{"title":"Sedentary Behaviour and Free-Living Physical Activity Intensity as Determinants of Physical Activity Level in Young Adult Women without Regular Exercise Habits.","authors":"Hibiki Aikawa, Yoichi Hatamoto, Eiichi Yoshimura, Takuro Tobina, Makoto Ayabe, Hideaki Kumahara","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.9","DOIUrl":"10.3177/jnsv.72.9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a growing amount of research on the association of physical activity level (PAL) and physical activity-related energy expenditure (PAEE) with physical activity (PA) intensity or body composition variables; however, the age of the target population, especially young adults, is limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between PA indices such as each PA intensity, including sedentary behaviour (SB), and free-living energy expenditure using the doubly labelled water (DLW) method. Using the DLW method under free-living conditions, total energy expenditure was evaluated in 32 healthy women without regular exercise habits in their 20 s. PA, including the percentage of time spent engaging in light, moderate, and vigorous physical intensities, was measured using a validated accelerometer. The %SB was also calculated. Partial correlation coefficients of the relationship between the PAL and PA variables, including sleeping time, age, and body composition indices, were calculated while controlling for the effect of multiple variables. PAEE normalised for body weight (PAEE/kg) and average PAL were 10.2±3.0 kcal/kg/d (42.7±12.7 kJ/kg/d) and 1.60±0.17, respectively. PAL and PAEE/kg had significant negative partial correlations with %SB (r=-0.428, p=0.033 and r=-0.484, p=0.014, respectively). The results indicate that reducing SB attributes to higher values of PAL and PAEE/kg. This is the first study to clarify the contribution of SB and other PA indices to the intensity of PAL and free-living energy expenditure using DLW in young adult women without regular exercise habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rina Pratiwi, Aryono Hendarto, Maria Mexitalia, Damayanti Rusli Sjarif, I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha, Bambang Tridjaja
{"title":"Effect of Sun Exposure on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration of Infants Aged 7-12 Months in Indonesia.","authors":"Rina Pratiwi, Aryono Hendarto, Maria Mexitalia, Damayanti Rusli Sjarif, I Gusti Lanang Sidiartha, Bambang Tridjaja","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.206","DOIUrl":"10.3177/jnsv.72.206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vitamin D deficiency is mainly caused by lack of sun exposure and low intake. Data on its prevalence and optimal sun exposure in Indonesian infants, particularly aged 7-12 mo, are lacking. This randomized controlled study aimed to evaluate the effect of sun exposure on serum 25(OH)D concentration in infants in Semarang, Indonesia. Conducted between February and May 2019, the study involved 109 infants who met inclusion criteria (no congenital/chronic illness, parental consent) and excluded those with moderate to severe malnutrition, non-yellow or brown skin tone, clinically significant vitamin D deficiency, or those receiving vitamin D supplements. Intervention group received sun exposure on 50% of body surface for 5 min, three times weekly between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm for 2 mo. Serum 25(OH)D concentration were measured pre- and post-intervention, and food recall was used to assess daily intake in both groups. Pre-intervention, there was no significant difference in serum 25(OH)D concentration between intervention (mean 39.1±14.9 ng/mL) and control group (mean 38.6±15.4 ng/mL). However, post-intervention results showed a statistically significant increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration in intervention group (mean 47.9±21.9 ng/mL) compared to control group (mean 36.6±13.7 ng/mL; p=0.005). Notably, there was no significant difference in dietary vitamin D intake between two groups throughout the study. This study concluded that brief and consistent sun exposure significantly increased serum 25(OH)D concentration in infants, suggesting that sun exposure is an effective natural strategy to improve vitamin D status in this age group.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 3","pages":"206-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thiol/Disulfide Metabolite Homeostasis and Its Correlation with Disease Severity and Renal Function Impairment in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Ketoacidosis.","authors":"Lian Wang, Jing Zhao, Qi Cao","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.72.222","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thiols, as a class of organic compounds containing sulfhydryl, play important roles in antioxidant, cytoprotective and signaling activities. This study aimed to investigate thiol/disulfide metabolite homeostasis in children with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and their correlation with disease severity and renal impairment. Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated with ketoacidosis from June 2022 to December 2024 were selected for this study. The metabolite levels of thiols and disulfides were measured by collecting blood samples from the children and testing them using a highly automated spectrophotometric assay. Clinical data, including blood glucose, blood ketones, blood gas analysis, and renal function indicators, were collected from the children to assess the severity of the disease and renal impairment. Seventy-two children with DKA (19 mild, 25 moderate, and 28 severe cases), were included. Native thiols were elevated with disease exacerbation, while total thiols and disulfides did not change significantly. Homeostatic index 1 and index 3 differed among the three groups. Reduced renal function was observed in 34 children with DKA, who also had decreased natural thiols, total thiol, and homeostatic index 3. Elevated native thiols were protective factors for disease exacerbation (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.960-1.000) and renal function decline (OR 0.970, 95% CI 0.950-0.990) in children with DKA. Thiol/disulfide metabolite homeostasis in children with DKA is strongly associated with disease severity and renal impairment. Reduced native thiols are associated with more severe DKA and renal impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 3","pages":"222-229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masanori Nomoto, Koji Mitsuda, Shusaku Uchida, Satoshi Kida
{"title":"Dysfunction of the RAR/RXR Signaling Pathway in the Mouse Forebrain Reduces GluA1, PSD-95, and ARP3 Expression in the Hippocampus.","authors":"Masanori Nomoto, Koji Mitsuda, Shusaku Uchida, Satoshi Kida","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.72.352","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retinoic acid (RA), a biologically active metabolite of vitamin A, regulates gene expression through retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor (RAR/RXR)-dependent transcription and is important for various biological phenomena. To understand the role of forebrain RA signaling in synaptic plasticity and memory, we generated transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of retinoic acid receptor α (dnRARα) in adult forebrain. We previously showed that dnRARα expression in the adult forebrain impairs α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal CA1 neurons and hippocampus-dependent memory. To investigate the molecular basis of these impairments, we here examined expressions of synaptic plasticity-related molecules in the hippocampus of dnRARα mice. We found that protein levels of GluA1 and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) were significantly reduced in the hippocampus of dnRARα mice in a dnRARα expression-dependent manner. To further examine protein expression changes in dnRARα mice, we performed proteome analysis and found that expression of actin-related protein 3 (ARP3), a molecule implicated in activity-dependent spine enlargement and maturation, was also reduced. Combined with our previous findings, these results suggest that forebrain RAR/RXR signaling is crucial for maintaining synaptic transmission, plasticity, and memory formation by upregulating GluA1, PSD-95, and ARP3.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 4","pages":"352-355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"High Adherence to a Food Guide May Be Associated with Lower Serum C-Peptide Concentrations.","authors":"Ayuka Mita, Ribeka Takachi, Taiki Yamaji, Marina Yamagishi, Junko Ishihara, Yuri Ishii, Kazutoshi Nakamura, Junta Tanaka, Hiroyasu Iso, Motoki Iwasaki, Shoichiro Tsugane, Norie Sawada","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.72.291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A balanced diet has been associated with a lower risk of total and cardiovascular mortality. One intermediate function linking a balanced diet and lower mortality may be optimal insulin secretion. We examined the association between adherence to the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top (JFGST) and serum C-peptide concentration, an indicator of basal insulin secretion, in a cross-sectional study in a Japanese population, in whom rice (refined grains) is the staple food. A blood sample was collected in November 2012 and a 12-d weighed food record was collected over the subsequent year. A total of 210 healthy residents aged 35-80 y (83 men, 127 women) were included in the analysis. Multiple regression analysis was performed with log-transformed serum C-peptide concentration as dependent variable and total JFGST score or each score by category of dish as independent variable, with adjustment for age and BMI. In both men and women, total JFGST score was inversely associated with serum C-peptide concentration. Slope in the percentage of differences for every 1-point score addition based the regression coefficients was -2.3% (p<0.001) in men and -1.6% (p<0.001) in women. For specified categories of dishes, scores for grain dishes, snacks and alcoholic beverages, and total energy were inversely associated with serum C-peptide concentrations among men. Among women, in contrast, scores for milk and for fruit were inversely associated with serum C-peptide concentrations. A balanced diet consistent with the JFGST was inversely associated with serum C-peptide concentration among middle-aged Japanese.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 4","pages":"291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148860487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex-Specific Associations between Plant-Forward Dietary Patterns and Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Higher Seafood Intake among Women in the Kyotango Baseline Cohort.","authors":"Masamichi Watanabe, Teruhide Koyama, Katsura Mizushima, Takeshi Yasuda, Tomohisa Takagi, Satoaki Matoba, Yuji Naito","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.72.251","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to evaluate sex-specific associations between food intake and frailty using cross-sectional data from 786 participants (317 men, 469 women) aged 65-101 y from the baseline survey of the Kyotango cohort study. In multivariate-adjusted models, men in the highest quartile of bean intake and vegetable intake other than green and yellow vegetables (other vegetables) had 78% and 83% lower risks of frailty, respectively, than those in the lowest quartile. Similarly, women in the highest quartile of other vegetable intake had 76% lower risks of frailty than those in the lowest quartile. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that Cluster 3, characterized by frequent intake of seafood, milk, and plant-based foods, including tuber vegetables, beans, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and fruits, was associated with a reduced risk of frailty. In conclusion, plant-based dietary patterns were associated with a lower prevalence of frailty in men and women. Within this pattern, women consumed more seafood, suggesting a sex-specific feature of the dietary profile.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 3","pages":"251-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Errata.","authors":"","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.72.264","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 3","pages":"264"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148368828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kazuki Kioka, Yuki Aikawa, Kota Noboritate, Hayata Yamamoto, Kaya Sugiyama, Hana Shingu, Kyosuke Watanabe, Hirotaka Suzuki, Naomi Omi
{"title":"Food Restriction Impairs Exercise-Induced Bone Mass Acquisition and Causes Iron Metabolic Disturbance with Storage Depletion in Young Female Rats.","authors":"Kazuki Kioka, Yuki Aikawa, Kota Noboritate, Hayata Yamamoto, Kaya Sugiyama, Hana Shingu, Kyosuke Watanabe, Hirotaka Suzuki, Naomi Omi","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.101","DOIUrl":"10.3177/jnsv.72.101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Low energy availability is a core feature of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport that impairs skeletal and hematologic health. However, the contributions of short-term energy restriction and exercise as well as their potential interactive effects remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effects of short-term food restriction on exercise-induced bone mass acquisition and its simultaneous impact on iron metabolism in young female rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk old) underwent environmental acclimation and treadmill running exercise training for 1 wk each and randomly grouped into seven groups. The groups included a sedentary and ad libitum feeding group, along with groups fed 90%, 70%, or 50% of the average ad-lib intake under sedentary or running exercise conditions for 15 d. The results showed low tibial bone mineral density (BMD) and ferritin levels and high serum iron levels due to a significant main effect of food restriction. Hematocrit-adjusted erythrocyte counts were unchanged, indicating an iron metabolic disturbance characterized by depleted stores despite high circulating iron. Exercise significantly increased tibial BMD, but the 50% food restriction groups (sedentary and exercise) showed significantly lower values than the exercise 90% group. Serum iron levels showed significant differences even in the 70% food restriction group compared with the 90% group. Tibial BMD and serum iron levels were weakly negatively correlated. This study revealed that, in young female rats, short-term 50% food restriction resulted in decreased BMD while short-term 70% and 50% food restriction resulted in iron metabolic disturbances under both sedentary and exercise conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 2","pages":"101-112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147774291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yongkang Mao, Yuanyuan Zhou, Nana Li, Xi Wang, Yan Luo, Daomei Cheng, Ju Li, Lingyu Zhong, Yanfeng Zhu
{"title":"Impact of Food Addiction and Its Influencing Factors in Overweight/Obesity Population: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Yongkang Mao, Yuanyuan Zhou, Nana Li, Xi Wang, Yan Luo, Daomei Cheng, Ju Li, Lingyu Zhong, Yanfeng Zhu","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.40","DOIUrl":"10.3177/jnsv.72.40","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity represents a major public health challenge with extensive physical and psychological implications. Food addiction (FA), a rising concern linked to obesity, remains insufficiently studied in China. This study investigates the prevalence of FA and identifies factors associated with FA among overweight/obesity. Data were collected between August 2021 and January 2022 from 126 overweight/obesity through structured surveys and questionnaires. Comparative analyses of demographic characteristics, anthropometric indicators, and dietary patterns were performed between participants exhibiting FA symptoms and those without FA. FA symptoms were identified in 43.65% of the participants, with higher prevalence among individuals from the Tibetan population. Subgroup analysis of Tibetan participants revealed that a higher intake of tubers, fats, and sodium was associated with an increased risk of FA, whereas manganese intake may exert a protective effect against FA. Participants with FA showed significantly higher anthropometric measurements, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat percentage, compared to non-FA (NFA) counterparts. Furthermore, a dietary pattern characterized by elevated intake of tubers, fats, energy-dense foods and certain trace elements such as sodium was significantly associated with an increased risk of FA. Overweight/obesity with FA display distinct dietary imbalances, marked by higher BMI and increased consumption of tubers and fats, accompanied by increased intake of specific trace elements. This study is crucial for identifying and evaluating the effectiveness of FA in order to develop targeted interventions and optimise obesity treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 1","pages":"40-52"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147326397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lailiang Wang, Congping Xue, Beixia Zhu, Fangfang Zhou, Qun Luo
{"title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Mass and Function in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Lailiang Wang, Congping Xue, Beixia Zhu, Fangfang Zhou, Qun Luo","doi":"10.3177/jnsv.72.1","DOIUrl":"10.3177/jnsv.72.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data regarding to how serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels affect muscle mass and function in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have led to inconclusive results. The main goal of this research was to examine the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and the risk of deterioration in muscle mass and function among ESRD patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Eligible ESRD patients on CAPD were prospectively included, and followed up at 3-mo intervals in Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, the tertiary care center in the Ningbo region, Zhejiang Province, China for 12 mo. The mean 25(OH)D level <20 ng/mL of all visits during the 12-mo follow-up period was the exposure of interest. Primary outcome was defined as the deterioration of muscle mass and function at the end of the 12-mo follow-up. The absolute difference with 95% confidence interval (CI) of the incidence of deterioration of muscle mass and function between the groups with mean 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL and ≥20 ng/mL were estimated. The relationship between 25(OH)D levels and the risk of deterioration in muscle mass and function was examined by employing multivariate logistic regression models. Participants with 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL or 25(OH)D≥20 ng/mL in each visit were included as a sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on the age (<60 y and ≥60 y). Two hundred twenty-one eligible participants were included for the final statistical analysis. Among these 221 participants, patients with the mean 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL was 64.7% (143/221). During the 12-mo follow-up period, the incidence of deterioration in muscle mass and function was 37.6% (83/221). Compared to paticipants with mean 25(OH)D≥20 ng/mL, the incidence in paticipants with mean 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL was significantly higher (46.2% vs 21.8%, p<0.001), with an absolute difference of 24% (95%CI 12-37%). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, mean 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL was still associated with increased risk of the deterioration in muscle mass and function (OR=3.18, 95%CI 1.51-6.70, p=0.002). The association was consistent in the sensitivity analysis (OR=3.22, 95%CI 1.49-6.97, p=0.003). In subgroup analysis, the relationship between mean 25(OH)D<20 ng/mL and the deterioration in muscle mass and function remained consistent (OR=5.59, 95%CI 1.82-17.15, p=0.003) in paticipants with age ≥60 y; however, no significant relationship was identified in patients with age <60 y (OR=2.05, 95%CI 0.72-5.84, p=0.18). Our study demonstrated that lower serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of the deterioration in muscle mass and function in ESRD patients on CAPD, especially in elderly individuals, implicating that vitamin D supplementation might represent an effective way to prevent and treat sarcopenia, frailty and their clinical complications. However, due to inherent limitations in the study, further research is necessary to establish a definitive causal relationship.</p>","PeriodicalId":16624,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology","volume":"72 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147325759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}