Journal of plant physiology最新文献

{"title":"Diverse functions of FOUR LIPS: Stomatal development and beyond","authors":"Ping Li ,&nbsp;Liang Chen ,&nbsp;Suiwen Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154610","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154610","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stomata, composed of paired guard cells, serve as essential pores for plant–atmosphere gas exchange and undergo tightly regulated development. <em>FOUR LIPS</em> (<em>FLP</em>), the first characterized regulator of stomatal development, has been studied for three decades. It encodes an atypical R2R3-MYB transcription factor that restricts guard mother cell division by repressing several core cell cycle genes. This factor exhibits partial functional redundancy with bHLH proteins FAMA and MUTE during stomatal fate commitment and differentiation. Its stomatal regulatory function is conserved across plant species. Notably, broad <em>FLP</em> expression across tissues enables functions beyond stomata, including roles in root gravitropism, lateral root initiation, female gametophyte development, and leaf angle determination. Furthermore, <em>FLP</em> is induced by environmental cues such as drought, salt, and cold stress to mediate adaptive responses. Here, we summarize the current understanding of FLP, focusing on conserved stomatal mechanisms and highlighting its functional versatility across plant systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154610"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonium (NH₄⁺) regulates carbon metabolism and spatial–diurnal assimilate partitioning to improve growth and nitrogen use efficiency in maize","authors":"Joseph N. Amoah,&nbsp;Claudia Keitel,&nbsp;Brent N. Kaiser","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) is primarily taken up by most plant species in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) to support growth and metabolic functions. However, the regulatory mechanisms modulating carbon (C) assimilate allocation under varying N forms remain unclear. This study investigated C metabolism and its spatial distribution in maize seedlings subjected to five N treatments (T1–T5): T1, nitrogen-free (control N); T2, 1 mM NO₃⁻ (sole NO₃⁻); T3, 1 mM NH₄⁺ (sole NH₄⁺); T4, 0.5 mM NH₄NO₃ (mixed N supply); and T5, substitution of 1 mM NH₄⁺ with 1 mM NO₃⁻ (NH₄⁺→NO₃⁻) at 10 days after seedling transfer (DAT). NH₄⁺ treatment triggered significant physiological and molecular adaptations, such as enhanced growth, improved photosynthetic performance, and increased sucrose and starch accumulation. These elevated carbohydrate levels were closely associated with increased activity of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes (SuSy, SPS, and INVs) and starch-metabolizing enzymes (AGPase, SS, AMY, and BAM), alongside the upregulation of key genes involved in sucrose metabolism (<em>ZmSPS1</em>, <em>ZmSuSy1</em>, and <em>ZmINVs</em>), sucrose transport (<em>ZmSWEET14</em>, <em>ZmSUT2</em>, and <em>ZmSTP2</em>), and starch metabolism (<em>ZmSS1</em>, <em>ZmAGPase1</em>, <em>ZmAMY1</em>, and <em>ZmBAM1</em>). Spatial and diurnal analyses revealed dynamic patterns of C partitioning across the leaves, roots, and leaf sheaths. These findings advance our understanding of how different N forms, particularly NH₄⁺, regulate C metabolism and shoot–root allocation to facilitate carbon utilization in sink tissues to improve plant resilience to N fluctuations. Future research will focus on exploring these adaptive mechanisms across diverse maize genotypes under field conditions, with the goal of improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and productivity in variable N environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of RAV transcription factors (B3-domain-containing) and functional analysis of OsRAV2 in rice blast and drought stress","authors":"Yuquan Fu ,&nbsp;Zhensheng Qiao ,&nbsp;Yiming Zhao ,&nbsp;Juchen Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiangyu Huang ,&nbsp;Changhuan Du ,&nbsp;Feng sheng ,&nbsp;Xuezhu Du","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154605","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154605","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>RAV transcription factors play roles in a variety of diverse biological processes. However, their role in rice's response to drought and blast stress remains largely unexplored. In this study, we performed a genome-wide characterization and identification of rice RAV transcription factor family genes. Our analysis of gene structure, chromosome location, cis-regulatory elements, and collinearity revealed the phylogenetic characteristics of this gene family. The RT-qPCR of the 15 genes showed that the expression levels of <em>OsRAV2</em> were up-regulated under the two stress treatments. The overexpression of <em>OsRAV2</em> enhanced drought resistance through the regulation of Pro, MDA and H₂O₂ levels, and the transcription levels of ABA signaling pathway genes. Additionally, the overexpression of <em>OsRAV2</em> enhanced rice resistance to blast disease by increasing the accumulation of Pro and H₂O₂, along with the expression of disease resistance-related genes. OsRAV2 is localized in the nucleus and interacts with OsLHCB5. This study reveals the positive role of <em>OsRAV2</em> in enhancing drought and blast resistance of rice, and nuclear localization and interaction with OsLHCB5 revealed that <em>OsRAV2</em> responds to stress by integrating light signals, which provides a new target for breeding rice varieties with broad-spectrum stress resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154605"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen Source and Availability Associate to Mitochondrial Respiratory Pathways and Symbiotic Function in Lotus japonicus","authors":"José Ortiz ,&nbsp;Carolina Sanhueza ,&nbsp;Antonia Romero-Munar ,&nbsp;Sandra Sierra ,&nbsp;Francisco Palma ,&nbsp;Ricardo Aroca ,&nbsp;Teodoro Coba de la Peña ,&nbsp;Miguel López-Gómez ,&nbsp;Luisa Bascuñán-Godoy ,&nbsp;Néstor Fernández Del-Saz","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legumes form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, well studied metabolically but less so in terms of respiration. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation demands high respiratory ATP and carbon skeletons, linking nitrogen assimilation and both NADH- and ATP-dependent process to mitochondrial respiration. The plant mitochondrial electron transport chain contains two terminal oxidases that differentially fractionate against ¹⁸O, providing estimations <em>in vivo</em> of the energy efficiency of respiration. The regulation of N₂ fixation by plant respiratory parameters remains unknown. To investigate the regulatory interactions of these two metabolic processes, we tested the effect of different plant N status and sources on respiratory parameters and nutrition in <em>Lotus japonicus</em>. Plants were grown with two levels of KNO₃ fertilization (5 mM and 25mM) and with the N₂ fixing symbiotic bacteria <em>Mesorhizobium loti</em>, which induced the formation of root nodules (NP). Additionally, we characterized roots containing non-fixing nodules by growing plants that display spontaneous nodule formation (<em>snf</em>) (SNF). We evaluated the natural abundances of ¹³C and ¹⁵N, and ¹⁸O discrimination during respiration in leaves and roots using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. NADH and nutrient content were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. We observed that cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase activity was higher in nodulated roots capable of nitrogen fixation than in plants fertilized with high availability of nitrate, and that nitrogen status strongly associates to respiratory parameters. These findings highlight the role of cytochrome c oxidase in meeting the carbon and energy demands of symbiotic nitrogen fixation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154606"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Humboldt review: Function and characterization of sugar transport across plant membranes: History and perspectives","authors":"Isabel Keller,&nbsp;H. Ekkehard Neuhaus","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sugars are indispensable to life, acting as metabolic substrates, signalling molecules, and structural components. Their controlled movement across membranes is essential for cellular function and development. In this Humboldt Review, we trace the historical and scientific trajectory of plant sugar transporter research, beginning with the discovery of proton-coupled glucose uptake in <em>Chlorella kessleri</em>. This finding led to the molecular identification of HUP1, the first cloned plant sugar transporter and a founding member of the plant Monosaccharide Transporter (MST) family. We then follow the translation of these insights to vascular plants, focusing on <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, where a large and functionally diverse MST superfamily, including seven subfamilies that differ in characteristics such as localization, transport substrate, and transport energization, was uncovered. We also provide insights into the evolution, structure, and multifunctionality of the newest described SWEET family of sugar transport proteins with cross-kingdom conservation. By integrating early discoveries with recent advances, this review offers a comprehensive perspective on the critical roles of sugar transporters in plant physiology and environmental adaptation. We conclude by highlighting current knowledge gaps and proposing directions for future research to deepen our understanding of plant sugar transport mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154600"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salicylic acid accumulation correlates with low anthocyanin production in Arabidopsis","authors":"Matěj Drs ,&nbsp;Oksana Iakovenko ,&nbsp;Jhonny Stalyn Orozco Hernández ,&nbsp;Pavla Beáta Trhlínová ,&nbsp;Vedrana Marković ,&nbsp;Viktor Žárský ,&nbsp;Tamara Pečenková ,&nbsp;Martin Janda","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthocyanins, flavonoid pigments, are essential photoprotective agents and play a pivotal role in enhancing plant resilience to environmental stressors. It has been shown that anthocyanin production is inhibited when pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is activated in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>. An important component of PTI is the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA). Interestingly, exogenous treatment with SA has been shown to induce anthocyanin content in grape, apple, maize roots, rose callus, or <em>Arabidopsis</em> seedlings. In this study, we used several <em>A. thaliana</em> mutants with modulated SA content to decipher the role of endogenous SA in anthocyanin production in <em>A. thaliana</em>. We treated WT and mutants with anthocyanin-inducible conditions and measured anthocyanin content using spectroscopy. We showed that high endogenous SA accumulation correlates with low anthocyanin production. This was confirmed by the treatment of the <em>A. thaliana</em> seedlings with exogenous SA. Additionally, using microscopy in the 5gt mutant, which exhibits enhanced production of anthocyanin vesicular inclusions (AVIs) due to the inhibition of ligandin-dependent vacuolar import, we showed that high endogenous SA also correlates with lower AVI abundance. Comparative analysis of <em>Arabidopsis</em> WT and mutants used in this study indicates a possible inhibitory effect of SA accumulation on anthocyanin content under anthocyanin-inducible conditions (AICs). We suggest that under AICs, SA downstream signaling independent of NPR1 is responsible for lower anthocyanin accumulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of neighbor perception in soft wheat increases weed-induced yield losses","authors":"V. Cirillo ,&nbsp;N. Pollaro ,&nbsp;C. Russo ,&nbsp;P. Punzo ,&nbsp;M. Pane ,&nbsp;A. Maggio","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weeds are one of the major constraints for wheat productivity, causing significant yield losses worldwide. While chemical control is the most used practice to overcome weed damage, its efficacy is challenged by increasing weed resistance to most used herbicides, which is an expanding phenomenon caused by herbicide overuse/misuse. Modern wheat varieties are less able to perceive the presence of weeds than old varieties and are therefore less competitive against them and require chemical control to ensure adequate yields. The low competitiveness of modern wheat varieties toward weeds becomes even more critical under organic farming, where chemical weeding is not allowed. The goal of this study was to evaluate the competitiveness of two wheat genetic resources, namely Rebelde, that is a modern-day cultivar and Frassineto, an accession from a Seed Bank (Banca Regionale del Germoplasma of the Regione Campania - Southern Italy). Frassineto is a landrace deriving from older varieties with higher plant height. Overall, our goal was to assess the different competitiveness of two contrasting wheat varieties differing in breeding periods (old vs modern), constitutive plant height (tall vs short), and neighbor perception (sensitive vs insensitive). Here we demonstrate that the landrace Frassineto responds to weed presence in terms of stem elongation (+46 %), increased tiller angle (+27 %), and by altering leaf total chlorophyll, chlorophyll <em>a</em>/<em>b</em> ratio (−29 %) and carotenoids (−71 %). These responses, typically linked to plant perception of altered red:far red light, were absent in Rebelde. Moreover, Frassineto showed faster growth at early phenological stages compared to Rebelde (+103 % at the tillering stage), which represents an important constitutive trait of competition. Applications of gibberellic acid, which promotes longitudinal growth in response to light, caused significant stem elongation in Frassineto (+14.3 % at 30 μM and 19.6 % at 100 μM), whereas it did not in Rebelde. Similarly, the gene expression of the Phytochrome Interactive Factor (PIF), involved in plant perception of red:far red ratio, was significantly upregulated in Frassineto (+46 %) but not in Rebelde. Altogether these responses were correlated with higher suppressive ability against weeds in Frassinato vs. Rebelde in the field and consequent higher yield stability (+198 %). These results provide important insights into those traits that should be strengthened for the development of competitive wheat varieties for a weed-resilient agro-ecosystem.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154603"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the complexities of rice iron toxicity: Paradoxes, mechanisms, and strategic deliberations","authors":"Lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Yanqin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhaohui Liu ,&nbsp;Herbert J. Kronzucker ,&nbsp;Guangjie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron (Fe) toxicity in rice presents a paradox: excessive soil Fe²⁺ in tropical flooded soils reduces yields by 15–30 %, yet edible grains remain Fe-deficient, worsening global “hidden hunger”, which affects 1.72 billion people. This paradox arises from inefficient Fe translocation from roots to grains and complex research landscapes: field, pot, and hydroponic studies yield conflicting tolerance rankings, hindering mechanistic insights. Potassium (K) mitigates Fe toxicity in some cultivars but shows inconsistent effects across fertilizer forms and growth stages. Biofortification efforts face trade-offs between enhancing grain Fe and avoiding toxicity. Key challenges include the lack of a unified research framework, incomplete identification of Fe-transporter genes, and limited microbial fertilizer applications. This review synthesizes mechanisms, evaluates methods, dissects K-Fe interactions, and proposes breeding strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154601"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144933170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase from Acorus calamus","authors":"Takao Koeduka ,&nbsp;Koki Aono ,&nbsp;Kanon Goto ,&nbsp;Seichi Suzuki ,&nbsp;Shiro Suzuki ,&nbsp;Bolortuya Ulziibat ,&nbsp;Atsushi Okazawa","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Volatile phenylpropenes, including α- and β-asarone, are characteristic aromas of sweet flag (<em>Acorus calamus</em>) and have been used as ingredients in pharmaceutical applications. However, studies on the biosynthetic enzymes involved in the production of volatile phenylpropenes in <em>A. calamus</em> remain limited. In this study, we analyzed volatile phenylpropenes, including α- and β-asarone, in the <em>A. calamus</em> plants. Using RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified a gene encoding <em>S</em>-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent <em>O</em>-methyltransferase (AcCOMT), which converts caffeic acid to ferulic acid via the methylation of the <em>meta</em>-hydroxy group. The recombinant AcCOMT protein expressed in <em>Escherichia coli</em> specifically catalyzed <em>O</em>-methylation of the <em>meta</em>-hydroxy group of caffeic acid, 5-hydroxyferulic acid, and 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol. In contrast, it exhibited no detectable activity toward catechol-type stilbenes and flavonoids, such as piceatannol and quercetin. Additionally, no activity was observed towards the putative precursors of α-asarone and β-asarone, 6-hydroxy-(<em>E</em>)-isoeugenol and 6-hydroxy-(<em>Z</em>)-isoeugenol, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AcCOMT has a distant evolutionary relationship to canonical COMT proteins from other plant species. Our results suggest that AcCOMT enzymes diverged early and followed a unique evolutionary trajectory, distinct from that of other COMTs, rather than originating through convergent evolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154599"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144917859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ARR1/12-ETP1/2 model negatively regulates submergence-induced hypoxia response in A. thaliana","authors":"Meng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuerui Li ,&nbsp;Zeyu Cheng ,&nbsp;Yuhang Wu ,&nbsp;Wensen Fu ,&nbsp;Yongqi Hu ,&nbsp;Jin Yan ,&nbsp;Songfeng He ,&nbsp;Wenli Chang ,&nbsp;Ruijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Yingying Qian ,&nbsp;Jianquan Liu ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Liu ,&nbsp;Zhen Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jplph.2025.154598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Submergence-induced hypoxia stress hampers plant growth and yield, yet its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we found that <em>ETP1/2</em> are repressed by submergence stress and negatively regulate plant tolerance to submergence. Further analysis showed that the repression of <em>ETP1/2</em> during the submergence response is at least partly caused by the decreased expression of <em>ARR1/12</em>, as ARR1/12 can directly bind to the promoters via the AGATTTG motifs to activate <em>ETP1/2</em> expression. ChIP-qPCR, Y1H, and EMSA further confirmed the direct interaction between <em>ARR12</em> and <em>ETP1/2</em>. Genetic analysis demonstrated that <em>ETP1/2</em> negatively regulates the submergence response downstream of <em>ARR1/12</em>. Additionally, some SNPs in the <em>ARR1/12</em> and <em>ETP1/2</em> promoters are correlated with habitat precipitation, suggesting a possible evolutionary adaptation through these SNPs. Our findings thus establish an <em>ARR1/12-ETP1/2</em> module for precisely modulating the plant's hypoxic response, offering potential strategies to enhance crop resistance to submergence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16808,"journal":{"name":"Journal of plant physiology","volume":"314 ","pages":"Article 154598"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}