Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"HELMINTH EGGS FROM PACHYCROCUTA BREVIROSTRIS (CARNIVORA, HYAENIDAE) COPROLITES FROM TAURIDA CAVE (EARLY PLEISTOCENE, CRIMEA).","authors":"Tatiana N Sivkova, Daniyar R Khantemirov, Dmitriy O Gimranov, Alexander V Lavrov","doi":"10.1645/24-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty-seven Pachycrocuta brevirostris coprolites from Taurida Cave (Early Pleistocene) were studied. Eggs of parasitic worms were found in 6 of them (22.2%). Eggs of Trematoda species were identified among them, as were eggs of Taenia, Toxocara, and Capillaria. Toxocara eggs were the most common; they were found in 15% of the coprolites. This is the earliest evidence of P. brevirostris infection by these groups of helminths.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GYRINICOLA YAMAGUTI, 1938, FROM THE MONTEZUMA FROG, RANA MONTEZUMAE, IN THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE NEARCTIC AND NEOTROPICS.","authors":"Matthew A Walker, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar, Virginia León-Règagnon, F Agustín Jiménez","doi":"10.1645/24-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-83","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work includes the description of Gyrinicola pilyolcatzin n. sp. (Nematoda: Oxyurida) collected from the large intestine of tadpoles of the Montezuma frog, Rana montezumae. Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA generated via a combination of Sanger and Next Generation shotgun sequencing were used to reconstruct the species in a phylogenetic context, by including the other 4 recognized species in the genus present in North America, namely, Gyrinicola batrachiensis, Gyrinicola armatus, Gyrinicola gulabrevioris, and Gyrinicola moohsia. The distinctiveness of the species was supported by an analysis of branching patterns using Bayesian Poisson tree processes. We used morphometric evidence to enumerate the diagnostic characters that define members of this unique clade within the genus. The species shares a common ancestor with G. gulabrevioris and G. moohsia; yet it is meristically similar to G. armatus. This is the first species of the genus described in Mexico and the fifth species described in the Nearctic, as it is present in the Transvolcanic Axis of Mexico, which acts as a transition zone between the Nearctic and the Neotropics. A dichotomous key to the species in the Nearctic is offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"26-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPLORING DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF DERO (ALLODERO) HYLAE IN THEIR PARASITIC AND FREE-LIVING FORMS.","authors":"Claire Bonham, Ashley Roguski, Gabriel J Langford, Jason Macrander","doi":"10.1645/23-18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/23-18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitism is ubiquitous, yet little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that lead to a parasitic lifestyle. Facultative parasites can switch between free-living and parasitic lifestyles, which may provide an opportunity for researchers to study the genetic mechanisms underlying a transition to parasitism. The oligochaete Dero (Allodero) hylae is a facultative parasite commonly found within the ureter of various anuran species, such as the Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). The Dero hylae worm passes into the frog's cloaca, where it then infects the ureter. In the ureter, the worm loses its free-living characteristics such as hair setae, dorsal setae, a digestive tract, and fossa with gills as it transitions to a parasitic lifestyle. The parasite may be expelled from its host during urination, and when this occurs the worm will reacquire its free-living characteristics. The focus of this study was to compare the differential gene expression profiles observed when this rapid morphological change takes place. Specimens of D. hylae were extracted from wild Cuban tree frogs and either flash-frozen to capture the parasitic RNA gene expression profile or cultured for 2 wk and allowed to metamorphose to their free-living stage and then flash-frozen. The extracted RNA was used for de novo transcriptome assembly, and we conducted a differential gene expression analysis using an RNA Tag-Seq approach for both the free-living and parasitic life forms. Based on these results, we identified 213 differentially expressed transcripts between the 2 developmental forms, with 190 of these up-regulated in the free-living life form. Although over half of the differential genes recovered did not result in any significant BLAST hits, many of these genes did provide insight into which molecular signals are potentially used after the parasite transforms into the free-living form. This analysis provides significant insight into differentially expressed transcripts associated with the drastic morphological changes observed in this rare case of oligochaete parasitism by D. hylae encompassing both free-living and parasitic forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"690-696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE EFFECTS OF TECHNICAL STEPS USED IN EXISTING SANITATION HELMINTH TEST METHODS ON ASCARIS SUUM EGG RECOVERY FROM PIG FECES.","authors":"D Naidoo, C E Archer","doi":"10.1645/22-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/22-59","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many technical aspects are associated with helminth egg isolation and enumeration that affect how efficiently eggs are recovered from samples. This study investigated Ascaris egg recoverability when samples were washed with or without pressure, and from different sample types (water, effluent, ventilated improved pit latrine [VIP], urine diversion dry toilet [UDDT], dried, fatty, and septic tank sludges, and soil) when processed with water, ammonium bicarbonate, and 7X®. We also looked at egg recovery after flotation with zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium nitrate at specific gravities of 1.18, 1.2, and 1.3, at respective centrifugation speeds and times after washing (1,050 and 1,512 g for 5, 10, and 15 min) and after flotation (672 and 1,050 g for 5, 10, and 15 min). We found that samples should be washed under pressure to ensure full dissociation of eggs from the sample matrix and then centrifuged at 1,512 g for 10 min. For sludge samples (or samples with high-fat content), 7X produced the best egg recovery and clearest samples for microscopic analysis, while soil and soil-containing (UDDT sludge) samples were best processed with ammonium bicarbonate. Flotation was optimal with zinc sulfate at a specific gravity of 1.3 after centrifugation at 672 g for 15 min.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"717-724"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF PROCHRISTIANELLA SP. (CESTODA: TRYPANORHYNCHA) IN THE HOST OCTOPUS MAYA (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPODA) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE REPRODUCTION.","authors":"Sergio Guillén-Hernández, Harold Villegas-Hernández, Raúl E Díaz-Gamboa, Dawrin Pech-Puch","doi":"10.1645/23-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/23-90","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although harvest of Octopus maya (Mexican four-eyed octopus) is one of the most important fisheries in the Yucatan Peninsula, little is known about the parasites of these cephalopods and how they affect host physiological processes. We analyzed the spatio-temporal variation of infection of O. maya by the cestode larva Prochristianella sp. (found in the anterior salivary glands) and its relationship with the gonad development stages (GDSs) of the host. From August 2009 to May 2010, 439 specimens of O. maya were caught in 2 localities on the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula: Dzilam de Bravo (n = 239) and Ria Lagartos (n = 200). The mantle length, eviscerated body weight, reproductive complex weight, and gonad weight were recorded in each specimen. Portions of each gonad were used to identify the GDS based on histology for each individual to determine the periodicity of the reproductive cycle and the monthly variation in the reproductive complex weight. Temporal variation in the monthly mean abundance of cestodes but not in prevalence was evident. A permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated that variation in the mean abundance of Prochristianella sp. was affected by host GDS, month of sampling, host sex, and sampling locality; however, the first-order interactions indicated that the most were important variables were GDS, month, and host sex. General linear model analyses also indicated that the size, reproductive status, and sex of the hosts were significantly related to the abundance of cestodes. Temporal variation was evident in the monthly mean abundance of Prochristianella sp. but not in its prevalence; the number of parasites increased in octopuses from September to December. Regarding the GDS, the mean abundance of the parasite increased as gonads developed, and gonad development was related to water temperature and time, which are linked to season and the upwelling that occurs in spring and summer. In the oral cavity of octopuses, variations in cestode abundance related to host sex, size, and reproductive status can have major implications for the production of saliva, an essential secretion for food acquisition and defense in this host, and could affect octopus reproduction and recruitment of this food resource so important for the Yucatán Peninsula.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"670-678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A RAPID DIAGNOSTIC PCR ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI IN THEIR SNAIL VECTORS.","authors":"Tom Pennance, Yvonne Lam, Nathaniel Bigot, Joshua Trapp, Johannie M Spaan, George Ogara, Fredrick Rawago, Kennedy Andiego, Boaz Mulonga, Meredith Odhiambo, Martin W Mutuku, Eric S Loker, Maurice R Odiere, Michelle L Steinauer","doi":"10.1645/24-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate detection of schistosome infections in snails is vital for epidemiologic and laboratory studies. Traditional microscopy methods to detect schistosomes in snails are hindered by long prepatent periods and snail survivorship, leading to inaccurate assessment of infections. A rapid, multiplexed PCR assay targeting Biomphalaria sudanica or Biomphalaria glabrata (internal control) and Schistosoma mansoni DNA is described. The method takes less than 90 min starting from extracted snail DNA and is successful at amplifying schistosome DNA in snail tissue as soon as 30 min following exposure. Accurate measures of schistosome infection success in snails (compatibility) are possible by 4-7 days postexposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"684-689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS IN NEW YORK WILDLIFE: DISTRIBUTION AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF AN EMERGING PATHOGEN.","authors":"Corinne L Conlon, Julia P Brigandi, Jacqueline L Frair, Corinne Michaud-LeBlanc, Krysten L Schuler, Manigandan Lejeune, Christopher M Whipps","doi":"10.1645/24-54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-54","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Echinococcus is a genus of cestode parasites of paramount veterinary and medical importance globally. Two species, Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis, are endemic to North America and are the etiologic agents of cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. North America is currently experiencing an epidemiological shift in the state of transmission, distribution, and prevalence of E. multilocularis, following the introduction of the European variant of the parasite. The rapid expansion of the parasite into the northeastern United States has resulted in novel detections of spillover to humans, indicating the need for active surveillance to direct public health education and disease control measures. Our surveillance of the parasite in definitive hosts in New York State from 2019 to 2023 yielded 8 detections of the parasite, for a sample prevalence of 8.3% (8/96). Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial markers confirmed that all New York isolates belong to the European lineage and group in a well-supported clade with E. multilocularis isolates described from Slovakia and Poland. Investigation of the highly polymorphic EmsB microsatellite marker revealed several E. multilocularis genotypes circulating in New York, including 1 that is distinct from European isolates detected in western North America. These data are consistent with 1 or more unique introductions from Europe rather than a spread from western regions of Canada and the United States, where other European variants are found. Echinococcus multilocularis appears to have a complex epidemiology in North America that warrants further detailed surveillance to evaluate the risks for zoonotic transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"697-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HOST SPECIES, HOST SIZE, AND MIRACIDIAL DOSE INFLUENCE THE INFECTION SUCCESS OF ECHINOSTOMA TRIVOLVIS LINEAGE C LARVAE.","authors":"Cameron Hodinka, Jillian T Detwiler","doi":"10.1645/24-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Completing parts of trematode life cycles in the laboratory is a useful way to obtain experimentally infected hosts and identify how specific aspects of parasitism influence host ecology and behavior. However, a lack of knowledge about host specificity and other factors that influence prevalence can hamper those efforts. Echinostoma trivolvis lineage c is a genetically distinct member of the E. trivolvis species complex that is known only from DNA sequences from adult and larval stages recovered from naturally infected muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and the marsh pondsnail (Ladislavella elodes), respectively. We determined the effect of host species/morphotype, host size, and miracidial dose on the infection success in potential first intermediate hosts. In the laboratory, we exposed 2 freshwater snail species (L. elodes and Planorbella duryi) and a morphological variant of L. elodes (formerly known as Stagnicola reflexa) to 2 miracidia to determine first intermediate host use. Among these 3 snail groups, we also tested the effect of host size on infection success with 3 size classes (1-5 mm, 5-10 mm, and 10-15 mm). Within 1 host species, L. elodes, we compared the effect of 2 doses (2 and 5 miracidia) and 3 size classes on infection success. At a dose of 2 miracidia, rediae and cercariae developed within 1 host species, L. elodes, as well as the S. reflexa morphotype, although infection success varied according to host size. At a dose of 5 miracidia, infection success increased in small and medium-size L. elodes relative to the low dose group. Our results confirm the first intermediate host species observed in nature but indicate that prevalence is influenced by host species morphotype, host size, and parasite dose. To obtain more infected snails, our experiments suggest exposing small and medium-size L. elodes snails to 5 miracidia. This research encourages further use of E. trivolvis lineage c in the laboratory to explore aspects of host-parasite interactions such as parasite-modified behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"725-729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"INTRODUCTION OF THE 2023-2024 ASP PRESIDENT-DR. REGINALD BRENT BLAYLOCK.","authors":"Herman E Eure","doi":"10.1645/24-94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-94","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"732-733"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECTS OF REAGENTS AND CHEMICALS USED IN EXISTING SANITATION HELMINTH TEST METHODS ON THE VIABILITY OF ASCARIS SUUM EGGS.","authors":"D Naidoo, C E Archer","doi":"10.1645/22-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/22-58","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various sanitation methods to recover helminth eggs are currently in use; however, no international standard exists. Development of such a method first involves testing the effects of all reagents used in current methods on helminth egg viability to determine whether these chemicals affect the test organism. This study was conducted to investigate the effects on viability and development of Ascaris suum eggs when exposed for various periods to wash solutions (water, ammonium bicarbonate, Tween® 20, Tween® 80, Triton® X-100, Sunlight® Liquid, bentonite, and 7X®), flotation solutions (zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium nitrate, brine, and sucrose), extraction solutions (10% formalin, acetoacetic buffer, acid-alcohol, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether), extraction combinations (10% formalin + ethyl acetate, 10% formalin + diethyl ether, acetoacetic buffer + ethyl acetate, acetoacetic buffer + diethyl ether, and acid-alcohol + ethyl acetate), and incubation solutions (water, 0.1 N sulfuric acid, physiological saline, and 0.5%, 2%, and 5% formalin). Ammonium bicarbonate and 7X® performed best as wash solutions (including for overnight soaking), and zinc sulfate is recommended for flotation for up to 30 min of exposure. Individually, all extraction solutions had minimal effects on egg viability, and in combination, acid-alcohol and ethyl acetate did not impact egg viability for up to 15 min of exposure. Postincubation, sulfuric acid allowed optimal egg development and clear samples for microscopy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"709-716"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}