and insight into the potential for generative AI language models such as ChatGPT as a tool for answering practice-based, clinical questions and the challenges that need to be addressed before implementation in pharmacy practice settings. <b>Methods:</b> To assess ChatGPT, pharmacy-based questions were prompted to ChatGPT (Version 3.5; free version) and responses were recorded. Question types included 6 drug information questions, 6 enhanced prompt drug information questions, 5 patient case questions, 5 calculations questions, and 10 drug knowledge questions (e.g., top 200 drugs). After all responses were collected, ChatGPT responses were assessed for appropriateness. <b>Results:</b> ChatGPT responses were generated from 32 questions in 5 categories and evaluated on a total of 44 possible points. Among all ChatGPT responses and categories, the overall score was 21 of 44 points (47.73%). ChatGPT scored higher in pharmacy calculation (100%), drug information (83%), and top 200 drugs (80%) categories and lower in drug information enhanced prompt (33%) and patient case (20%) categories. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study suggests that ChatGPT has limited success as a tool to answer pharmacy-based questions. ChatGPT scored higher in calculation and multiple-choice questions but scored lower in drug information and patient case questions, generating misleading or fictional answers and citations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1303-1310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141076108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Changes in Time in Therapeutic Range Within a Warfarin Anticoagulation Clinic Following Introduction of Direct Oral Anticoagulants.","authors":"Preethi Samuel, Kaitlyn Cassidy, Pauletta Lazarevskiy, Rebecca Cope","doi":"10.1177/08971900241256779","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241256779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> As direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have become widely recommended as first-line anticoagulation therapy, patients who remain on warfarin are likely those unable to afford, adhere to, or utilize DOAC therapy due to the presence of a contraindication. It is currently unknown how availability of DOACs have affected populations being managed at warfarin (VKA) anticoagulation clinics. <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective chart review assessing warfarin-treated patients at an outpatient anticoagulation clinic. The primary endpoint was the 6-month time in therapeutic range (TTR) before and after DOACs were recommended as first-line therapy by clinical guidelines. Study periods were January to June 2015, before DOACs were recommended over VKA, and January to June 2022, when DOACs were often recommended over VKA. TTR, demographic changes, and the presence of contraindications to DOAC therapy in the clinic population between the two time periods were assessed. <b>Results:</b> No difference in 6-month TTR was observed between study periods (59% in 2015 vs 63% in 2022; <i>P</i> = .45). Patient demographics did not significantly vary, which may be due to the clinic retaining 45% of patients between both time periods. Contraindications to DOAC therapy were identified in 39% of the 2015 group and 49% of the 2022 group (<i>P</i> = .18). The most common contraindication was indication for anticoagulation. <b>Conclusion:</b> Availability of DOACs did not seem to significantly affect the population or management of warfarin-treated patients at an outpatient anticoagulation clinic, however, contraindications and potential challenges to use of DOAC therapy are present in many patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1311-1317"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141154155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cassidy H Padgett, G Shawn King, R Ethan Hughes, Megan N Hull, Eliseo A Colon
{"title":"Evaluation of Empiric Coverage of Previously Cultured Multidrug Resistant Organisms in Critically Ill Patients Admitted for Sepsis.","authors":"Cassidy H Padgett, G Shawn King, R Ethan Hughes, Megan N Hull, Eliseo A Colon","doi":"10.1177/08971900241262359","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241262359","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are associated with an increased length of stay and a higher risk of mortality in hospitalized patients. A lack of literature exists that evaluates the need to empirically cover patients for historic MDROs upon readmission. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective, single-center, cohort study was conducted to evaluate the impact of empiric MDRO antibiotic coverage in patients with a history of MDROs. Differences in length of stay were assessed between two groups of patients: those empirically treated for their historic MDRO and those not. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, ICU length of stay, need for antibiotic escalation, need for antibiotic de-escalation, and antibiotic duration. <b>Results:</b> Seventy-two patients with historic MDRO(s) were readmitted to the hospital and met inclusion criteria for this study. Hospital length of stay was similar between those empirically covered and those not (11 days vs 15.1 days; <i>P = 0.149</i>). When analyzed in a population only including Gram-negative MDROs, hospital length of stay was shorter in those who received empiric coverage (10.7 days vs 17.2 days; <i>P = 0.032</i>). <b>Conclusion:</b> In the total study population, empiric coverage of historic MDROs failed to significantly reduce hospital length of stay. When analyzed in a population of only Gram-negative MDROs, empiric coverage of historic organisms reduced hospital length of stay by 6.5 days. This suggests that in patients readmitted to the ICU for sepsis, empiric coverage of historic Gram-negative MDROs may be beneficial.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1331-1336"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141320982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing Finerenone in People With Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: An Opportunity for the Pharmacist.","authors":"Jennifer D Goldman","doi":"10.1177/08971900241256725","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241256725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> This review aims to emphasize the role of pharmacists for optimization of evidence-based outcomes of finerenone in multidisciplinary kidney care teams during the early detection process of CKD patients. <b>Data Sources:</b> A PubMed literature search was performed using keywords pharmacists, chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and finerenone. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language studies on the role of pharmacists in managing CKD patients or finerenone prescriptions were evaluated. <b>Data Synthesis:</b> CKD is a major health problem affecting millions worldwide, especially those with T2D. In recent years, new drugs have been added to the treatment options for patients with T2D and CKD, which have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications in large clinical trials. <b>Conclusions:</b> Pharmacists can help detect and treat CKD in patients with T2D. They may use indicators to identify potential candidates for appropriate finerenone therapy, such as stage of CKD, albuminuria level, serum potassium concentration, and use of RAAS inhibitors. Pharmacists can provide education on the benefits and usage of finerenone, monitor response to therapy, adjust the medications and doses, prevent drug interactions, help with adherence and tolerability issues, and coordinate with other healthcare providers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1374-1379"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11497730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141159871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brielle Stawicki, Tyler Schacher, Anna Dushenkov, Paiboon Jungsuwadee
{"title":"Briefing on Investigational Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapies in Pediatric Neoplasms.","authors":"Brielle Stawicki, Tyler Schacher, Anna Dushenkov, Paiboon Jungsuwadee","doi":"10.1177/08971900241247619","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241247619","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The promising results seen in the treatment of refractory hematologic malignancies with tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah), the pioneering Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy, has stimulated a fast growth in research and clinical testing of novel CAR-T constructs, targets, and various generations of CAR T-cells. Pharmacists may receive inquiries about active clinical trials or may be contributing to the care of patients participating in these studies. This briefing discusses the on-going clinical trials that explore novel CAR T-cell immunotherapies in pediatric refractory malignancies of hematologic and solid organ origins. It can be valuable in assisting practitioners in navigating the rapidly evolving field of CAR T-cell immunotherapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1346-1360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140892231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caitlin Dowd-Green, Dannielle Brown, Alexandra Wilson, Michael Streiff
{"title":"Supratherapeutic INR During Treatment With Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir and Warfarin and Acute Illness With COVID-19: A Case Report.","authors":"Caitlin Dowd-Green, Dannielle Brown, Alexandra Wilson, Michael Streiff","doi":"10.1177/08971900241257296","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241257296","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background</b>: Several studies have examined INR fluctuations using pharmacokinetic (PK) models or post-hoc INR values after completing nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, but further study of the effects of the drug interaction with warfarin during treatment is necessary. <b>Case Summary</b>: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is largely utilized in the outpatient setting so data regarding INR trends in hospitalized patients on warfarin is limited. However, many who receive nirmatrelvir/ritonavir outpatient experience difficulty with presenting to clinic for INR checks due to feeling acutely ill along with isolation precautions. We present the case of a patient receiving warfarin and utilizing home INR testing for monitoring. After diagnosis of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), she was started on nirmatrelvir/ritonavir on day five after testing positive. Most recent INR prior to the start of therapy was 2.7 and had been stable on the same dose for months prior to infection. On day two of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, her INR rose to 4.0 on home point of care INR testing. Despite reducing her dose of warfarin by 15%, her INR remained supratherapeutic the day after completing nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (4.0) and for several checks after. One month after completion of therapy, her INR returned to therapeutic levels. <b>Practice Implications</b>: While PK models and case series have hypothesized both potential increases or decreases in INR with the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and warfarin interaction, COVID-19 infection itself can cause several pharmacodynamic changes which can increase INR, including decreased appetite and, in severe cases, organ dysfunction. This case provides real-world insight into the drug interaction between nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and the drug-disease state interaction between warfarin and COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1414-1418"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141158186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marci Wood, Amanda G Kennedy, Sidra Khan, Juvena R Hitt, Kayla Davis, Sheela S Reddy, Matthew P Gilbert
{"title":"Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Patients With Steatotic Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Marci Wood, Amanda G Kennedy, Sidra Khan, Juvena R Hitt, Kayla Davis, Sheela S Reddy, Matthew P Gilbert","doi":"10.1177/08971900241253661","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241253661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) help manage type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and may have efficacy in steatotic liver disease. <b>Objective:</b> To determine the prevalence and clinical impact of GLP-1 RA use in patients with T2DM and liver disease. <b>Methods:</b> This was a retrospective study of adult patients with T2DM and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) between 1/1/21-12/31/21. Patients with hepatitis B or C, or on pioglitazone were excluded. Eligible patients treated with a GLP-1 RA were compared to controls. The primary outcome was change in Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, with NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) as a secondary outcome. Follow-up scores were calculated from labs within 3 to 15 months after baseline. <b>Results:</b> Of 242 eligible patients, 79 patients (32.6%) were treated with a GLP-1 RA. At baseline, FIB-4 score was lower and NFS was higher in the GLP-1 RA group vs controls (1.80 vs 2.33; P = .101, .36 vs -.47, P < .001; respectively). At follow up, FIB-4 score decreased to 1.77 in the GLP-1 RA group and increased to 2.71 in controls (P = .045). Follow up NFS was stable in the GLP-1 RA group and increased in the control group (.36 vs -.43; P = .308). <b>Conclusion:</b> Patients treated with GLP-1 RAs had less evidence of liver fibrosis progression compared to no treatment, although the differences were small. These results suggest that treatment with GLP-1 RAs may have clinical impact on slowing liver fibrosis, however results should be confirmed in a larger, more diverse sample.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1297-1302"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140892247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jodi P Hansgen, Megan L Robertson, Ellen M Verzino, Lindsay M Manning
{"title":"Increasing Naloxone Access and Prescribing for Patients on High-Dose Opioids From a Managed Care Pharmacy Health Plan Perspective.","authors":"Jodi P Hansgen, Megan L Robertson, Ellen M Verzino, Lindsay M Manning","doi":"10.1177/08971900241247598","DOIUrl":"10.1177/08971900241247598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Opioid overdoses decrease when communities have access to naloxone. Clinicians play a key role in offering naloxone to high-risk chronic opioid patients. Managed care pharmacists within our health plan noted disproportionate processing for claims of opioid utilizers compared to claims of naloxone prescriptions. <b>Objective:</b> To increase naloxone access and prescribing to members who classify at a dosage with a higher risk for opioid overdose, defined as over 90 morphine milligram equivalents (MME). <b>Methods:</b> Multiple system-wide initiatives were implemented to improve naloxone access. A claims file was pulled monthly to identify members on opioids meeting MME criteria >90 MME per day excluding members with cancer, sickle cell disease, or on hospice. A separate report was then matched to naloxone claims and prescribing percentages calculated. <b>Results:</b> 12 444 utilizing members on opioids were identified from June 2019 prescription claims data. Of these, 131 were on opioids exceeding 90 MME per day, or 1.05% of utilizers, and the percentage of members exceeding 90 MME per day prescribed naloxone was 6.87%. By May 2023, the percentage of opioid utilizers exceeding 90 MME per day decreased to 0.58%. Naloxone prescribing increased to 41.18%. <b>Conclusion:</b> A multi-pronged approach to improve access to naloxone and continued educational efforts by our health plan increased naloxone prescribing in members on opioids exceeding 90 MME per day.</p>","PeriodicalId":16818,"journal":{"name":"Journal of pharmacy practice","volume":" ","pages":"1291-1296"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140849993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}