Journal of Pharmacopuncture最新文献

{"title":"Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate Exhibits Superior Multi-Modal Anti-Inflammatory Activity Compared to Structurally Related Cinnamic Acid Derivatives.","authors":"Sarmoko, Nisa Yulianti Suprahman, Anjar Hermadi Saputro, Iwan Syahjoko Saputra, Khaerunnisa Anbar Istiadi, Arif Fadlan, Fadilah, I Gede Raditya Purwanata, Vito Rahmat Fitrah","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of cinnamic acid (CA) and its derivatives, ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and trans-4-methoxy cinnamic acid (APMC), using integrated in silico, <i>in vitro</i>, and <i>in vivo</i> approaches to identify safer alternatives to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Molecular docking was performed to evaluate binding interactions with inflammation-related proteins, including heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1 (HSP90AA1), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), lipoxygenase, heat shock protein 90 beta family class B member 1 (HSP90AB1), and nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3). <i>In vitro</i> anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assays to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). <i>In vivo</i> efficacy was evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in mice (n = 3 per group), and hematological analysis was conducted 3 hours post-induction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Molecular docking revealed that EPMC exhibited superior multi-target binding affinities across five inflammatory proteins compared with allyl p-methoxycinnamate (APMC) and CA, with notable interaction with prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2/COX-2) interaction (-6.29 kcal/mol). CA uniquely bound NOS3 (-3.06 kcal/mol), suggesting distinct mechanistic pathways. BSA denaturation assays demonstrated comparable IC50 values for EPMC (170.02 μg/mL), CA (171.48 μg/mL), and diclofenac sodium (165.05 μg/mL), whereas APMC exhibited weaker activity (215.06 μg/mL). <i>In vivo</i>, EPMC produced the most rapid and complete resolution of inflammation, achieving significantly lower area-under-curve values than diclofenac sodium (p < 0.05). Hematological analysis revealed mechanistic divergence APMC (600 mg/kg) tended to normalize white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts, suggesting systemic immunomodulation, whereas EPMC and CA demonstrated localized anti-inflammatory action without hematological effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EPMC demonstrates superior multi-modal anti-inflammatory activity through multi-target engagement and localized tissue action, positioning it as a promising lead for next-generation anti-inflammatory therapeutics with potentially improved safety profiles compared with conventional NSAIDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"29 1","pages":"61-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Status of Korean Medicine Treatment for Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: a nationwide survey of Korean medicine doctors.","authors":"Pyung-Wha Kim, Boram Lee, Yujin Choi","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.75","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study investigated how Korean medicine doctors treat schizophrenia spectrum disorders to assess current practices, identify high-frequency interventions, and evaluate clinical field utilization, aiming to develop evidence-based Korean medicine clinical practice guideline.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in December 2024 among doctors affiliated with the Association of Korean Medicine. Korean medicine doctors who had treated schizophrenia spectrum disorder patients within the past six months were included. The survey assessed treatment goals, patient characteristics, treatment modalities, and assessment methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 324 Korean medicine doctors were included in the final analysis. The most frequently reported treatment objective was management of co-existing symptoms (81.8%), followed by complementary treatment for positive/negative symptoms (44.4%) and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects (29.0%). Patients in the chronic (55.2%) and recovery disease phases (50.6%) were more likely to be treated with Korean medicine than patients with acute exacerbation. Herbal medicine (92.9%) and acupuncture (79.6%) were the primary interventions. The most frequently prescribed herbal formulas were Ondam-tang (61.7%), Shihogayonggolmoryo-tang (57.4%), and Ukgan-san (54.9%). GV20 (82.4%), EX-HN1 (58.0%), and HT7 (44.1%) were the most used acupuncture points. The primary co-existing symptoms managed were insomnia (77.2%), depression (76.2%), and agitation/excitement (64.2%). Weight gain (69.8%), dyspepsia (59.3%), and constipation (55.9%) were the most frequently addressed antipsychotic-induced side effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This nationwide survey provides foundational data for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The findings revealed that Korean medicine treatment serves a complementary role to conventional antipsychotic medications, primarily focusing on co-existing symptoms and side effect management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"29 1","pages":"75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Datura metel</i> and Alcohol Cocktail Potentiates Hepatic Encephalopathy by Exacerbating Impairment <i>via</i> the Hepato-Prefrontal Cortical Axis.","authors":"Ephraim Samuel Jen, Adeshina Oloruntoba Adekeye, Mary Oluwatobiloba Adedigba, Edem Ekpeyong Edem, Musa Samaila Chiroma, Martha Orendu Oche Attah","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2026.29.1.48","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Substance abuse among adolescents is a major concern not only in developing countries but also worldwide. <i>Datura metel</i> (<i>D. metel</i>), commonly known as Datura or Devil's Trumpet, is a plant containing several toxic compounds, including alkaloids (such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine). However, consuming <i>D. metel</i> or its derivatives can significantly impact the brain, though its mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of <i>D. metel</i> and alcohol cocktail on the hepato-prefrontal-cortical axis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups (A-E). Group A received distilled water, Group B received 300 mg/kg of <i>D. metel</i>, and Group C received 700 mg/kg of alcohol. Group D received 300 mg/kg of <i>D. metel</i> + 700 mg/kg of alcohol, while Group E received 150 mg/kg of <i>D. metel</i> + 350 mg/kg of alcohol. Tissues from the liver and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were collected for morphological, histological, and immunohistochemical studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant increase in body weight in control group A compared to other experimental groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed a mild attenuation in the cytoarchitecture of the liver and PFC with increased necrosis, apoptosis, vacuolation, and neuronal death in experimental groups compared to control group A. Increased microglial activity was observed in groups B-E, whereas group A showed normal neuronal arrangement with the NeuN antibody compared to experimental groups. Serum liver function biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase) were statistically significantly higher in Groups C and D when compared to Group A.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combined <i>D. metel</i> and alcohol negatively impact the liver and PFC of experimental rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"29 1","pages":"48-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13054873/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147639170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Types and Doses of Pharmacopuncture for Lumbar Disc Herniation: a scoping review of clinical studies.","authors":"Minsu Lee, Gyuwon Park, Yoonsu Tae, Eunbin Kim, Jinwoong Lim","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.269","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.269","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) symptoms include lower back pain (LBP), radiating leg pain, and muscle weakness in muscles innervated by the affected nerve roots. The treatment of LDH is divided into conservative and surgical treatments. In this study, we aimed to summarize and analyze the clinical studies of pharmacopuncture (PP) on LDH and to assess its utilization rate in clinical practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this scoping review, we searched both the domestic (Research information sharing service [RISS], SCIENCE ON, online access to shared information system [OASIS]), and international (PubMed) databases to gather case reports, retrospective studies, and randomized controlled trials with information on the types and doses of PP by injection points up to September 3rd, 2024. The information obtained was analyzed using the PP type and dose at each injection point.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-three studies were identified for this study. We observed that bee venom was most used (34 studies), followed by Shinbaro (29 studies). Studies on other PP types did not exceed four each. The PP doses ranged from a minimum of 0.04 cc to a maximum of 6.00 cc. The most used dose was 1.00 cc. Injection points were intradermal at each disc level, Ah-Shi points, tender points, muscles, traditional acupoints, and facet joints.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We analyzed variations in injection points and maximum doses of PP according to substance type and anatomical location. These results support the development of standardized protocols for acupoint injection therapy in patients with LDH.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"269-289"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Potential of Bee Venom (<i>Apis mellifera intermissa</i>) in Reversing Aniline-Induced Acute Anaemia and Spleen Oxidative Damage in Mice.","authors":"Faouzi Dahdouh, Amira Bourouba, Amina Bourouba, Khaled Belhamzaoui, Hadjer Khelifi, Nour El Houda Harrat, Houria Djebar-Berrebbah","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.379","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Aniline, a widely used industrial chemical, is associated with severe anaemia and oxidative damage to the spleen, posing significant health risks through environmental and occupational exposure. Therefore, this study evaluated the therapeutic potential of bee venom (<i>Apis mellifera intermissa</i>) from north-eastern Algeria in mitigating these effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Acute anemia was induced via oral administration of aniline hydrochloride (100 mg/kg body weight), while recovery was assessed following intraperitoneal injection of bee venom (0.76 mg/kg body weight) for six days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Aniline exposure resulted in marked physiological, hematological, and biochemical impairments, including reduced body weight, food intake, red blood cell counts, and levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), index of distribution of RBC (IDR), and index of distribution of platelets (IDP), along with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and catalase activity in spleen tissues. Histopathological analysis revealed splenomegaly, hyperplasia of the white pulp, and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis. Bee venom treatment significantly reversed these effects, restoring hematological parameters, antioxidant enzyme levels, and spleen architecture.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Bee venom showed potential as a natural therapeutic agent against aniline-induced anaemia and oxidative spleen damage, highlighting its antioxidative and restorative properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"379-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bee Products and Traditional Plant Therapies for Wound Care: a comprehensive review of scientific evidence and clinical applications.","authors":"Ahmed A Rawwash, Emad Ahmed Fathy Hussein, Omar Mohammad Atta","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.255","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.255","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Natural substances with healing properties, especially medicinal plants and bee-derived products, have been integral to traditional medicine systems for centuries, contributing significantly to wound care. Their value lies in both their pharmacological roots and well-documented biological activities, including infection control, inflammation reduction, antioxidative protection, and tissue regeneration. This review highlights the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of bee products and plant-based therapies in wound care, assessing their chemical composition, biological properties, and mechanisms of action.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A wide range of medicinal plants and bee products are examined for their recognized therapeutic roles, with emphasis on their ability to prevent infection, modulate inflammation, counter oxidative stress, and promote healing. The review also considers complementary plant therapies that may enhance the effects of bee-derived substances.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence from experimental and clinical studies demonstrates that natural products such as honey and propolis can effectively treat chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, by supporting tissue repair and preventing complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This review affirms the therapeutic potential of bee products and medicinal plants and supports their integration into modern wound management protocols, which are increasingly being validated through scientific and clinical research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"255-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745370/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intradermal Acupuncture for Moderate to Severe Dry Eye Disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Soo-Yeon Park","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.301","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intradermal acupuncture for the treatment of moderate to severe dry eye disease (DED).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty patients with moderate to severe DED were randomly assigned (11) to either the Intradermal Acupuncture Group (IAG) or the Body Acupuncture Group (BAG). Both groups received 12 treatment sessions over four weeks (three times per week). The primary outcome was the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Secondary outcomes included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for subjective symptoms, quality of life (QoL), the Schirmer I test (SIT), and general assessment. All outcomes were measured at baseline (Week 0), post-treatment (Week 4), and follow-up (Week 6).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No statistically significant between-group differences were found in OSDI scores at Weeks 4 and 6 compared to baseline (p = 0.262, p = 0.105). Similarly, changes in VAS, QoL, and SIT scores showed no significant differences between groups (all p > 0.05). No serious adverse events occurred in either group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Intradermal acupuncture showed comparable effectiveness to body acupuncture in relieving symptoms of moderate to severe DED, suggesting its potential as an alternative therapeutic option. While between-group differences were not definitive in this pilot study, the findings provide preliminary estimates to inform a future, properly powered non-inferiority trial aimed at determining whether IA can achieve clinically comparable outcomes with potential advantages in convenience and adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"301-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Silico Assessment of <i>Silybum marianum</i> Bioactive Compounds in Prostate Cancer Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking.","authors":"Lisa Dal Pozzo, Secondo Scarsella, Maria Abad Arranz, Md Forhad Shamim, Julie Stephanie Howatson, Kaium Abdul, Israt Jahan Poly","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.351","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Prostate cancer is a globally prevalent malignancy with rising resistance to conventional therapies. Although awareness and early diagnosis have improved through screening campaigns, there remains a need for alternative strategies. <i>Silybum</i> <i>marianum</i> L. (SM), or milk thistle, has emerged as a promising natural compound with reported anti-cancer potential. This study aimed to explore the mechanistic basis of SM's activity against prostate cancer using a combination of network pharmacology and molecular docking.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Core targets related to both SM and prostate cancer were identified through a network pharmacology approach. Protein-protein interaction networks, Gene Ontology (GO), and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to interpret biological relevance. Molecular docking was used to evaluate the binding affinity of SM's bioactive components with selected targets.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key proteins identified included SRC, PIK3CD, CDK1, CCNA2, PTPN11, PTK2, RXRA, CYP2C9, and PTGS2, showing significant relevance to SM and prostate cancer. GO analysis emphasized \"response to organic cyclic compounds\" as a significant term. KEGG and GO enrichment analyses indicated that synaptic and neuronal pathways are central in the disease's progression. Docking simulations revealed strong interactions between core targets and SM constituents, notably (+)-silymonin and silandrin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This integrated approach highlighted critical molecular targets and pathways modulated by SM, providing a basis for future experimental studies. SM shows potential as a complementary agent in prostate cancer therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"351-366"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Biodegradable Microneedle Acupuncture and Sterile Acupuncture: study protocol for a prospective, confirmatory, superiority, multicenter, parallel, single-blinded randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Soo-Yeon Park, Nguyen Cong Duc","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.386","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Acupuncture has been widely studied for its safety across multiple countries. Sterile acupuncture (SA), represented by the thumbtack needle, is commonly used due to its ease of application, minimal pain, and allowance of free movement. However, it is also associated with adverse events (AEs) such as foreign body sensation and allergic contact dermatitis. Biodegradable microneedle acupuncture (BMA) is a newly developed medical device that may overcome these limitations. This trial aims to confirm the superiority of BMA over SA (represented by the thumbtack needle) in terms of safety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 224 participants diagnosed with dry eye disease, asthenopia, ocular pain, Bell's palsy and its sequelae, or ptosis will be recruited from two hospitals. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either BMA or SA in a 11 ratio. Acupuncture will be performed at eight standardized points bilateral GB14, TE23, EX-HN5, and ST1. Treatments will be administered three times per week for four weeks by Korean medicine doctors or residents with at least three years of clinical experience. The needles will be removed by the participants after four hours. The primary outcome is the incidence of treatment-related AEs. Secondary outcomes include vital signs, blood test results, incidence of allergic reactions, visual analog scale (VAS) scores for symptoms, quality of life, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scores, and treatment satisfaction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This trial will provide evidence regarding the safety of BMA. The results may help clinicians select a safer alternative to conventional thumbtack needles, especially for patients with sensitive skin. In addition, findings may serve as reference data for regulatory evaluation of BMA safety and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"386-398"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745364/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of Adrenergic Agonist-Induced Metastatic Potential in Cancer Cells by an Ethanolic Extract of <i>Lindera aggregata</i> Root Tuber.","authors":"Jae-Hoon Jeong, Shin-Hyung Park","doi":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.290","DOIUrl":"10.3831/KPI.2025.28.4.290","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The root tuber of <i>Lindera aggregata</i> (LA) has been traditionally used in Korean medicine to promote <i>qi</i> circulation and alleviate pain. This study investigated the anti-metastatic effects of an ethanolic extract of LA (ELA) and explored its underlying molecular mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The effect of ELA on adrenergic agonist-induced cancer cell migration and invasion was evaluated using transwell assays. The influence of ELA on Src phosphorylation induced by adrenergic agonists was assessed via Western blot analysis. Network pharmacology analysis was conducted based on the known and predicted targets of ELA, including KEGG pathway enrichment, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and disease association analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells was promoted by adrenergic agonists, including epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and isoprenaline (ISO). This effect was significantly reversed by ELA in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, E- and NE-induced cancer cell invasion was suppressed by ELA in a dose-dependent manner. ELA also inhibited E- and NE-stimulated Src phosphorylation, suggesting that the anti-metastatic effects of ELA are mediated through Src inactivation. Network pharmacology analysis identified Src as a central hub protein potentially mediating the effects of LA. In addition, enrichment analysis revealed significant involvement of LA targets in cancer-related pathways and cell motility processes, further supporting the experimental findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that ELA inhibits adrenergic agonist-induced metastatic activity in cancer cells by deactivating Src, highlighting its potential as a novel anti-metastatic therapeutic agent.</p>","PeriodicalId":16769,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmacopuncture","volume":"28 4","pages":"290-300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12745366/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145878568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}