Journal of neuroimmunology最新文献

{"title":"Identification of the core genes KLRB1 and RETN as potential shared diagnostic markers for major depressive disorder and systemic lupus erythematosus through bioinformatics and machine learning methodologies","authors":"Ruoling Jia,&nbsp;Xubin Yao,&nbsp;Qingling Liu,&nbsp;Xun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578811","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578811","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the shared molecular mechanisms between major depressive disorder (MDD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Analysis of multiple GEO datasets identified 23 common differentially expressed genes (coDEGs), primarily enriched in immune and metabolic pathways. Among 13 high-confidence hub genes derived from protein-protein interaction networks, two biomarkers—KLRB1 and RETN—were consistently selected by machine learning algorithms (including LASSO, SVM, and Random Forest) and validated across independent cohorts. Both biomarkers demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy, with combined AUC values of 0.929 for MDD and 0.948 for SLE. Immune infiltration analysis revealed common reductions in NK cells and elevated monocyte levels in both disorders. KLRB1 expression was positively correlated with NK cell function, while RETN showed disease-specific immune correlations. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) indicated associations between both genes and neurodegeneration-related pathways. Additionally, a predicted ceRNA network suggested potential upstream non-coding RNA regulators. These results underscore dysregulated innate immunity and inflammatory pathways as key common features of MDD and SLE, providing new insights into their diagnosis and therapeutic targeting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578811"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychopathology in myasthenia gravis: Results from a multicenter Italian study","authors":"Claudia Vinciguerra ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Montalbano ,&nbsp;Valentina Virzì ,&nbsp;Nicasio Rini ,&nbsp;Christian Messina ,&nbsp;Liliana Bevilacqua ,&nbsp;Paolo Barone ,&nbsp;Maria D’Apolito ,&nbsp;Eliana Liberatoscioli ,&nbsp;Antonio Di Muzio ,&nbsp;Roberto Monastero ,&nbsp;Filippo Brighina ,&nbsp;Vincenzo Di Stefano","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by neuromuscular impairment. While its motor symptoms are well-documented, its neuropsychological impact remains underexplored. This multicenter retrospective case-control study explores the prevalence of psychopathology in MG patients compared to healthy controls (HCs), analyzing correlations between disease severity and psychiatric disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively analyzed 116 MG patients and 119 HCs from three Italian MG centers. Neuropsychological assessment included the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) for executive functions, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) for depression, the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) for quality of life, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) for sleep disturbances, and the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) for psychological distress. Group differences were assessed using ANOVA. In MG patients, correlations between clinical and neuropsychological measures were explored through Pearson's coefficient, while multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of psychiatric involvement.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>MG patients exhibited significantly higher SCL-90 total scores and all subdomains (<em>p</em> ≤ 0.001), more frequent sleep disturbances (<em>p</em> = 0.028), and higher BDI-II scores (p ≤ 0.001) than HCs. Increased steroid dosage correlated with anxiety (<em>r</em> = 0.39, <em>p</em> = 0.04), psychoticism (<em>p</em> = 0.021), and depression (<em>p</em> = 0.015). Regression analysis identified disease severity (OR = 2.14, 95 % CI: 1.30–3.51, <em>p</em> = 0.002) and corticosteroid dosage (OR = 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.12–2.83, <em>p</em> = 0.015) as independent predictors of psychiatric symptoms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>MG patients show a significantly higher psychiatric burden, with disease severity and corticosteroid exposure as key contributors. These findings highlight the need for integrated neuropsychiatric monitoring in MG care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145569195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) ameliorates sepsis-induced brain injury by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to inhibit high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release","authors":"Hengchang Ren ,&nbsp;Jinyuan Li ,&nbsp;Mei Ding ,&nbsp;Wenli Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of brain injury in sepsis patients has been as high as 70 %, which has been a significant cause of septic patients' death. However, the pathophysiology of brain injury in sepsis is multifactorial and inconclusive. There are no clear reasons or effective treatments for brain injury induced by sepsis. The experiment aims to research how Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) affects sepsis-induced brain injury. Male ICR mice developed sepsis via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Isodose H₂S was administered before operation and at 1、12 h post-operation. Zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX, a HO-1 inhibitor) was intraperitoneally injected 1 h before surgery. After an operation, the survival rate of 7 days was observed and recorded. Morris water maze and Y-maze were applied to evaluate cognitive function. The expression level of Bad and Bcl-2 and neuronal apoptosis by TUNEL assay in the hippocampus were assessed. We used different methods to measure the protein expression and mRNA levels of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and the activity of HO-1 in hippocampus neurons. The rate of survivors and cognitive impairment of septic mice were markedly improved after H₂S treatment, and the brain injury in septic mice such as pathological damage and the expression change of Bad and Bcl-2 significantly alleviated. We discovered that the useful effects of H₂S on brain injury in septic mice were related to the decreased level of HMGB1 in the hippocampus. In addition, H₂S treatment alleviated brain injury of septic mice by promoting the expression and activity of HO-1. Moderate exogenous H₂S treatment would be a potential treatment to relieve sepsis brain injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578777"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145458609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autoimmune encephalitis in first episode psychosis: Prospective non-interventional longitudinal study in tertiary psychiatric center","authors":"Vera Fominykh ,&nbsp;Irina Kovaleva ,&nbsp;Ekaterina Aksenova ,&nbsp;Elena Kondrasheva ,&nbsp;Narine Arzumanian ,&nbsp;Dmitrii Averchenkov ,&nbsp;Sergey Lapin ,&nbsp;Vladimir Nazarov ,&nbsp;Anna Moshnikova ,&nbsp;Mikhail Levin ,&nbsp;Alena Prusova ,&nbsp;Larisa Burygina ,&nbsp;Lev Brylev ,&nbsp;Angelina Khannanova","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578815","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578815","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) comprises a group of immune-mediated central nervous system disorders and can present with psychiatric symptoms. This study aimed to prospectively identify and characterize the AE group in first psychotic episode (FEP) at the tertiary psychiatric hospital using clinical and instrumental data in combination with modified algorithm for AE in FEP; and retrospectively evaluate current diagnostic algorithms for AE and autoimmune psychosis (AP) based on obtained empirical data.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>We consecutively assessed all FEP patients admitted to psychiatric hospital according to inclusion-exclusion criteria. In all included patient's clinical picture was assessed, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken at the acute stage of disorders. CSF oligoclonal bands, cytosis and protein level were tested in all CSF samples. Serum antineuronal antibodies (Abs) to intracellular antigens, NMDA, CASPR2, LGi1, GABAb, AMPA1,2, GAD Abs, thyroid serology, ANA, dsDNA Abs were measured. After the warning signs assessment, the second set of analyses were performed in patients with “red flags” and/or positive laboratory tests: CSF antineuronal antibodies (NMDA, CASPR2, LGi1, GABAb, AMPA1,2, GAD Abs), brain MRI, and oncological screening. AE diagnosis was made by Graus criteria. Immunosuppressive treatment was used in AE patients. We assessed the outcome after the treatment, and for all patients after 9–12 months follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>784 consecutive patients underwent the screening procedure as patients referred to the tertiary psychiatric hospital with FEP. After the inclusion/exclusion procedure, 143 patients were included in the study. We confirmed AE diagnosis in 5 patients (3.5 % of included patients): anti-AMPH, anti-AMPA 2, anti-GABAb, anti-yo AE, and AE with CSF antineuronal antibodies. 1 out of 5 patients died in the acute stage, 3 have good outcomes and return to work.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We revealed 3.5 % AE in the FEP cohort in an East-European tertiary psychiatric hospital. No clinical “red flags” were detected in 1 patient. In 1 patient Ab was detected only in CSF. AE criteria + “red flags” assessment help to reveal 4 out 5 cases. 1 case was found at serum screening and confirmed by CSF analysis. Our results supported the necessity of valid “red flags” panel, serum and CSF antibody testing in the FEP cohort at admission for improving AE diagnostics in FEP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145615378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced quantitative MRI reveals a unique pattern of metabolic alterations and iron-pathology linked to glial activation in Baló's concentric sclerosis","authors":"Christina-Athanasia Dempegioti ,&nbsp;Giorgos Broumpoulis ,&nbsp;Maria-Evgenia Brinia ,&nbsp;Ioannis Papadopoulos ,&nbsp;Efstratios Karavasilis ,&nbsp;Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos ,&nbsp;Leonidas Stefanis ,&nbsp;Christine Stadelmann ,&nbsp;Georgios Velonakis ,&nbsp;Constantinos Kilidireas ,&nbsp;Aigli G. Vakrakou","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578798","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578798","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Baló's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare demyelinating disorder with concentric ring lesions on MRI, which can mimic tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL), especially present in tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TMS). Recent neuropathological studies suggest the involvement of activated microglia and astrocytes in BCS lesion expansion. However, advanced imaging techniques like Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) have not been fully utilized to differentiate BCS from other TDL or explore their metabolic differences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively analyzed MRI data from 12 BCS patients (mean age 29.6 years, 50 % male) and 16 patients with TDL (mean age 30.9 years, 37.5 % male). MRS and QSM data were stratified into acute/subacute and chronic phases. Long echo-time acquisitions (TE =144 ms) were used for metabolite ratio analysis, while short echo-time (TE =35 ms) allowed absolute quantification of 34 metabolites. Lesion, peri-lesional, and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) regions were compared. Patients tested positive for MOG or AQP4 were excluded.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In long echo-time MRS, BCS lesions demonstrated lower Cho/Cr (<em>p</em> = 0.0029) and Cho/NAA (<em>p</em> = 0.019) ratios compared to TDL, indicating greater axonal preservation and lower cellular turnover in BCS. When compared to their respective NAWM, BCS lesions exhibited significantly reduced NAA/Cr (<em>p</em> = 0.001) and TDL reduced NAA/Cr (<em>p</em> = 0.002), Cho/Cr (p = 0.001), and increased Cho/NAA (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001). Absolute quantification showed increased myo-inositol in BCS lesions, while TDL showed increased glutamate metabolism. Layer-wise QSM analysis revealed a centrifugal gradient in BCS lesions, with the core exhibiting the highest susceptibility.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>BCS presents distinct metabolic and structural features compared to TDL, with biomarkers such as lower Cho/Cr ratios, elevated myo-inositol, and centrifugal QSM gradients, which may enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide insight into lesion expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145482174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibition of microRNA-126-3p attenuates ischemic stroke by targeting endogenous neuroprotective receptor LRP6 in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway","authors":"Xixi Chen ,&nbsp;Baojun Huang ,&nbsp;Jianya Xiang ,&nbsp;Hai Lin ,&nbsp;Liqun Yang ,&nbsp;Wujun Geng","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MicroRNA-126 (miR-126) has emerged as a potential key regulator in ischemic stroke. Yet, its exact mechanism of action is still unexplored. This study aims to investigate whether miR-126 targets and regulates the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP6), an important co-receptor in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, to reduce ischemic brain injury in mice. C57BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into Sham group, Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) group, MCAO+miR-126 antagomir group, MCAO+ antagomir NC group, MCAO+miR-126 agomir group and MCAO + agomir NC group. The Garcia nervous system score assessed the neurobehavior of the mice. Infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, and the extent of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was assessed by Nissl staining. The miR-126 level was detected by real-time PCR, and the apoptosis index was detected by Western blot. A luciferase reporter assay was applied to demonstrate that LRP6 is the target protein of miR-126. The increased expression of miR-126 in MCAO mice inhibits the Wnt/LRP6/β-catenin pathway and enhances neuronal apoptosis. Inhibition of miR-126 alleviates the infarct area, motor ability damage, and apoptosis in MCAO mice. Additionally, Western blot results and luciferase reporter assay showed that inhibition of miR-126 activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via LRP6. Our data suggest that inhibition of microRNA-126 attenuates ischemic stroke by targeting endogenous neuroprotective receptor LRP6 in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145419762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine and chemokine production by astrocytes is influenced by Cystatin C","authors":"Alexandra L. Palmer ,&nbsp;Ruiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Yohan R. Zonta ,&nbsp;Zachary D.J. Bailey ,&nbsp;Hedwich F. Kuipers ,&nbsp;Shalina S. Ousman","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578801","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Astrocytes play essential roles during homeostasis as structural and functional components of tripartite synapse signaling, blood brain barrier integrity, and neurotransmitter buffering. However, these glia can become reactive in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where they can exacerbate pro-inflammatory environments by recruiting and promoting immune cell activity through secretion of cytokines and chemokines and possibly antigen presentation. What is incompletely known are the molecular regulators of astrocyte activation. Variable levels of <em>Cst3</em> mRNA and Cystatin C (CysC) protein have been recorded in a variety of MS tissues, and CysC plays a detrimental role in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Further, CysC promotes glial fibrillary acidic protein (<em>Gfap</em>) expression, and contributes to the number of GFAP-positive cells during development. As such, we investigated if CysC is expressed by astrocytes in MS and EAE central nervous system (CNS) cord tissue, and what the functional consequence may be of CysC expression in these glia. We found that CysC is robustly expressed by astrocytes in MS and EAE CNS tissues, that CysC contributes to cytokine and chemokine production by mixed glial cells enriched in astrocytes, and that these CysC-impacted secretory factors can promote cytokine production by CD4⁺ T cells in vitro. Thus, CysC expression in astrocytes contributes to activation of these glial cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578801"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145517670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CCR5-related signalling may link peripheral immune activation to brain chemokine responses in breast cancer","authors":"Delyse McCaffrey ,&nbsp;Cynthia Shannon Weickert ,&nbsp;Adam K. Walker","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peripheral cancers trigger systemic inflammation that impacts the brain, causing cognitive, psychological, and sleep disturbances via cytokine elevation, oxidative stress, glial activation, and impaired neurogenesis. Although chemokine and growth factor increases and immune cell infiltration are well studied in tumour microenvironments, the brain's response to solid peripheral tumours is less understood. We implanted three murine mammary cancer types representing different stages of progression and immune involvement into mice, and measured chemokine and immune growth factor levels in blood and brain tissue (<em>n</em> = 40). Each cancer type induced distinct peripheral changes. CXCL1, associated with neutrophil activation, was the only chemokine elevated in the serum across all cancer types. Triple-negative lines (4T1.2, 67NR) also showed increased IL-2, G-CSF, and GM-CSF, reflecting expansion of neutrophils, myeloid cells, and T cells. In contrast, the EO771 model elevated CCL2, suggesting monocyte/macrophage recruitment into target tissue. However, these peripheral changes were not mirrored in the brain. Instead, levels of CCL5 (which recruits leukocytes), hippocampal levels of IL-12p40 (a macrophage chemoattractant), and IL-12p70 (which activates T cells and natural killer cells) levels were significantly elevated in response to peripheral cancers. These data reveal a prominent serum growth factor signature alluding to enhanced proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow and mobilisation of mature immune cells into circulation. However, the brain's chemokine response suggests selective recruitment of T cells and monocytes/macrophages. Notably, higher serum CCL4 predicted greater hippocampal CCL5 increases, suggesting CCR5-related signalling may draw peripheral immune cells to the brain via increased chemotactic cues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578782"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145366090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The real-world experience of biologics for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders as first-line and switched therapy","authors":"Ayano Matsuyoshi ,&nbsp;Koji Shinoda ,&nbsp;Hajime Takeuchi ,&nbsp;Keisuke Mizutani ,&nbsp;Yuu-ichi Kira ,&nbsp;Kazunori Iwao ,&nbsp;Mitsuru Watanabe ,&nbsp;Katsuhisa Masaki ,&nbsp;Noriko Isobe","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578799","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578799","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Several biologics have demonstrated the efficacy in reducing relapses of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG). However, real-world data on biologics for NMOSD are limited. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of biologics in clinical practice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 117 patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD in our hospitals between 2000 and 2024. Patients were classified into Biologics-1^st and glucocorticoids/immunosuppressants (GC/IS)-1^st by their first-line therapy, and then those who switched from GC/IS to biologics (Switched to Biologics). Annualized relapse rate (ARR) and changes in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores were analyzed, and the safety was assessed in all biologics-treated patients.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 45 patients who switched to biologics, significant reductions were observed in ARR [median (interquartile range, IQR), 0.0 (0.0–0.0) vs. 0.4 (0.1–0.6), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001] and annual changes in EDSS scores [median (IQR), 0.0 (0.0–0.0) vs. 0.1 (0.0–0.3), <em>p &lt;</em> 0.0001] after switching. No relapses occurred during 24.3 patient-years in Biologics-1^st group, while GC/IS-1^st group had 330 relapses during 970.3 patient-years (<em>p</em> = 0.0031). The ARR was significantly lower in Biologics-1^st than in GC/IS-1^st [median (IQR), 0.00 (0.00–0.00) vs. 0.20 (0.10–0.50), <em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001], while the EDSS score change was comparable. The safety profile of biologics was generally consistent with the clinical trial data.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Biologics were highly efficacious in preventing relapses of NMOSD with AQP4-IgG in real-world clinical practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578799"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145495904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD): Practical recommendations for diagnosis and management","authors":"Elia Sechi ,&nbsp;Matteo Gastaldi ,&nbsp;Rosa Cortese ,&nbsp;Alvino Bisecco ,&nbsp;Alberto Vogrig ,&nbsp;Maria Pia Giannoccaro ,&nbsp;Luigi Zuliani ,&nbsp;Marco Zoccarato ,&nbsp;Silvia Casagrande ,&nbsp;Stefano Sartori ,&nbsp;Margherita Nosadini ,&nbsp;Raffaele Iorio ,&nbsp;Marianna Spatola ,&nbsp;Valentina Damato ,&nbsp;Sara Mariotto","doi":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jneuroim.2025.578781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is a distinct antibody-mediated disease characterized by heterogeneous manifestations. Despite some overlap with other demyelinating CNS disorders, specific clinical-MRI features of MOGAD have been identified that facilitate early diagnosis. Paediatric and adult populations can be similarly affected but differ in the predominant clinical phenotypes, which include optic neuritis, myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, brainstem/cerebellar syndromes, and cerebral cortical encephalitis.</div><div>Based on the recently international MOGAD panel proposed diagnostic criteria, a correct diagnosis of MOGAD relies on the detection of serum or CSF MOG antibodies (Abs) using cell-based assays in patients with compatible clinical-MRI phenotypes. Relapses occur in 40–80 % of cases with no single factor being able to reliably predict the disease course after onset, although monitoring antibody titers may offer some guidance. Intravenous steroids with subsequent tapering and rapid escalation to plasma exchange in case of incomplete recovery are usually administered in the acute stage, with intravenous immunoglobulins considered as a possible alternative. Chronic treatment should be administered in relapsing patients or in case of incomplete recovery from the presenting attack. In this review, we summarise the main features of MOGAD, with a focus on the clinical/imaging characteristics, diagnosis and treatment approach and propose practical recommendations for clinicians.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16671,"journal":{"name":"Journal of neuroimmunology","volume":"410 ","pages":"Article 578781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145409170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}