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Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association最新文献

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Setting occupational health standards: toxicokinetic differences among and between men and women. 制定职业健康标准:男女之间的毒物动力学差异。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-08-01
T Silvaggio, D R Mattison
{"title":"Setting occupational health standards: toxicokinetic differences among and between men and women.","authors":"T Silvaggio,&nbsp;D R Mattison","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differences between and among men, nonpregnant women, and pregnant women can influence exposure and response to workplace toxicants. These differences should be delineated, compared, and used when setting regulatory standards to protect workers from potentially hazardous workplace environments. Anatomical and physiological parameters include: body composition; surface area; blood, organ, and tissue volume; metabolism; and cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and renal structure and function. Although men differ among themselves, on average, they also differ from women by weighing more, being taller, and having a larger surface area. Total body water is 40% greater in men than nonpregnant women; however, during pregnancy, body water increases from 29 to 33 liters. Extracellular and intracellular water volumes are smallest in nonpregnant women, increase with pregnancy, but remain smaller than those in men. Pulmonary function differs; pregnant women have the largest minute volume and greatest volume of air exchanged in an 8-hour period. This article compares anatomical, physiological, and toxicokinetic characteristics of men and nonpregnant and pregnant women to explore how differences in these factors contribute to variations in exposures, target tissue doses, and responses to workplace or environmental chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 8","pages":"849-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18807477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Statistical power to detect occupationally related respiratory cancer risk in a cohort of female employees in the US man-made vitreous fiber industry. 美国人造玻璃体纤维行业一组女性雇员职业相关呼吸系统癌症风险检测的统计能力。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-08-01
R A Stone, G M Marsh, V L Henderson, A D Owens, T J Smith, M M Quinn
{"title":"Statistical power to detect occupationally related respiratory cancer risk in a cohort of female employees in the US man-made vitreous fiber industry.","authors":"R A Stone,&nbsp;G M Marsh,&nbsp;V L Henderson,&nbsp;A D Owens,&nbsp;T J Smith,&nbsp;M M Quinn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current update of the US man-made vitreous fiber production worker cohort includes women for the first time. Preliminary comparisons of 3,820 female and 27,767 male workers from 11 participating fibrous glass plants show different hiring patterns during World War II. The gender-specific person-year distributions are similar with respect to duration of employment and time since first employment. The current follow-up of 118,559 person-years for women provides an estimated 80% power to detect a threefold relative risk of respiratory cancer for women who worked more than 14 years in these plants, based on a Poisson regression analysis of the cohort rates. When women comprise a small fraction of the cohort, the statistical power may be inadequate to detect risks of the magnitude typically of interest in studies of men.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 8","pages":"899-901"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18806660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intervention research in occupational health and safety. 职业健康安全干预研究。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
L M Goldenhar, P A Schulte
{"title":"Intervention research in occupational health and safety.","authors":"L M Goldenhar,&nbsp;P A Schulte","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper reviews occupational health and safety intervention studies published between 1988 and 1993 to gauge the nature and extent of research in this area. Generally, the studies often lacked a theoretical basis, used small samples, and tested interventions lacking the intensity to cause the desired change. Most designs were either nonexperimental or quasi-experimental with uncontrolled sources of bias. Recommendations for future research include methods of minimizing the problems and biases caused by these weaknesses. Nonmethodological issues such as the costs of implementing interventions and the cultural and political dimensions of the workplace are also addressed. Although many methodological issues associated with field-based research are not easily addressed, researchers should make a stronger attempt to address these issues if the field of occupational health and safety intervention research is to be productive.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"763-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18928658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Relationship of performance on the ERGOS work simulator to illness behavior in a workers' compensation population with low back versus limb injury. 在ERGOS工作模拟器上的表现与工伤补偿人群腰肢损伤的疾病行为的关系。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
C Cooke, L A Dusik, M R Menard, S M Fairburn, G N Beach
{"title":"Relationship of performance on the ERGOS work simulator to illness behavior in a workers' compensation population with low back versus limb injury.","authors":"C Cooke,&nbsp;L A Dusik,&nbsp;M R Menard,&nbsp;S M Fairburn,&nbsp;G N Beach","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A prospective blinded cohort study was performed to test for a difference in the pattern of physical activity factors measured with the ERGOS work simulator in subjects with low back injuries versus those with limb injuries. Also tested was the relationship between physical activity factors measured with the ERGOS and several psychological tests and measures of nonorganic pain behavior in subjects with low back pain. Subjects were 70 men, 22 to 64 years old, who attended a 2-week physical capacity assessment after undergoing rehabilitation for a work-related injury. In subjects with a complaint of low back pain, nonorganic pain behavior was measured with the Waddell score. In addition, two brief psychological tests, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and analog self-rating of wellness, were administered. It was found that subjects with low back complaints underperformed globally in comparison with subjects with limb complaints. This underperformance was statistically significant (P < .05) for 7 of 13 strength variables and 2 of 7 dexterity variables. In the subjects with low back complaints, those who exhibited excessive illness behavior (Waddell score, 3 to 5) performed significantly worse on all 13 strength variables and on 3 of 7 dexterity variables. In the subjects with low back complaints, those with low self-assessment ratings were found to have a high Waddell score (P < .01) and to perform significantly worse (P < .05) on 12 of 13 strength variables and 6 of 7 dexterity variables. There were no significant relationships (P > .05) between Coopersmith Self-Esteem score and Waddell score or performance on ERGOS testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"757-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18928657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: a clinical perspective. I. Case definition, theories of pathogenesis, and research needs. 多重化学敏感性综合征:临床视角。1 .病例定义、发病机理理论及研究需求。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
P J Sparks, W Daniell, D W Black, H M Kipen, L C Altman, G E Simon, A I Terr
{"title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: a clinical perspective. I. Case definition, theories of pathogenesis, and research needs.","authors":"P J Sparks,&nbsp;W Daniell,&nbsp;D W Black,&nbsp;H M Kipen,&nbsp;L C Altman,&nbsp;G E Simon,&nbsp;A I Terr","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome (MCS) does not appear to fit established principles of toxicology. Yet social, political, and economic forces are demanding that MCS be defined medically, even though to date scientific studies have not identified pathogenic mechanisms for the condition or any objective diagnostic criteria. Consequently, a working definition of MCS can rely only on an individual's subjective symptoms of distress and attribution to environmental exposures rather than currently measurable objective evidence of disease. Nevertheless, patients labeled with MCS are clearly distressed and many are functionally disabled. In this review, four theories of causation are explored: (1) MCS is a purely biologic/physical or psychophysiologic reaction to low-level chemical exposures. (2) MCS symptoms may be elicited by low-level environmental chemical exposures, but the sensitivity is initiated by psychologic stress. (3) MCS is a misdiagnosis and chemical exposure is not the cause. The symptoms may be due to misdiagnosed physical or psychologic illness. (4) MCS is an illness belief system manifest by culturally shaped illness behavior. Areas for further research regarding the etiologies of MCS are suggested. Recognizing that the cause of the syndrome may be multifactorial, strategies are proposed for clinical evaluation and management in Part II of this manuscript using a biopsychosocial model of illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"718-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18931426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Contact lenses in the chemical industry. 化学工业中的隐形眼镜。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
B R Blais
{"title":"Contact lenses in the chemical industry.","authors":"B R Blais","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"706, 708"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18931423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of ocular health among alachlor manufacturing workers. 甲草胺生产工人眼健康状况评价。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
B Ireland, J Acquavella, T Farrell, M Anne, T Fuhreman
{"title":"Evaluation of ocular health among alachlor manufacturing workers.","authors":"B Ireland,&nbsp;J Acquavella,&nbsp;T Farrell,&nbsp;M Anne,&nbsp;T Fuhreman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Earlier toxicology studies found that one strain of rat (Long-Evans) developed severe ocular lesions when fed high doses of alachlor, a chloracetanilide active ingredient in some preemergent herbicides used for corn, soybean, and peanut crops. Because of a lack of eye effects in feeding studies conducted in dogs and other rodent species and strains, the effect was believed to be specific to Long-Evans rats. Nevertheless, to determine whether there were ocular effects among alachlor-exposed workers, we examined a group of the highest exposed alachlor production workers (n = 135) for the presence of a specific eye abnormality, analogous to the initiating lesion in Long-Evans rats, called pigmentary dispersion syndrome. A similar examination was given to unexposed coworkers and relatives (n = 84) to provide comparison rates. None of the exposed workers were found to have pigmentary dispersion syndrome, and prevalence rates for other eye abnormalities were similar for exposed and unexposed study participants. These results suggest that humans exposed to alachlor are not at increased risk of developing ocular disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"738-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18931428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Solvents and color discrimination ability. Nonreplication of previous findings. 溶剂和辨色能力。先前的研究结果不重复。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
B Baird, J Camp, W Daniell, J Antonelli
{"title":"Solvents and color discrimination ability. Nonreplication of previous findings.","authors":"B Baird,&nbsp;J Camp,&nbsp;W Daniell,&nbsp;J Antonelli","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Previous research has shown exposure-related increases in the prevalence of acquired color vision deficits among printers. We administered the Lanthony D-15 desaturated test of color vision to 82 print shop workers. Two tests of cognitive function, Trails A and B and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, were also administered. Personal air sampling indicated that current exposure to organic solvents was highest among printers and lowest among bindery workers. In contrast to previous studies, the age-adjusted quantitative Lanthony D-15 desaturated test error scores did not differ significantly between exposure groups, and the proportion of subjects with > or = 1 error was greater in the lower-exposure, rather than higher-exposure, groups (P = .03). Of note, the proportion of subjects with > or = 2 errors did not differ significantly between groups (P = .24). Cognitive tests showed no significant association with exposure. These results are discussed in the context of methodological issues related to lighting sources, reliability of test results, and establishment of criteria for identifying deficits.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"747-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18931430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: a clinical perspective. II. Evaluation, diagnostic testing, treatment, and social considerations. 多重化学敏感性综合征:临床视角。2评估、诊断测试、治疗和社会考虑。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
P J Sparks, W Daniell, D W Black, H M Kipen, L C Altman, G E Simon, A I Terr
{"title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: a clinical perspective. II. Evaluation, diagnostic testing, treatment, and social considerations.","authors":"P J Sparks,&nbsp;W Daniell,&nbsp;D W Black,&nbsp;H M Kipen,&nbsp;L C Altman,&nbsp;G E Simon,&nbsp;A I Terr","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome (MCS) does not appear to fit established principles of toxicology. Social, political, and economic forces are demanding that MCS be defined medically, even though scientific studies have failed as yet to identify pathogenic mechanisms for the condition or any objective diagnostic criteria. Consequently, a working definition of MCS can only rely on a person's subjective symptoms of distress and attribution to environmental exposures rather than currently measurable objective evidence of disease. Nevertheless, patients labeled with MCS are clearly distressed and many are functionally disabled. Without reconciling the different theories of etiology of MCS discussed in Part I of this report, and recognizing that the cause of the syndrome may be multifactorial, strategies are proposed for clinical evaluation and management of patients with MCS using a biopsychosocial model of illness. The social implications of this illness are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"731-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18931427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pseudoelevation of carboxyhemoglobin levels in firefighters. 消防员碳氧血红蛋白水平的假性升高。
Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association Pub Date : 1994-07-01
S N Kales, F Pentiuc, D C Christiani
{"title":"Pseudoelevation of carboxyhemoglobin levels in firefighters.","authors":"S N Kales,&nbsp;F Pentiuc,&nbsp;D C Christiani","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Carbon monoxide is a common and potentially lethal exposure documented by an elevated carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level. We conducted an investigation of unexpectedly high carboxyhemoglobin levels in a group of firefighters. Twelve of 34 (35%) nonsmokers tested had levels greater than 4% COHb and 9 of 34 (26%) had levels of 10% or higher. Quadruplicate blood samples from hospital staff and firefighters were sent in duplicate to the original laboratory, which used manual spectrophotometry, and to a second reference facility using a cooximeter. Cooximeter results were lower and also more reproducible. By cooximetry, all 24 nonsmoking firefighters retested had COHb levels less than 3%. Cooximetry is widely available and is the most suitable methodology in clinical situations. Spurious results despite the use of a large reference laboratory argue for the standardization of analytic methods for COHb among laboratories.</p>","PeriodicalId":16617,"journal":{"name":"Journal of occupational medicine. : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association","volume":"36 7","pages":"752-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18928656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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