Journal of oleo science最新文献

{"title":"Intestinal Absorption and Remodeling of Odd-Numbered Plasmalogens Derived from Selenomonas ruminantium in Rats.","authors":"Ao Takeuchi, Nana Sato, Miwa Yamada, Akiko Kashiwagi, Megumi Nishimukai","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25266","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plasmalogens are ether phospholipids that play crucial roles in antioxidation and membrane integrity. While plasmalogens in mammals typically have even-numbered hydrocarbon chains, certain anaerobic bacteria, such as Selenomonas ruminantium, can synthesize plasmalogens with even or odd-numbered chains depending on carbon source in the medium. The intestinal absorption and metabolic fate of the odd-numbered plasmalogens in mammals remain unclear. This study investigates the absorption characteristics of bacterial plasmalogens containing odd-numbered hydrocarbon chains in rats. Lipid extracts from S. ruminantium cultured in the medium containing lactate as a sole carbon source, which are rich in odd-numbered ethanolamine plasmalogens (PlsEtn), were administered either into the duodenum or orally. Lymph and plasma samples were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. After duodenal administration, the levels of odd-numbered PlsEtn species (e.g., p15:0, p15:1, p17:0 and p17:1) in lymph increased significantly, indicating their intestinal absorption. Notably, species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 20:4 or 22:6 at the sn-2 position appeared, suggesting partial remodeling during absorption. Similarly, orally administered bacterial plasmalogens significantly increased the plasma levels of PlsEtn and PlsCho with odd-numbered hydrocarbon chains, with remodeled species incorporating 20:4 or 22:6. The increase rate of odd-numbered plasmalogens in plasma was greater than that of even-numbered species derived from porcine brain lipids, implying slower metabolic degradation and prolonged circulation. These results are the first evidence that microbially derived plasmalogens with odd-numbered hydrocarbon chains are absorbed and remodeled in the mammalian intestine while maintaining their unique sn-1 structure and undergoing selective acyl modification at sn-2. This study provides the potential that the chemical diversity of plasmalogens influences their physiological roles and potential therapeutic functions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 5","pages":"589-606"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process Optimization of Thermostable Lipase Production by Thermophilic Bacillus thuringiensis and Its Application in Bio-Scouring of Cotton Fabric.","authors":"Adnan Mehmood, Tehmina Bashir, Abid Sarwar, Najeeb Ullah, Shaista Nawaz, Shafiq Ur Rahman, Tariq Aziz, Nawal H Siddig, Nawal Al-Hoshani, Reem Nabil Hassan","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess26008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess26008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thermostable lipases from thermophilic bacteria are highly valued for their exceptional stability and wide-ranging industrial applications. The present study aimed to maximize thermostable lipase production from thermophilic Bacillus thuringiensis via solid-state fermentation (SSF) and to evaluate its potential for bioscouring of cotton fabric. The bacterial isolate was identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and cultivated using agro-industrial residues as substrates. Various process parameters, including incubation temperature and time, substrate type and concentration, inoculum form and volume, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources, oil additives, and metal ions, were optimized using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. Optimization resulted in a ~2.3-fold increase in lipase activity, with a maximum activity of 18.91 ± 0.44 U mL^-1 achieved under optimal conditions of 70 °C, 24 h incubation, 25 g sesame meal substrate, 1 mL spore inoculum, phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 0.1 % maltose, 0.1 % sunflower oil, 0.2 % ammonium nitrate, and 0.2 % KCl. The crude enzyme was further applied for the bioscouring of desized cotton fabric as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional alkaline scouring. Lipase treatment significantly enhanced fabric hydrophilicity, yielding 85 ± 1.5 % water absorbency and a controlled weight loss of 6.2 ± 0.3 %, indicating efficient removal of hydrophobic impurities. Maximum bioscouring efficiency was achieved at an enzyme concentration of 15 U mL^-1, a 4 h incubation, and 50 °C.These findings demonstrate the strong bioscouring potential of the thermostable B. thuringiensis lipase and highlight its industrial relevance for sustainable and environmentally friendly textile processing. The optimized production strategy provides a promising platform for the large-scale application of thermostable microbial lipases in green biotechnological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 5","pages":"565-575"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis Indicates That Cocamidopropyl Betaine Has Little Effect on the Stratum Corneum.","authors":"Madoka Kage, Aki Oda, Yutaka Takagi","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is an amphoteric surfactant that is commonly used in skin care materials. Although there are many reports about the safety of CAPB, there is limited data about its physical effects on the stratum corneum. Porcine stratum corneum sheets were soaked in 5% or 10% CAPB solution (pH 4.0, 7.0 or 9.0) for up to 60 min at room temperature. After rinsing with distilled water, the properties of the porcine stratum corneum sheets were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Sixty min of treatment with 5% CAPB or 10 min of treatment with 10% CAPB did not induce any peak shift at any pH. However, 60 min of treatment with 10% CAPB induced peak shifts of CH2 asymmetric stretching vibration and NH stretching vibration to higher wavenumber values. Although all pH solutions induced those peak shifts, the higher pH solutions caused larger peak shifts. However, 24 hrs treatment with 10% CAPB did not cause swelling at any pH. These results indicate that a long time and/or higher dose of CAPB affects the surface of stratum corneum, but this effect may not be caused by the regular use of CAPB in skin care materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 1","pages":"67-73"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Characterization of Food-Grade Liposomes for Enhanced Food Function and Delivery of p-Coumaric Acid Extracted from Sugarcane Bagasse.","authors":"Naru Miyagi, Shuri Yamamoto, Makoto Takahashi","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25224","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study evaluated liposomes prepared using three food-grade lecithins-SLP-WHITE and SLP-PC70 (soy-derived), and PL-30S (egg yolk-derived)-to enhance the food function and delivery of p-coumaric acid (CA), a phenolic antioxidant extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Among the tested formulations, liposomes composed of SLP-WHITE and PL-30S at a 90:10 (w/w) ratio exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (82%). Notably, dynamic light scattering and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a strong negative zeta potential (-75.26 mV), small particle size (~100 nm), and a unilamellar structure, confirming this formulation as the optimum condition. Interestingly, encapsulated CA prepared with this optimum combination retained its antioxidant activity for 28 days. Furthermore, in a Caco-2 monolayer model, the liposomal CA showed significantly improved intestinal permeability compared to free CA, suggesting enhanced bioavailability via endocytic uptake. These results demonstrate that rational combinations of food-grade lecithins with complementary characteristics-such as the electrostatic stability of SLP-WHITE and membrane rigidity from PL-30S-can improve both physical stability and functionality of liposomes. This study provides a practical strategy for developing functional liposomal carriers suitable for food applications, particularly for delivering poorly bioavailable phenolic compounds like p-coumaric acid.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 1","pages":"75-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145900620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Natural Remedy for Insomnia: Picea mariana Essential Oils Exerts Effects through GABAergic and Serotonergic Modulation.","authors":"Cong Cong, Bingrui Zhang, Juan Zhang, Xiaoxia Zhang","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25219","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Picea mariana essential oil (PMEOs) has been proven to possess anti-insomnia and antidepressant effects. However, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying its action remains limited. Therefore, our research seeks to deeply examine the anti-insomnia effects of PMEOs and elucidate the molecular and neurophysiological mechanisms involved. employing a mouse model of insomnia triggered by chlorophenylalanine administration, the study found that PMEOs at different doses (low, medium, and high) effectively inhibited weight loss, shortened sleep latency, and significantly extended the overall sleep duration in mice. Nissl staining showed that PMEOs at these doses reduced neuronal damage in insomnia mice. Immunohistochemical staining analysis further revealed that PMEOs increased the expression of GAD65, GABAAα1, 5HT-2A, and 5HT-1A in insomnia mice in a non-dose-dependent manner. RT-qPCR data, consistent with the staining results, showed that PMEOs-L and PMEOs-M upregulated the expression levels of 5HT-2A and GABAAγ1, providing stronger molecular evidence for the anti-insomnia effects of PMEOs through protecting neurons and activating the expression of related neurotransmitters in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. As a natural product, PMEOs, by regulating the balance of 5HT-1A, 5HT-2A, GABAAγ2, GABAAα1 neurotransmitters, and GAD65, demonstrate potential clinical application value in the treatment of insomnia, offering scientific reference for subsequent promotion and use.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 5","pages":"551-563"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ozonated Olive Oil Attenuates Hepatic Steatosis in Obese db/db Mice: Evidence for Triacylglycerol-derived Ozonides as Key Bioactive Species.","authors":"Yasunari Kato, Leon Kotsuji, Toshiharu Nagai, Akihiko Yoshida, Hideaki Ishida, Nao Inoue, Teruyoshi Yanagita, Koji Nagao","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ozonated edible oils have garnered increasing attention as potential functional food ingredients for managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition primarily driven by oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This study aimed to elucidate (i) which fraction of ozonated olive oil mediates its hepatoprotective effects and (ii) whether the degree of fatty acid unsaturation influences the physiological responses to ozonated lipids. In Experiment 1, olive oil was fractionated into saponifiable (SAP) and unsaponifiable (unSAP) components, which were then subjected to ozonation, and subsequently incorporated into the diet of db/db mice. Ozonated SAP significantly reduced the hepatic triglyceride accumulation and suppressed the fatty acid synthesis pathway, as indicated by decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and downregulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), FAS, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, while attenuating monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1)-driven inflammation. Conversely, ozonated unSAP demonstrated no improvement. In Experiment 2, db/db mice were fed diets containing triolein or a mixed triacylglycerol, in ozonated or non-ozonated forms. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA to evaluate the main effects of fatty acid type and ozonation. Ozonation markedly reduced liver weight and hepatic triglycerides irrespective of fatty acid type. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lowered by ozonation, with the fatty acid type contributing to an additional independent reduction. Mechanistically, ozonation downregulated lipogenic genes (ACC1 and FAS) and reduced the expression of inflammatory markers (MCP1 and interleukin 1β). Heme oxygenase 1 expression was significantly induced by both fatty acid type and ozonation; these independent effects suggest the additive activation of the antioxidant defense pathway. Ozonation modified hepatic lipid mediators, consistent with reduced inflammation and improved metabolism. These findings demonstrate that triacylglycerol ozonation generates bioactive ozonides that mitigate hepatic steatosis and inflammation, supporting their potential use in MASLD management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 5","pages":"577-588"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147839243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and In Silico Molecular Docking of the Essential Oil from Munronia lancifolia.","authors":"Ty Viet Pham, Anh Tuan Le, Ngo Thi Diem My, Phuong Vu Luu, Nguyen Huong Thi Nguyen, Hiroyuki Morita, Hien Minh Nguyen","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25222","DOIUrl":"10.5650/jos.ess25222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This investigation represents the first assessment of the phytochemical profile and biological properties of Munronia lancifolia essential oil. Extracted through hydro-distillation with a yield of 0.1%, the oil made up 57 identified constituents. The primary classes were oxygenated monoterpenes (0.67%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (9.41%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (85.34%), and non-terpenic compounds (3.76%). Key components included 23 (1,5-epoxysalvial-4(14)-ene), 24 (spathulenol), 25 (caryophyllene oxide), 35 (isospathulenol), and 40 (valerianol) with high concentrations. The oil exhibited significant anti-inflammatory potential, as evidenced by nitric oxide suppression (IC₅₀ ≈ 53.0 ± 2.62 µg/mL), reduced TNF-α levels measured by ELISA, without inducing cytotoxic effect at 100 µg/mL, and bovine serum albumin denaturation-related protein damage (IC₅₀ ≈ 58.08 ± 2.45 µg/mL). The docking simulations were performed to assess the affinity of major compounds with the TNF-α binding site (PDB ID: 2AZ5), offering molecular insights into their prospective anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, these findings suggest this plant as a promising natural source for the inflammatory response.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 3","pages":"271-280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Based Biocontrol of Toxigenic Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxin B1 Production in Stored Grains Using Essential Oils.","authors":"Saba Sana, Layyaba Nazir, Muhammad Sohail, Ali Ahmad, Rukhma Sattar, Ayaz Ali Khan, Tariq Aziz, Rania Ali El Hadi Mohamed, Nawal Al-Hoshani, Manal F Elkhadragy","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25240","DOIUrl":"10.5650/jos.ess25240","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aspergillus flavus is a widespread fungal contaminant known for producing aflatoxins, toxic secondary metabolites that affect the food quality and pose significant health risks to both humans and animals. Current study evaluated the susceptibility of Aflatoxin B1 producing A. flavus to five essential oils: E. cardamomum, C. longa, F. asafetida, S. aromaticum, and E. globulus. In vitro antifungal activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. S. aromaticum exhibited the most potent antifungal effect, with the largest inhibition zones (31.00 ± 1.00 mm) and the lowest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (0.65 ± 0.22 µL/mL) and no cytotoxicity observed up to 100 µL/mL. Based on these findings, S. aromaticum oil was selected for in-situ testing to examine its inhibitory effect on fungal growth and AFB1 production in stored wheat, maize, and rice grains. Both intact and broken grains were tested at seven moisture levels (10-70 %) and categorized into growth control, negative control, and essential oil (EO) treated groups. Fungal growth (Colony Forming Unit per g) and AFB1 levels via High Profile Liquid Chromatography were recorded over 60 days. Broken grains exhibited higher levels of contamination. AFB1 levels were recorded highest at 40 % moisture and lowest at 10 % moisture level. S. aromaticum EO effectively reduced fungal growth across all conditions, with treated samples showing similar results to the negative control group. These findings highlight the potential of S. aromaticum essential oil as a natural preservative for grain storage.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 3","pages":"281-293"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, Odour Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Activity of Optically Active Dodecen-4-olides and Their Cyclopropanated Derivatives.","authors":"Yasutaka Shimotori, Hinata Sugimoto, Takayuki Honda, Tetsuo Miyakoshi, Hiroyuki Masuda, Takanori Shima, Shiori Kitago, Mika Iwamoto, Daisuke Asai, Taisei Kanamoto","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25226","DOIUrl":"10.5650/jos.ess25226","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four optically active dodecen-4-olides (1a-d) with carbon-carbon double bonds at different positions and their cyclopropanated derivatives (2a-d) were synthesized, and the odour characteristics of the racemic and optically active compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1a-d and 2a-d exhibited typical lactone-like nuances, characterized by strong top notes and oily middle notes. The position of the carbon-carbon double bond had a significant effect on the odour profile. All 1a-d compounds exhibited different odour characteristics: 1a showed fruity notes, 1b and 1c exhibited green and fruity notes, and 1d exhibited green and floral notes. Cyclopropanation substantially altered these characteristics. As a result, the odour characteristics of compounds 2, where the carbon-carbon double bonds were converted to cyclopropane rings, differed significantly from those of compounds 1. Conversion of the double bond in 1a to a cyclopropane ring changed the fruity note to green note, while cyclopropanation of 1b changed the green note to fruity. The antimicrobial activities of 1 and 2 against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were also investigated. Only compound (S)-1b exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 3","pages":"295-315"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Stability and Gastrointestinal Digestion Characteristics of Natural Walnut Oil Body Emulsion.","authors":"Shenghua He, Sanjiu Zhou, Yonghui Wang, Guanghui Li, Xueli Gao, Weiyun Guo","doi":"10.5650/jos.ess25187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess25187","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To understand the stability and gastrointestinal digestion characteristics of the natural walnut oil bodies (OBs) emulsion, walnut OBs were extracted from fresh walnuts and dispersed in aqueous phase to form O/W natural emulsions. The results showed that the natural walnut OBs emulsion droplets were uniformly dispersed in the aqueous phase as spherical particles, with triglycerides in the core and proteins surrounding them. SDS-PAGE indicated that the molecular weight of these proteins was below 55 kDa. The natural walnut OBs emulsion exhibited unstable at pH 4.0 and 6.0. Within the salt ion concentration range of 0-500 mM, the natural walnut OBs emulsion exhibited stable. Within the heat treatment temperature range of 0-85°C, the natural walnut OBs emulsion presented stable, but the droplets of the natural walnut OBs emulsion showed obvious aggregation at 95°C and became unstable. During the 0-120 min gastric digestion process, the droplets of the natural walnut OBs emulsion showed obvious aggregation and oil-water phases separation, and the particle size significantly increased with the extension of digestion time. During the 0-120 min small intestinal digestion stage, as the digestion time increased, the droplet size and the number of droplets decreased, while the release of free fatty acids continuously increased. This study lays a foundation for the application of walnut OBs in the food industry and the delivery of liposoluble bioactive substances.</p>","PeriodicalId":16626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of oleo science","volume":"75 2","pages":"105-118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146100345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}