Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF CYATHOCOTYLID DIGENEANS (DIGENEA: DIPLOSTOMOIDEA) PARASITIZING SNAKES WITH DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF GOGATEA FROM AUSTRALIA AND VIETNAM.","authors":"Tyler J Achatz, Zoe S Von Holten, Tran Thi Binh, Vasyl V Tkach","doi":"10.1645/24-33","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-33","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1896 is a small but broadly distributed family of digeneans parasitic in a wide range of vertebrate definitive hosts, from fish to mammals. Despite existing taxonomic questions, only a few studies have generated DNA sequence data from cyathocotylids, and only a single publication included sequence data from a cyathocotylid parasitic in snakes. Four genera are known to infect snakes: GogateaLutz, 1935, Szidatia Dubois, 1938, MesostephanoidesDubois, 1951, and SerpentostephanusSudarikov, 1961. Members of these genera were known from only Asia and Africa. In the present study, we describe 2 new species of Gogatea from snakes in Australia and 1 from Vietnam. The new species from Vietnam described herein is the first member of the genus that lacks a ventral sucker. We used partial sequences of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes to explore phylogenetic relationships among cyathocotylids and species differentiation. In addition, this is the first report of a cyathocotylid from snakes in Australia, thus posing interesting questions regarding the dispersal and historical biogeography of these parasites. Cyathocotylid genera from snakes have a long, convoluted taxonomic history. The genera Gogatea, Mesostephanoides, and Szidatia were distinguished from each other based on very small morphological differences. Therefore, the validity of Szidatia and Mesostephanoides was often questioned in the literature. Based on the detailed morphological analysis of our freshly collected high-quality specimens and comparison with published information, we synonymize Mesostephanoides and Szidatia with Gogatea.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"590-606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142647469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MOLECULAR CONFIRMATION OF WOLF (CANIS LUPUS) AS A NATURAL DEFINITIVE HOST FOR SARCOCYSTIS CRUZI OF CATTLE, SARCOCYSTIS MEHLHORNI OF DEER, AND SARCOCYSTIS WENZELI OF CHICKENS.","authors":"Aditya Gupta, Larissa S de Araujo, Carolin Humpal, Michelle Carstensen, B M Rosenthal, J P Dubey","doi":"10.1645/24-120","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As predators of a wide variety of livestock and wildlife species, wolves (Canis lupus) could serve as definitive hosts for species of Sarcocystis parasites infecting many intermediate hosts. Sarcocystis sporocysts have been observed in the feces of wolves fed infected beef before, but genetic tools have not yet definitively identified which species of parasites they harbor, impairing understanding of their contribution to infections in wild and domesticated intermediate hosts. Therefore, we genetically characterized sporocysts derived from a small sample of naturally infected wolves in Minnesota. Doing so established evidence that wolves may excrete sporocysts and therefore transmit Sarcocystis cruzi to cattle (Bos taurus), Sarcocystis mehlhorni to black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and Sarcocystis wenzeli to chickens (Gallus domesticus). Given their wide host range and appetite, wolves may serve as a source of infection for cattle, deer, and chickens.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"679-683"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOST SPECIES, HOST SIZE, AND MIRACIDIAL DOSE INFLUENCE THE INFECTION SUCCESS OF ECHINOSTOMA TRIVOLVIS LINEAGE C LARVAE.","authors":"Cameron Hodinka, Jillian T Detwiler","doi":"10.1645/24-37","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Completing parts of trematode life cycles in the laboratory is a useful way to obtain experimentally infected hosts and identify how specific aspects of parasitism influence host ecology and behavior. However, a lack of knowledge about host specificity and other factors that influence prevalence can hamper those efforts. Echinostoma trivolvis lineage c is a genetically distinct member of the E. trivolvis species complex that is known only from DNA sequences from adult and larval stages recovered from naturally infected muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and the marsh pondsnail (Ladislavella elodes), respectively. We determined the effect of host species/morphotype, host size, and miracidial dose on the infection success in potential first intermediate hosts. In the laboratory, we exposed 2 freshwater snail species (L. elodes and Planorbella duryi) and a morphological variant of L. elodes (formerly known as Stagnicola reflexa) to 2 miracidia to determine first intermediate host use. Among these 3 snail groups, we also tested the effect of host size on infection success with 3 size classes (1-5 mm, 5-10 mm, and 10-15 mm). Within 1 host species, L. elodes, we compared the effect of 2 doses (2 and 5 miracidia) and 3 size classes on infection success. At a dose of 2 miracidia, rediae and cercariae developed within 1 host species, L. elodes, as well as the S. reflexa morphotype, although infection success varied according to host size. At a dose of 5 miracidia, infection success increased in small and medium-size L. elodes relative to the low dose group. Our results confirm the first intermediate host species observed in nature but indicate that prevalence is influenced by host species morphotype, host size, and parasite dose. To obtain more infected snails, our experiments suggest exposing small and medium-size L. elodes snails to 5 miracidia. This research encourages further use of E. trivolvis lineage c in the laboratory to explore aspects of host-parasite interactions such as parasite-modified behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"725-729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TRICHINELLA INFECTIONS IN WILDLIFE FROM PENNSYLVANIA: VARIATION IN EXPOSURE AMONG COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS), GRAY FOX (UROCYON CINEREOARGENTEUS), AND RED FOX (VULPES VULPES).","authors":"J P Dubey, L S de Araujo, A Gupta, P Thompson, A Ankrah, J Battle, K Van Why, J D Brown","doi":"10.1645/24-108","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During a survey for Sarcocystis infections in Pennsylvania in wild canids, muscles from the tongue and limb were examined microscopically for sarcocysts. Between 9 February 2024 and 11 February 2024, muscle samples were collected from 76 coyotes, 46 gray foxes, and 21 red foxes from Pennsylvania hunter harvested animals. Around 5 g of muscle was examined microscopically by compression between a glass slide and coverslip. Trichinella murrelli larvae were detected in 1 of 76 coyotes (Canis latrans), 1 of 46 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and in 7 of 21 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) muscles. Diet and individual host susceptibility probably contributed to the differences in prevalence of T. murrelli in these hosts. This is the first report of Trichinella infection in coyotes from Pennsylvania. The reasons for differences in Trichinella species could be due to inherent susceptibility or the area sampled.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"666-669"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MYXOZOANS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXIDIIDAE) IDENTIFIED FROM THE GALLBLADDER OF FRECKLED MADTOM, NOTURUS NOCTURNUS (SILURIFORMES: ICTALURIDAE), FROM THE OUACHITA RIVER DRAINAGE OF SOUTHERN ARKANSAS.","authors":"Chris T McAllister, Donald G Cloutman, Eric M Leis, Henry W Robison","doi":"10.1645/23-105","DOIUrl":"10.1645/23-105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During August 2021 and again in July 2022 and July 2023, 4 freckled madtoms, Noturus nocturnus, were collected from a creek in Columbia County, Arkansas (Ouachita River drainage), and their gills, gallbladder, fins, integument, musculature, and other major organs were examined for myxozoans. The gallbladder of 1 (25%) was infected with apparently novel myxozoans. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from preserved formalin-fixed myxospores. Molecular data include 2,059 bp (for a Myxidium sp.) and 951 bp (for an unobserved Myxozoa sp.) sequences of the partial small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis placed the Myxidium sp. among a clade of myxozoans that infect fish from the southern portion of North America. These represent the first myxozoans reported from the gallbladder of madtoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"642-648"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPECIES OF HEMIRHAMPHICULUS BYCHOWSKY AND NAGIBINA, 1969 (MONOGENOIDEA: DACTYLOYRIDAE) INFECTING THE GILL LAMELLAE OF SOME BELONIFORM FISHES IN WATERS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO OFF FLORIDA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FIVE NEW SPECIES AND COMMENTS ON THE DACTYLOGYRID GENERA HAVING SPECIES INFECTING BELONIFORM FISHES.","authors":"Delane C Kritsky, Micah D Bakenhaster","doi":"10.1645/24-78","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-78","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nine species of HemirhamphiculusBychowsky and Nagibina, 1969 (Dactylogyridae) were recorded from 6 beloniform fishes during a survey of the monogenoids infecting these fishes in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida from September 2017 through December 2020. Five new species were collected, illustrated, and described: Hemirhamphiculus acarips n. sp., Hemirhamphiculus longiclathra n. sp., and Hemirhamphiculus lucernula n. sp. all from Strongylura notata (Poey) and Hemirhamphiculus bilobatus n. sp. and Hemirhamphiculus litus n. sp. both from Strongylura timucu (Walbaum). Four previously described species were transferred to Hemirhamphiculus: Hemirhamphiculus tylosuri (MacCallum, 1917) n. comb. [formerly Ancyrocephalus tylosuri (MacCallum, 1917) Johnston and Tiegs, 1922]; Hemirhamphiculus parvus (Linton, 1940) n. comb. (formerly Ancyrocephalus parvusLinton, 1940); Hemirhamphiculus cornutus (Williams and Rogers, 1972) n. comb. (formerly Ancyrocephalus cornutusWilliams and Rogers, 1972); and Hemirhamphiculus trullae (Williams, 1980) n. comb. (formerly Ancyrocephalus trullaeWilliams, 1980). The occurrence of He. trullae on Hyporhamphus meeki represents a new host record for the parasite. Three Indo-Pacific species of Dactylogyridae were transferred to Hemirhamphiculus: Pseudohaliotrematoides recurvatusYamaguti, 1968, as Hemirhamphiculus recurvatus (Yamaguti, 1968) n. comb.; Tylosuricola haikouensisZhang, 2001, as Hemirhamphiculus haikouensis (Zhang, 2001) n. comb.; and Xenentocleidus xenentodoni (Jain, 1961) Tripathi, Agrawal, and Pandey, 2007, as Hemirhamphiculus xenentodoni (Jain, 1959) n. comb. XenentocleidusTripathi, Agrawal, and Pandey, 2007, was synonymized with Hemirhamphiculus as its junior subjective synonym. Bychowskymonogenea Caballero and Bravo Hollis, 1972, and Bychowskymonogenea sogandaresi Caballero and Bravo Hollis, 1972, were placed as junior subjective synonyms of Hemirhamphiculus and He. tylosuri, respectively, and the Bychowskymonogeninae Caballero and Bravo Hollis, 1972, was rejected as a valid subfamily of the Dactylogyridae.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"619-641"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LIFE CYCLE VARIATION AND HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS OF FOUR CONGENERIC SPECIES OF TURTLE ACANTHOCEPHALANS.","authors":"Ryan W Koch, Yetkin Ipek, Matthew G Bolek","doi":"10.1645/24-34","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-34","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Turtle acanthocephalans in the genus Neoechinorhynchus have complex life cycles and are thought to involve an ostracod intermediate host and a turtle definitive host. For Neoechinorhynchus emydis, an additional snail paratenic host is part of its life cycle. However, how snails become infected and whether other species of Neoechinorhynchus can be found in snails remains unclear. This study was conducted to understand the survival, development, and host use of 4 species of turtle acanthocephalans (Neoechinorhynchus chrysemydis, N. emydis, Neoechinorhynchus emyditoides, and Neoechinorhynchus pseudemydis) in their intermediate, paratenic, and definitive hosts. Using eggs recovered from adult acanthocephalans from naturally infected turtle hosts in Oklahoma, experimental infections were conducted in 2 species of ostracods and 1 species of freshwater snail. Ionomes also were generated for these acanthocephalans and their turtle definitive hosts to better understand resource competition. Upon ingestion by ostracods, eggs of all 4 species of acanthocephalans hatched in both ostracod species. However, no further acanthocephalan development occurred in Cypridopsis sp. ostracods, whereas all 4 acanthocephalan species grew and developed into infective juveniles over 28-32 days in Physocypria sp. ostracods. Of the 4 species of acanthocephalans, N. emydis grew faster early in ostracods and was the only species to survive and establish in snail hosts. This finding was supported by the observation of proboscis remnants in the feces of snails that ingested ostracods infected with N. chrysemydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis. In contrast, when snails were exposed to eggs of all 4 acanthocephalan species, eggs were passed in the feces, resulting in no infections. The overall ionomic composition of adult acanthocephalans and their turtle hosts suggested that the hosts and parasites share host resources. However, specific elemental differences indicated that turtle acanthocephalans can accumulate heavy metals at concentrations higher than those in their hosts. Results of this study support previous field observations and hypotheses that (1) Physocypria sp. ostracods serve as intermediate hosts for N. chrysemydis, N. emydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis; (2) N. emydis uses snail paratenic hosts, but snails are a non-viable route of transmission to turtles for N. chrysemydis, N. emyditoides, and N. pseudemydis; and (3) as adults, these 4 acanthocephalan species utilize their turtle definitive hosts similarly in terms of ionomic composition. This work challenges the traditional view of the acanthocephalan life cycle and sets the stage for future hypotheses.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"558-576"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142621894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COSPECIATION PATTERNS OF TWO GROUPS OF CHEWING LICE (INSECTA: PHTHIRAPTERA: ISCHNOCERA AND AMBLYCERA) INFESTING ASIAN SONGBIRDS (AVES: PASSERIFORMES).","authors":"Alexandra A Grossi, Chunpo Tian, Lujia Lei, Fasheng Zou, Daniel R Gustafsson","doi":"10.1645/24-87","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-87","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cospeciation has been observed multiple times between parasites and their hosts. Here we compare the phylogeny of 2 different groups of chewing lice (Phthiraptera), one known for being host specific (Amblycera: Myrsidea) and one known for including many generalist species (Ischnocera: Brueelia-complex, specifically Guimaraesiella and Priceiella) with that of their songbird hosts (Passeriformes), which are participants in mixed-species feeding flocks in South China. Using event- (Jane) and distance-based (ParaFit) analyses we found that both groups of lice have phylogenies that are more similar than by chance to those of their hosts. However, more cospeciation and host-switching events were inferred for the Myrsidea data set, whereas more duplication events and losses were inferred for the Brueelia-complex data set. Even though these louse groups are found on roughly the same host species, the differences in sorting events may be linked to the different modes of dispersal. Whereas both groups transfer by direct contact, phoresy is recorded only in lice belonging to the Brueelia-complex.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"649-665"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142769892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLITELLATE (ANNELIDA: CLITELLATA) PARASITES AND PREDATORS OF NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOFAUNA: CHECKLIST OF SPECIES, IDENTIFICATION KEY, AND A NEW RECORD FOR MEXICO.","authors":"Manuel De Luna, Roberto García-Barrios, Diane P Barton, Leonardo García-Vázquez","doi":"10.1645/24-12","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An updated checklist of leeches and oligochaetes (Annelida: Clitellata) that parasitize or prey upon wild North American amphibians and reptiles is presented: A total of 25 species grouped in 6 genera, 5 families, and 2 orders, are registered; these infect a total of 39 species of reptiles and 39 species of amphibians in the region. An illustrated identification key for the families and genera listed is proposed. Finally, a new record is made for Mexico: the leech Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824) (Glossiphoniidae) parasitizing the Mesoamerican slider Trachemys venusta (Gray, 1856) (Emydidae) in the state of Tamaulipas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"537-550"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142568502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TAXES OF DICYEMIDS (PHYLUM DICYEMIDA).","authors":"Naoki Hisayama, Yuto Takeuchi, Hidetaka Furuya","doi":"10.1645/24-39","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) are endosymbionts present in the kidneys of benthic cephalopods. They usually consist of 10 to 40 cells and are characterized by 2 distinct body types: vermiform individuals and infusoriform larvae. Vermiform individuals remain attached to the internal surface of the host's renal appendages, while infusoriform larvae leave the renal sac to search for a new host. To investigate how dicyemids respond to various host and environmental cues, we evaluated phototaxis, chemotaxis, thigmotaxis, and rheotaxis responses of vermiform individuals and infusoriform larvae of 2 dicyemid species in a laboratory setting. Vermiform individuals did not exhibit phototaxis and chemotaxis to the major components of the host: urine, tissue fluids, or extracts of the host gills. However, they showed positive thigmotaxis and positive rheotaxis to slow water flow, probably contributing to enabling attachment to the renal appendages and remaining in the renal sac, respectively. The infusoriform larvae exhibited negative chemotaxis to host blood and negative thigmotaxis, but there was no evidence of phototaxis and rheotaxis. Negative thigmotaxis may facilitate the release of infusoriform embryos from the renal appendages. Negative chemotaxis to the host blood suggests that the infusoriform larvae do not enter through the vascular system to gain access to the renal sac, so the process by which infusoriform larvae enter the cephalopod host is yet to be determined.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 5","pages":"506-515"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142468150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}