Journal of Parasitology Research最新文献

{"title":"Anthelmintic Activity and Pathophysiological Effect of <i>Allium sativum</i> Extract-Based Copper Nanoparticles Against the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke, <i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i>.","authors":"Patpicha Arunsan, Phornphitcha Pechdee, Sirichai Phinsiri, Alisa Boonsuya, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nav La, Nattawut Keeratibharat, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon","doi":"10.1155/japr/7058749","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/7058749","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Opisthorchis viverrini</i> has a significant role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a leading cause of death in northeastern Thailand. Although praziquantel (PZQ) remains the standard treatment for <i>O. viverrini</i> infections, its use is associated with adverse side effects, and prolonged administration may increase the risk of CCA. In response, the Thai government has been actively promoting research into alternative treatments, including the use of medicinal plants. <i>Allium sativum</i> Lin. (garlic) has demonstrated potent anthelmintic effects against <i>O. viverrini</i> adult worms in earlier studies, suggesting its potential as an alternative treatment for opisthorchiasis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential of garlic-copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) (G-CuNPs) as a novel therapeutic approach for <i>O. viverrini</i> infections by enhancing the delivery efficiency of bioactive compounds in garlic. G-CuNPs were synthesized by the ionic gelation method and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the antiparasitic efficacy of G-CuNPs against <i>O. viverrini</i> adult worms was evaluated through <i>in vitro</i> assays (conducted in triplicate), including assessments of motility and viability rates, the tegumental alteration using SEM analysis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The result of FTIR analysis confirmed stable interactions between garlic extract and CuNPs, while GC-MS identified disulfide derivatives with anti-inflammatory properties as the primary compounds. SEM revealed spherical nanoparticles approximately 226.2 nm in size, suitable for biological applications. Moreover, G-CuNPs effectively inhibited <i>O. viverrini</i> adult worms' motility and caused tegumental damage to the parasites, likely due to increased ROS levels. According to these results, G-CuNPs demonstrate significant potential as an alternative treatment for liver fluke infections. However, additional studies are necessary to thoroughly assess their safety, optimize drug delivery mechanisms, and explore their broader clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"7058749"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12367378/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144958103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Communal Goat Farmers on the Prevalence and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","authors":"Khanyisani Cyril Ndwandwe, Michael Chimonyo, Ana Mbokeleng Tsotetsi-Khambule, Munyaradzi Christopher Marufu","doi":"10.1155/japr/1443083","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/1443083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) are a significant impediment to communal goat production, causing considerable economic losses, making their control imperative. The objective of this study was to determine farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices on the control of GIN in communal goat flocks. A structured close-ended questionnaire was used to conduct face-to-face interviews with communal goat farmers (<i>n</i> = 384) across four local municipalities in uMkhanyakude District Municipality. Elderly farmers were 1.4 times more likely to underdose compared to younger farmers (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Diarrhoea and emaciation were the most reported clinical signs observed in goat flocks. Farmers were aware of clinical signs of GIN infections (<i>p</i> < 0.01) on their farms. However, lack of professional veterinary assistance (<i>p</i> < 0.01), low socioeconomic status and low levels of education (<i>p</i> < 0.01) reduce the effectiveness of GIN control. Farmer's inability to read manufacturer's instructions was associated with incorrect dosing (<i>p</i> < 0.05), which contributed to ineffective management and worsened the impacts of GIN infections. An immediate intervention is required from various stakeholders to achieve sustainable nematode control, with a particular emphasis on women, the elderly farmers and those with low levels of education.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1443083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12324910/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144789418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Drinking Water Distribution System of Lahore for Free-Living Amoebas, Particularly <i>Naegleria</i> spp.","authors":"Ayesha Najam, Sana Ullah Iqbal, Waqas Ahmed, Rabia Tanvir, Haroon Akbar","doi":"10.1155/japr/4286995","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/4286995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Free-living amoebas are ubiquitous in distribution systems and recreational waters. Numerous studies have described the problem posed by their presence in the drinking water distribution systems of Lahore; however, very few studies have been done on <i>Naegleria</i> spp., particularly <i>Naegleria fowleri</i> that causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. In this study, we aimed to screen for the free-living amoebas in 100 water samples from nine zones in Lahore. These samples included water from mosques (<i>n</i> = 45), homes (<i>n</i> = 45), swimming pools (<i>n</i> = 10), and the Lahore canal. Cysts (3-4 <i>μ</i>m) and rounded trophozoites (4-5 <i>μ</i>m) along with elongated trophozoites (8-10 <i>μ</i>m) were observed to be present in 37 (82.2%) water samples from mosques. In water from homes, we detected rounded trophozoites (5 <i>μ</i>m) and elongated trophozoites (10 <i>μ</i>m) from the Lahore canal. There was also a positive association with temperature (odds ratio 20.329, 95% CL) and a trend of negative association with pH (odds ratio 2.001, 95% CL). PCR amplification confirmed the presence of <i>Naegleria</i> spp. in three zones: Lahore canal and swimming pools. Our study indicates the presence of <i>Naegleria</i> spp. in drinking water distribution systems of Lahore; therefore, we recommend a routine screening for <i>N. fowleri</i> in order to reduce the risk of acquiring the fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"4286995"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"Study on Cattle Trematodiasis and Related Risk Factors in Damot Sore District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia\".","authors":"","doi":"10.1155/japr/9792165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/japr/9792165","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2023/6687665.].</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9792165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12317804/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apoptosis: A Key Process That <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Modulates as a Strategy to Perpetuate Infection.","authors":"Diego Maurizio Coria-Paredes, Arturo A Wilkins-Rodríguez, Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh","doi":"10.1155/japr/2093615","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/2093615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Apoptosis is a crucial host defense mechanism because it can trigger the immune response and get rid of infected cells. These important goals, among others, are achieved through a fine-tuned process that culminates in a quiet form of cell death. Apoptosis represents a hindrance for intracellular microorganisms that live inside cells. Nevertheless, they have developed strategies that allow them to survive in diverse microhabitats inside their hosts, avoiding the immune response defense mechanisms. A good example of this is the intracellular parasite <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>, which, thanks to various adaptations, manages to go through its life cycle passing through the digestive tract of hemiptera and mammalian blood to reach its destination: the cytoplasm of the cells it infects. <i>T. cruzi</i> causes Chagas disease or American trypanosomiasis that constitutes a major health issue worldwide with 6-7 million people currently infected and approximately 10,000 annual deaths. Infection with <i>T. cruzi</i> can cause an extensive range of disease going from acute to chronic forms such as the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. In the transition from one form to another, many factors are implicated where the host immune response and <i>T. cruzi</i> genetic diversity stand out. Being an intracellular parasite, <i>T. cruzi</i> must evade the host's defense mechanisms to successfully establish an infection. Apoptosis represents one of these mechanisms, and <i>T. cruzi</i> has developed several strategies to inhibit or induce apoptosis depending on the cell context. Interestingly, in addition to the ability of <i>T. cruzi</i> to modulate host apoptosis, it can experience an apoptosis-like cell death. In this review, we describe apoptosis and its main paths of induction as well as basic aspects of the parasite and Chagas disease and examine how the regulation of apoptosis influences infection by this protozoan.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2093615"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Status of <i>Eimeria</i> Infection in Dairy Calves in and Around Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia.","authors":"Yihenew Getahun Ambaw, Gelan Tafesa, Ambachew Motbaynor Wubaye, Simachew Getaneh Endalamew, Simegnew Adugna Kallu","doi":"10.1155/japr/8117528","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/8117528","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Globally, eimeriosis is highly important for the health and productivity of calves. Although eimeriosis is one of the major causes of financial loss in cattle farming, there is inadequate evidence on the epidemiological status of infection in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence and associated factors, assessing the burden, and identifying <i>Eimeria</i> species in dairy calves. A cross-sectional investigation of calf eimeriosis among dairy farms in Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia, was conducted from November 2023 to April 2024. A total of 384 calves aged from 3 weeks to 18 months were selected using simple random sampling, and fecal samples were collected rectally. Flotation technique was used to detect <i>Eimeria</i> oocysts, and the McMaster method was used to count OPGs. The prevalence of calf eimeriosis was 18.549% (95% CI: 14.90-22.72). For calves < 6 months (OR = 0.28, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and 12-18 months (OR = 0.31, <i>p</i> = 0.009), good body condition (OR = 0.23, <i>p</i> = 0.001), hygienic status (OR = 0.09, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and diarrheic calf status (OR = 3.24, <i>p</i> = 0.002) were significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) factors for eimeriosis. The mean OPG score of the feces was significantly different among different age groups, fecal consistency groups, and housing systems. <i>Eimeria bovis</i> (28.17%), <i>Eimeria zuernii</i> (18.31%), and <i>Eimeria subspherica</i> (16.90%) were the most prevalent <i>Eimeria</i> species in this study. The prevalence of eimeriosis was high in calves; therefore, comprehensive calf management practices are essential to reduce the disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8117528"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12259326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144637286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Artemisia</i>, a Promising Tool for Integrated Parasite Control.","authors":"Sharon Elizabeth Cruz-Estupiñan, Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita, Diana María Bulla-Castañeda, Javier Antonio Ballesteros-Ricaurte, Martin Orlando Pulido-Medellin","doi":"10.1155/japr/9987439","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/9987439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus <i>Artemisia</i>, belonging to the family Asteraceae, comprises nearly 500 species with various pharmacological properties, such as antimalarial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, nematocidal, and cesticidal activities. Gastrointestinal parasites pose a significant health concern in animals, resulting in substantial financial losses due to the ineffectiveness of current prevention and control measures, further compounded by the rise of antiparasitic resistance. Consequently, there has been a surge in research endeavors aimed at identifying sustainable alternatives to address this issue, with a particular focus on herbalism due to its promise in this field. <i>Artemisia</i> has been identified as a source of secondary metabolites with the potential to kill parasites, making it a promising natural alternative to synthetic drugs. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the genus <i>Artemisia</i> and its application in the control of gastrointestinal parasites. A comprehensive search was conducted using multiple databases, including Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Latindex, PubMed, and SciELo, with specific keywords such as \"<i>Artemisia</i>, Artemisin, gastrointestinal parasites, effect, resistance\". After a thorough review of the literature, 15 articles were identified as meeting the selection criteria. These articles encompassed studies on plants from the genus <i>Artemisia</i>, exploring their response to parasites in both free and endogenous life stages. Additionally, the review included studies on molecules derived from plants in the genus <i>Artemisia</i>, their ethnobotanical applications in addressing parasites, and their ethnoveterinary uses. These studies demonstrated that <i>Artemisia</i>, whether in vivo or in vitro, exhibited an impact on various gastrointestinal parasites and yielded positive or negative outcomes in the treatment of different parasite species.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9987439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12237563/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144591495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PubChem BioAssays 1063: A Poorly Exploited Source of New Antileishmanial Compounds.","authors":"Sergio Sifontes-Rodríguez, Susana Meneses-Gómez, Alma Reyna Escalona-Montaño, Daniel Andrés Sánchez-Almaraz, Ofelia Pérez-Olvera, Aranza Regina Cañón Rosas, Pedro Zuriel Cruz Bautista, María Magdalena Aguirre-García","doi":"10.1155/japr/6338486","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/6338486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PubChem Bioassays (AID 1063) reported the in vitro testing of 196,141 compounds against <i>Leishmania major</i> promastigotes. Although these results have been publicly available since 2008, limited efforts on further testing of some of these compounds has been published. The aim of the present work was selecting a small set of compounds that were highly active in that primary assay and assessing their antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo. Selected compounds were 100% active in the primary assay at 10 <i>μ</i>M, were not theoretically toxic, did not have structural features of pan assay interfering substances, had positive druglikeness, and were not cytotoxic, and their activity rate in previous assays reported in PubChem Bioassays was under 5%. Seven commercially available compounds were purchased and tested against <i>L. major</i>, <i>Leishmania mexicana</i>, <i>Leishmania amazonensis</i>, and <i>Leishmania infantum</i> promastigotes; in mouse peritoneal macrophages (cytotoxicity); and against <i>L. mexicana</i> intracellular amastigotes. Eventually, four compounds with appropriate selectivity and high activity against <i>L. mexicana</i> amastigotes were tested by intralesional route (1%, 20 <i>μ</i>L) in a mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Four compounds were active (IC₅₀ < 10<i> μ</i>M) against the promastigote stage of the four <i>Leishmania</i> species tested. These four compounds were also active (IC₅₀ < 10<i> μ</i>M) in vitro against intracellular amastigotes and in vivo in mice experimentally infected with <i>L. mexicana</i>. Results demonstrated the potential of these compounds as antileishmanials and the high, unexploited potential of AID 1063 as a source of new antileishmanial agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6338486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12227259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144575623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Century of Epidemiological Advances in Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis in Algeria.","authors":"Naouel Eddaikra, Razika Benikhlef, Denis Sereno","doi":"10.1155/japr/2102270","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/2102270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases transmitted by sandflies, affecting humans and animals, with three clinical presentations: cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral. The disease is caused by the parasite <i>Leishmania</i> and is a significant global health issue, with approximately two million cases annually and 350 million people at risk. The disease is endemic in 98 countries, including Algeria, which is a hotspot. In Algeria, three species of <i>Leishmania</i> (<i>Leishmania major</i>, <i>Leishmania infantum</i>, and <i>Leishmania tropica</i>) cause cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, with the cutaneous one being highly endemic. In Algeria since the 19th century, research on leishmaniasis has been intensive, and the review was aimed at compiling over a century of research to provide updated knowledge on transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology in this country.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"2102270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12213045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144540607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Epidemiology and Determinants of Opportunistic Intestinal Parasites Among HIV-Positive Patients Attending Care and Treatment Centers in Northcentral Ethiopia.","authors":"Yitbarek Mulie, Sissay Menkir, Abayeneh Girma","doi":"10.1155/japr/3857677","DOIUrl":"10.1155/japr/3857677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Opportunistic intestinal parasites (OIPs) cause significant morbidity and mortality among HIV-positive people due to the decline of CD4+ T-cells. In Ethiopia, the burden of this infection is high due to poor personal and environmental hygiene. The present study is aimed at finding the epidemiology and determinants of OIPs in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Debre Tabor General Hospital. <b>Methods:</b> A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 systematically selected patients attending the Debre Tabor General Hospital ART Clinic from December 2019 to February 2020. For parasitological examinations, wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods were used. CD4 count was reviewed from medical records. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 23. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze the relationship between factors linked with OIPIs. Variables with <i>p</i> < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. <b>Results:</b> The overall prevalence of OIPs was 17.9%. The most commonly identified parasites were <i>Cryptosporidium</i> species (8.59%), followed by <i>Cystoisospora belli</i> (6.77%) and <i>Cyclospora cayetenensis</i> (2.60%). Residence (AOR = 0.197; 95% CI = 0.053-0.734), CD4+ count (AOR = 49.08; 95% CI = 9.440-228.777), ART adherence (AOR = 7.427; 95% CI = 2.488-22.172), diarrhea (AOR = 7.063; 95% CI = 1.882-26.512), fingernail trimming (AOR = 3.665; 95% CI = 1.040-12.918), hand washing habit after toilet (AOR = 10.409; 95% CI = 1.398-77.497), and drinking water source (AOR = 14.721; 95% CI = 3.349-64.71) were determinants for OIPs. <b>Conclusion:</b> The study indicated that the coinfection rate of OIPs is high among ART patients. It was also found that urban residence, poor ART adherence, individuals with diarrhea, irregular trimming of the fingernail, a lack of hand washing habits after the toilet, drinking unsafe water, and having a CD4+ count < 200 cells/<i>μ</i>L predicted the presence of OIPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":16662,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology Research","volume":"2025 ","pages":"3857677"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12187436/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144484776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}