Journal of Parasitology最新文献

{"title":"GENOMICS AND MORPHOLOGY RESOLVE CHIPMUNK SUCKING LOUSE SYSTEMATICS (GENUS HOPLOPLEURA).","authors":"Priscilla A San Juan, Lance A Durden, Julie M Allen, Anna J Phillips, Kayce C Bell","doi":"10.1645/24-135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sucking lice are obligate parasites of eutherian mammals and are generally considered to be host-specific parasites. Molecular investigations have found that some current louse taxonomy is incorrect and does not reflect the relationships among families and species. Western chipmunks (23 species of Tamias) and the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) are infested by 2 different species of Hoplopleura sucking lice, Hoplopleura arboricola and Hoplopleura erratica. Hoplopleura arboricola has been found on 19 of 23 western chipmunk species, and H. erratica has only been recorded as a parasite of T. striatus. We investigated the relationships between these chipmunk lice and louse systematic status by supplementing published sequence data with additional sequences and morphological examinations. We estimated phylogenetic relationships using 1,107 coding loci in a maximum-likelihood framework and a species tree approach. In addition to the phylogeny, we calculated raw pairwise distances of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) between clades. Both phylogenetic approaches recovered 2 well-supported clades of H. arboricola, 1 of which included H. erratica, suggesting that the 2 louse species are not distinct. Further, examination of louse specimens found no morphological traits that distinguish lice from any of the lineages, including differentiating H. erratica from H. arboricola. The average pairwise distance of COI sequences between the 2 major H. arboricola clades exceeded that of the distances between H. erratica and either of the H. arboricola clades. Based on the genetic similarities and phylogenetic relationships of the lice, it appears that an ancestral louse was associated with western chipmunks and then transferred to the eastern chipmunk. Using the phylogenetic and morphological evidence presented here, Hoplopleura arboricolaKellogg and Ferris, 1915 is relegated to a junior subjective synonym of Hoplopleura erratica (Osborn, 1896). A holotype from the type series is designated for H. erratica. These results suggest a history of chipmunk host species interactions that enabled ectoparasites to disperse between chipmunk species and illustrate the importance of phylogenomic analyses to study species interactions and the history of interspecific associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 2","pages":"153-162"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DETECTION OF RICKETTSIA AND BARTONELLA IN FLEAS AND TICKS COLLECTED FROM PETS AT VETERINARY CLINICS IN GEORGIA, UNITED STATES.","authors":"Rupika S Rajakaruna, Danielle Capps-Ludwig, Lance A Durden, Marina E Eremeeva","doi":"10.1645/24-109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Many human infections are transmitted through contact with household pets. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the occurrence of ticks and fleas on pets (dogs and cats) in local veterinary clinics in Statesboro, Georgia. We screened ectoparasites for Rickettsia and Bartonella and assessed owner knowledge and practices related to tick- and flea-borne diseases. Ectoparasites were collected and identified using standard taxonomic keys, and their genomic DNA was extracted. Three TaqMan assays were used to test ectoparasites for flea-borne Rickettsia DNA. Nested PCR targeting riboflavin synthase encoding gene (ribC) was used to detect Bartonella species DNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and sequencing were used to identify the microorganisms detected. Upon providing written consent, owners completed a self-administered questionnaire to provide information concerning their knowledge and practices about vector-borne diseases. Data from 27 pets were collected from 2 veterinary clinics during September to December 2014. A total of 58 ectoparasites including fleas (n = 51) and ticks (n = 7) were collected from 19 cats and dogs. The cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (n = 44), was the predominant flea species followed by Pulex sp. (n = 7). All ticks were Ixodes scapularis. Using PCR, RFLP, and sequencing, it was determined that the majority of cat fleas contained DNA of known human pathogens, including Rickettsia asembonensis (72.5%), Rickettsia felis (5.9%), Bartonella henselae (2%), and Bartonella quintana (7.8%). DNA of B. quintana was also detected in 2 Pulex sp. fleas and 2 ticks. Two animals had ectoparasites co-infected with Rickettsia and Bartonella. Most owners (95.7%) knew that fleas can transmit animal disease agents, but they were less aware that fleas can spread diseases to humans, and only 12.5% of owners knew about cat scratch disease. Our data indicate that there is a risk of flea- and tick-borne zoonotic infections in households owning cats and dogs. Educational materials, vector-control preventive measures, and appropriate personal attitudes and practices are needed to ensure public health safety and wholesome interactions with pets.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 2","pages":"113-122"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEROPREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN ONE-HUMPED CAMELS (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS) IN QATAR.","authors":"Sonia Boughattas, Hashim Alhussain, Ahmed Gawish, Nahla O Eltai","doi":"10.1645/24-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-32","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toxoplasma gondiii recognized as one of the most successful zoonotic parasites globally, infecting a wide range of hosts including camelids. This infection can lead to serious outcomes such as abortion, neonatal death, or fetal abnormalities. Camels play a crucial role in the economic, ecological, and social landscapes of various regions, particularly in the Middle East, highlighting the importance of close health monitoring and disease screening. Hence in this study, sera from 409 dromedary camels (39 males and 370 females) were examined for T. gondii IgG antibodies using the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). Both univariable and multivariable statistical analyses were performed using SPSS to identify the risk factors. A seroprevalence of 32% was found with 74% of the reactive specimens exhibiting a MAT titer ≤ 80. Univariate analysis ruled out sex and season as significant risk factors. Multivariable analysis confirmed age and area as statistically significant factors (P value < 0.05) associated with T. gondii seropositivity in camels. Overall, the finding of the present study confirms that T. gondii is prevalent and widely distributed in camels in suburban areas of Qatar. Given the veterinary and economic implications, there is an urgent need for further investigations into the infection's risk factors and its zoonotic impact.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"70-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143408480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NOMENCLATURAL CORRECTIONS AND EMENDATIONS FOR SOME COCCIDIAN PARASITES IN THE APICOMPLEXAN FAMILY ADELEIDAE MESNIL, 1903.","authors":"Elizabeth G Zeldenrust","doi":"10.1645/24-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-133","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper provides correct amended names for adeleid coccidia formerly in the genus Adelina Hesse, 1911, that now belong to the genus Obvallatus Özdikmen, 2009, and their new endings if necessary to satisfy the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Formation and Treatment of Names (Chapter 7, Article 31.2). The morphometric and host data of Adelina castana Ghosh, Choudhury, and Misra, 2000, indicate that it is a junior synonym of Obvallatus (Adelina) tribolii Bhatia, 1937, and has been synonymized. The taxonomic status of an adeleorinid coccidium, \"Adelina bambarooniae,\" from which sequence data (nuclear 18S rDNA-AF494058, AF494059) have been used widely in molecular phylogenetic studies of adeleorinid coccidia and wider apicomplexan taxa has been corrected. A promised species description listed in the GenBank accession associated with this Adelina sp. was never published; consequently, this species name does not satisfy the Criteria of Publication (Chapter 3, Article 8.1) expected by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is a nomen nudum. The scientific community should refer to the GenBank entries AF494058 and AF494059 as an unnamed Obvallatus sp. (ex. Dermolepida albohirtum) until a formal species description of the parasite has been published.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143458405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A RE-EVALUATION OF ZYGOCOTYLE (DIGENEA, PARAMPHISTOMOIDEA) BASED ON NEW GENETIC DATA SUPPORTS ITS SYNONYMIZATION WITH WARDIUS.","authors":"Tyler J Achatz, Dawn W Cleveland, Sarah A Orlofske, Robert C Jadin, Jason Block, Lisa K Belden, Hudson A Pinto, Vasyl V Tkach","doi":"10.1645/24-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Zygocotylidae Ward, 1917 is a compact family of amphistome digeneans that until now comprised 2 genera, each represented by a single species: Zygocotyle lunata (Diesing, 1836) Stunkard, 1916 and Wardius zibethicus Barker and East, 1915 in Barker 1915. Despite highly similar morphology, these genera are separated based on the presence (Zygocotyle) or absence (Wardius) of posterolateral projections (=lappets) on the ventral sucker and esophageal bulb. In the present study, we generated partial large ribosomal subunit (28S), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) rDNA, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of Z. lunata from several hosts (12 avian and 1 rodent species) throughout North and South America as well as 28S and COI sequences of W. zibethicus from muskrat in North America. The newly generated 28S sequences were used for sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis. The COI sequences were used for species-level comparisons. Our analysis revealed a close relationship and high sequence similarity between Z. lunata and W. zibethicus. Considering the low morphological and genetic differences, we synonymize ZygocotyleStunkard, 1916 with Wardius Barker and East, 1915 in Barker 1915 and transfer Z. lunata to Wardius as Wardius lunatus (Diesing, 1836) n. comb.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143255976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SCOLICIDAL POTENCY OF BILE AGAINST ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS.","authors":"İsa Caner Aydın, Noyan İlhan, Ahmet Şeker, Cem Batuhan Ofluoğlu, Fırat Mülküt, Nuri Emrah Göret, Kenan Çetin, Erdal Polat, Gökhan Aygün, Hasan Fehmi Kücük","doi":"10.1645/24-111","DOIUrl":"10.1645/24-111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cysto-biliary fistulas are commonly diagnosed, either before or after surgical intervention, in patients with enlarged or advanced-stage hydatid cysts (HCs). Analysis of cystic contents in these patients shows that diminished scolex vitality is more common in patients with cysto-biliary fistulas. This study aims to demonstrate the scolicidal effects of bile on Echinococcus granulosus (EG) scolices at various bile concentrations and over specific periods. The time- and concentration-based scolicidal potency was analyzed in EG scolex samples obtained from HC patients. The integrity of the cyst wall and the scolicidal effect of the contents were evaluated using a vital staining technique with 0.1% eosin. Bile samples were collected from patients with cholelithiasis who were scheduled for surgery. Scolicidal efficacy of 100% was observed in all samples at the 1/4 bile concentration after 10 min and at the 1/8 concentration after 60 min. At a 1/16 concentration, scolicidal efficacy was 66% at 1 min, 89% at 10 min, 93% at 30 min, and 98% at 60 min. At a 1/32 bile concentration, scolicidal efficacy was 59% at 1 min, 68% at 10 min, 89% at 30 min, and 95% t 60 min. At a 1/64 concentration, the scolicidal efficacy was 53% at 1 min, 58% at 10 min, 77% at 30 min, and 93% at 60 min. After 1 hr, reasonable scolicidal efficacy was determined up to a 1/64 concentration; however, significant decreases in scolicidal efficacy were observed at 1/128 and 1/256 bile concentrations. Theoretically, bile, which is an endogenous secretion, can be used as a suitable and potent scolicidal agent. This study lays the groundwork for future in vivo clinical trials utilizing synthetic bile acids for scolicidal purposes or for studies evaluating the scolicidal effects of bile in patients who develop cysto-biliary fistulas.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"64-69"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SYNONYMIZATION OF PLACOBDELLA PICTA (VERRILL, 1872) (HIRUDINEA: GLOSSIPHONIIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES REVEALED BY MOLECULAR SPECIES DELIMITATION.","authors":"Anna J Phillips, Dennis J Richardson, Charlotte I Hammond, Brett C Gonzalez, Eric A Lazo-Wasem, William E Moser","doi":"10.1645/24-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-89","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Species of Placobdella have been the frequent subject of revisionary and alpha-taxonomy in the past 2 decades. Recent molecular analyses introduced uncertainty about the taxonomic status of several broadly distributed and morphologically variable Placobdella species, including Placobdella picta (Verrill 1872), compounded by incomplete original descriptions reliant upon characters that are no longer unique in comparison to modern congeners. We assessed specimens of P. picta to identify any distinct phylogenetic entities that align with our morphological observations of the type series and novel topotype specimens. Using mitochondrial COI and ND1 and nuclear 18S rDNA with Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, we evaluated species boundaries using species delimitation analyses (ABGD, mPTP, bPTP, and GMYC) and molecular phylogenetics. Our analyses revealed 2 species entities equivalent to 2 non-reciprocal monophyletic clades. Morphological examinations revealed the lectotype was determined to be Placobdella ornata (Verrill 1872), and paralectotypes are other leech species or were poorly preserved and unidentifiable. Due to the problems with the type series, P. picta is now considered a junior synonym of P. ornata. Based on our results, we describe 2 new species: Placobdella unimaculata n. sp. from Connecticut and Placobdella desseri n. sp. from Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"48-63"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HELMINTH EGGS FROM PACHYCROCUTA BREVIROSTRIS (CARNIVORA, HYAENIDAE) COPROLITES FROM TAURIDA CAVE (EARLY PLEISTOCENE, CRIMEA).","authors":"Tatiana N Sivkova, Daniyar R Khantemirov, Dmitriy O Gimranov, Alexander V Lavrov","doi":"10.1645/24-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-50","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twenty-seven Pachycrocuta brevirostris coprolites from Taurida Cave (Early Pleistocene) were studied. Eggs of parasitic worms were found in 6 of them (22.2%). Eggs of Trematoda species were identified among them, as were eggs of Taenia, Toxocara, and Capillaria. Toxocara eggs were the most common; they were found in 15% of the coprolites. This is the earliest evidence of P. brevirostris infection by these groups of helminths.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF GYRINICOLA YAMAGUTI, 1938, FROM THE MONTEZUMA FROG, RANA MONTEZUMAE, IN THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE NEARCTIC AND NEOTROPICS.","authors":"Matthew A Walker, Rogelio Aguilar-Aguilar, Virginia León-Règagnon, F Agustín Jiménez","doi":"10.1645/24-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1645/24-83","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present work includes the description of Gyrinicola pilyolcatzin n. sp. (Nematoda: Oxyurida) collected from the large intestine of tadpoles of the Montezuma frog, Rana montezumae. Nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA generated via a combination of Sanger and Next Generation shotgun sequencing were used to reconstruct the species in a phylogenetic context, by including the other 4 recognized species in the genus present in North America, namely, Gyrinicola batrachiensis, Gyrinicola armatus, Gyrinicola gulabrevioris, and Gyrinicola moohsia. The distinctiveness of the species was supported by an analysis of branching patterns using Bayesian Poisson tree processes. We used morphometric evidence to enumerate the diagnostic characters that define members of this unique clade within the genus. The species shares a common ancestor with G. gulabrevioris and G. moohsia; yet it is meristically similar to G. armatus. This is the first species of the genus described in Mexico and the fifth species described in the Nearctic, as it is present in the Transvolcanic Axis of Mexico, which acts as a transition zone between the Nearctic and the Neotropics. A dichotomous key to the species in the Nearctic is offered.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"111 1","pages":"26-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143023897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPLORING DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION PROFILES OF DERO (ALLODERO) HYLAE IN THEIR PARASITIC AND FREE-LIVING FORMS.","authors":"Claire Bonham, Ashley Roguski, Gabriel J Langford, Jason Macrander","doi":"10.1645/23-18","DOIUrl":"10.1645/23-18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parasitism is ubiquitous, yet little is known about the evolutionary mechanisms that lead to a parasitic lifestyle. Facultative parasites can switch between free-living and parasitic lifestyles, which may provide an opportunity for researchers to study the genetic mechanisms underlying a transition to parasitism. The oligochaete Dero (Allodero) hylae is a facultative parasite commonly found within the ureter of various anuran species, such as the Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis). The Dero hylae worm passes into the frog's cloaca, where it then infects the ureter. In the ureter, the worm loses its free-living characteristics such as hair setae, dorsal setae, a digestive tract, and fossa with gills as it transitions to a parasitic lifestyle. The parasite may be expelled from its host during urination, and when this occurs the worm will reacquire its free-living characteristics. The focus of this study was to compare the differential gene expression profiles observed when this rapid morphological change takes place. Specimens of D. hylae were extracted from wild Cuban tree frogs and either flash-frozen to capture the parasitic RNA gene expression profile or cultured for 2 wk and allowed to metamorphose to their free-living stage and then flash-frozen. The extracted RNA was used for de novo transcriptome assembly, and we conducted a differential gene expression analysis using an RNA Tag-Seq approach for both the free-living and parasitic life forms. Based on these results, we identified 213 differentially expressed transcripts between the 2 developmental forms, with 190 of these up-regulated in the free-living life form. Although over half of the differential genes recovered did not result in any significant BLAST hits, many of these genes did provide insight into which molecular signals are potentially used after the parasite transforms into the free-living form. This analysis provides significant insight into differentially expressed transcripts associated with the drastic morphological changes observed in this rare case of oligochaete parasitism by D. hylae encompassing both free-living and parasitic forms.</p>","PeriodicalId":16659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Parasitology","volume":"110 6","pages":"690-696"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142864365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}