Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"A personalized automated system designed to assign hazardous noise exposures to tasks among agricultural workers.","authors":"Thomas M Peters, Misha A Griffis, Oliver Stroh, Noah Brown, Jacqueline Curnick, Marcus Tatum, Marjorie C McCullagh, Geb Thomas","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2573667","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2573667","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Farming is a noisy occupation, resulting in a high prevalence of hearing loss among agricultural workers. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of an automatic algorithm designed to cluster individual sound events into tasks. This work is part of the HearSafe Study, which aimed to increase agricultural workers' use of hearing protection devices by providing personalized information on hazardous noise to workers. Participants in the study interacted with the HearSafe System: a small sound level meter, a website, and an algorithm to associate noise with tasks. They wore the sound level meter that recorded loud (≥ 80 dBA) sound \"events,\" their location, and audio clips. They interacted with the website to view where and when participants were exposed to hazardous noises during the day. To simplify interpretation, an algorithm clustered individual sound events into tasks based on their proximity in time and location. The system's effectiveness hinges on the accuracy of this clustering algorithm. In Phase I, the accuracy was determined using parameters for time between events (2, 5, and 10 min) and distances between tasks (5, 9, and 18 m). In Phase II, the algorithm was refined to account for pauses in work and riding on equipment. Researchers manually clustered events into tasks by listening to the audio clips. Algorithm accuracy was measured as the percentage of events matching the manual clustering. The automating accuracy was improved from 57% with the base algorithm to 87% with the most accurate algorithm (<i>p</i> = 0.02; 10 min between events, 9 m average distance between tasks, and added the condition to combining consecutive tasks that were within 9 m of each other). Increased accuracy in identifying noisy tasks will improve the efficacy of the HearSafe System to communicate when and where use of hearing protection devices are needed among agricultural workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145634910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of silver biocides and composites in commercial face masks with implications for risk assessment.","authors":"Charlotte Wouters, Eveline Verleysen, François-Xavier Ouf, Jan Mast","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2573674","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2573674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silver-based biocides applied in fabric-based mouth- and nose-covering face masks require characterization due to the potential toxic effects of silver to which users may be exposed. In the absence of reliable silver release data in realistic usage conditions, current safety assessment of face masks relies on a safe-by-design principle. To contribute to the refinement of specifications of safe face masks, types of particulate silver biocides actively applied in face masks on the market were identified and characterized. Ultramicrotomy followed by scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) analysis showed that a wide variety of silver-based biocides were applied. This includes metallic silver nanoparticles (NPs), silver salts in NP form, silver ion exchangers, and notably, various silver nanocomposites with other particulate materials such as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), TiO₂, and ZnO. These composites are added to face masks to combine different modes of biocidal action or to facilitate gradual silver release, thereby extending biocidal activity. In five out of seven silver-containing masks, silver-containing NPs were identified on the surface of fibers. Additionally, significant numbers of other NPs (SAS, TiO₂) were found coating the fiber surfaces. Sizes of silver-containing NPs ranged from 3 to 200 nm across all masks, with the large majority of particles below 50 nm. These findings imply that for safety assessment, no-adverse effect levels of all incorporated compounds should be taken into account and that the effects of co-exposure to multiple compounds should be considered. The completion of particle release studies, exposure assessments, and regulatory oversight of face masks is recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"155-166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145557018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Filtering facepiece respirator use among farm youth in the US: A review.","authors":"Jenna L Gibbs, Brooke Vollmer, Carolyn E Sheridan, Kent Pinkerton, Renee T Anthony, Stephanie Holm, Catherine Karr, Anna Proctor, Andrea Swenson","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2589137","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2589137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the critical need for protective equipment, such as filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs), particularly for youth. This systematic review addresses the significant gap in evidence-based guidance for FFR use among US farm youth, a group potentially exposed to diverse respiratory hazards. Current FFR designs and protocols for FFR use are largely adult-centric. Adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a multidisciplinary panel reviewed 31 publications published between 1990 and 2023. An independent working group of agricultural safety professionals also contributed by reviewing procedures and publications to check for bias during the review process. Key findings show that while FFRs appear physiologically tolerable by youth study subjects. Subjective discomfort and poor fit of adult-sized respirators remain major barriers to effective use and compliance. Studies highlight the critical need for youth-specific FFR designs based on detailed facial anthropometrics and the development of standardized fit-testing protocols tailored for growing youth. Furthermore, evidence-based guidance on ethical pediatric medical evaluations for respirator use and targeted respiratory health education are urgently needed. This review emphasizes that a concerted effort from manufacturers, researchers, and regulatory bodies is essential to ensure youth on farms can safely use respiratory protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"178-190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13093579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147369709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An investigation on the respiratory deposition of respirable coal mine dust using Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA).","authors":"Sina Siahidouzazar, Angela Nataly Vanegas, Eurico Madureira, Wei-Chung Su, Mohammad Rezaee, Pedram Roghanchi","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2026.2621301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2026.2621301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aims to improve the understanding of respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) particle deposition in the lungs to enhance health and safety measures in coal mining environments. Using the Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA) and a wind tunnel, experiments were conducted under simulated mining conditions to evaluate how particle characteristics influence deposition patterns during airflow and activity similar to that of mine workers. The experimental results followed a trend similar to the conventional International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) lung deposition curve but showed higher particle deposition in the gas exchange region, likely due to differences between moving and still air conditions. Irregular coal dust particle shapes may also contribute to the observed discrepancies. The study confirms that smaller particles tend to penetrate deeper into the alveolar region, increasing the risk of developing coal mine dust lung diseases (CMDLDs), including coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). These findings provide valuable insights into lung deposition dynamics under realistic mine-like airflow conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146226498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an animatronic headform test method for determining the efficacy of medical masks and barrier face coverings-part 2: validation study.","authors":"Melissa Armistead, Didem Kiryaman, Anuja Dandekar, Mark Gaskill, Marc Mathews, Arjunsing Girase, R Bryan Ormond","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2026.2612983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2026.2612983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a need for a realistic method to evaluate the performance of barrier face coverings and medical masks in the wake of growing respiratory concerns among the general public. In this study, the previous animatronic headform test method was optimized to evaluate the total filtration efficacy and breathing resistance of 12 products during a 10-minute simulated fit test. These products included three respiratory devices, three medical masks, and six barrier face covering styles. The revised method was able to differentiate between products with total filtration efficacies ranging from 14% to 93%, down to a difference in means of 2% at 0.3 μm optical diameter. The impact of fit was illustrated by the increase in total filtration efficacy and breathing resistance across all three medical masks when the ear loops were tightened. The coefficient of variation for each product fell below 20% at 0.3 μm optical diameter, indicating good measurement stability. A second operator conducted an intra-lab validation to determine the method's reliability. This analysis confirmed the improved repeatability and reproducibility of the headform test method, which was shown to effectively evaluate the total filtration efficacy of respiratory products as a system in a controlled laboratory setting. However, more research is needed to improve the sensitivity of the breathing resistance measurements. Comparison to the ASTM F3502-21 Standard Specification for Barrier Face Coverings highlighted the differences between evaluating these products as a sealed system or as they are intended to be worn, with an overall decrease in total filtration efficiency and breathing resistance due to leakage when evaluated on the headform.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146180700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare workers toward antineoplastic drugs and safe handling in Taif hospitals, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Mohammed Alotaibi, Ahmed Saleh Summan, Radhouane Chackroun, Talal Alharthi, Shaykhah Aburas, Nadiah Saad, Fatimah Alotaibi, Ashwaq Al Rabie, Maha Al-Khalidi","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2607129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2607129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Healthcare workers (HCWs) face significant risks when handling antineoplastic drugs (ANPD). This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pharmacists and nurses regarding safe handling of ANPD, identify influencing factors, and uncover the challenges and barriers associated with it. Eighty HCWs (56 nurses and 24 pharmacists) handling ANPD in Taif hospitals were recruited. A semi-structured questionnaire assessed KAP, and both closed and open-ended questions were used to address barriers to safe handling. Most participants were female (71.3%), with a mean age of 32.87 years. Notably, 70% of the participants were nurses, and 48.8% had received training on safe handling of ANPD. Common complaints due to ANPD exposure included dizziness (42.4%), skin irritation (27.3%), and headache (24.2%). Participants reported good knowledge (mean: 31.4 ± 3.23 out of 40), varied attitudes (mean: 5.90 ± 2.11 out of 8), and fair to good practices (mean: 28.94 ± 4.18 out of 40). Participants without training had lower knowledge scores (mean difference: -4.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -7.65 to -2.11) and lower practice scores (mean difference: -7.82; 95% CI: -10.75 to -4.89) compared to those with training. In the regression analysis, work experience (β = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.45), last training session (β = -0.34; 95% CI: -1.08 to -0.35), handling experience (β = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.38), and educational level (β = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.32 to 1.86) yielded effect estimates suggesting positive directional influence on knowledge scores except for last training session that's means as the increase of the period without training as lower knowledge score expected. For practice scores, only the knowledge score (β = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.43 to 1.72) yielded estimates consistent with a positive directional effect. Barriers to safe handling of ANPD included improper engineering controls, insufficient training and education, high workloads, and inadequate personal protective equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an animatronic headform test method for determining the efficacy of medical masks and barrier face coverings-part 1: total filtration efficacy.","authors":"Melissa Armistead, Anuja Dandekar, Marc Mathews, Madilynn Smith, Mark Gaskill, Arjunsing Girase, R Bryan Ormond","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2026.2612992","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2026.2612992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effectiveness of face coverings against respiratory viruses is crucial for public health but often lacks realistic performance assessments of protection and comfort. In this study, a system-level test method was developed using an animatronic headform to incorporate fit and dynamic wear into the assessment of total filtration efficacy of medical masks and barrier face coverings. Six commercially available products were evaluated, including an N95 respirator as the control. Total filtration efficacy was calculated from differential particle counts recorded inside and outside of face coverings each minute. The baseline method was able to statistically differentiate between products to a difference in means of 5% at a particle size of 0.3 μm optical diameter. The 16 and 28 L/min sinusoidal flow rates significantly impacted total filtration efficacy, as did the influence of headform movement and duration of wear for select products. There were statistical differences between operators at both flow rates for the KN95 and surgical style masks that were difficult to don consistently, highlighting the variability in performance due to fit. However, the product type remained the most significant cause of variance in the method at 66.10%, demonstrating that the headform test method was able to repeatedly and reproducibly evaluate the efficacy of various face coverings. Furthermore, there were significant decreases in filtration when the facepiece was not sealed properly due to poor fit. This highlights the importance of evaluating these source control devices, including barrier face coverings and public use of medical masks, as they are intended to be worn to incorporate their fit into the reported results.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146125212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating screening test protocols to assess methamphetamine contamination in buildings.","authors":"J E Dennison, M Kim, F Sancier-Barbosa","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2026.2612989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2026.2612989","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In some states, the discovery of a building where methamphetamine (meth) has been manufactured (cooked) or used triggers a regulatory requirement to perform meth sampling, which may be costly due to the number of mandated samples. Less costly screening tests are sometimes conducted using fewer samples that are collected in a biased manner to minimize false negative (FN) results, but their accuracy has not been previously determined. In this study, results from two screening protocols used in Colorado were compared to results from the more comprehensive Colorado regulatory protocol. Using the results of the comprehensive protocol as the benchmark, the screening tests were evaluated for the frequency of false positive (FP) and FN results. The principal concern is a FN result, where a screening test indicates a lack of significant contamination and a comprehensive test indicates contamination above regulatory standards. Few FNs were found, and the degree of contamination above regulatory standards in those few cases was small. A threshold can be established for specific screening tests that trigger additional testing. Logistic regression was used to determine the FN rates for both screening tests with respect to a range of threshold concentrations. The analysis indicates that both screening tests had FN rates approaching 0% at a threshold lower than the regulatory standard. Location-specific and whole-house average meth concentrations were calculated to identify hotspots where meth concentrations tend to be higher than on other surfaces. Hotspots include kitchen fan/stove areas, bathroom exhaust fans, and furnace/ductwork systems, where concentrations exceed average house concentrations by 41-, 47-, and 17-fold, respectively. These data and analyses demonstrate that simplified and less costly sampling protocols can be a valid screening approach. A sampling protocol for meth screening tests is provided and includes aliquots from the hotspots with the highest concentrations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146105933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of self-rated mental and physical work demands on cognition are dependent in a cross-sectional sample of the Health and Retirement Study.","authors":"Ruby C Hickman, Herong Wang, Daniel J Brandt, Erin B Ware, Kelly M Bakulski","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2571699","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2571699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed whether self-rated physical and mental work demands were associated with cognition among older working adults and whether their effects were dependent. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 6,377 working older adults using the Health and Retirement Study in 2004. Self-rated work demands were summarized from four questions about the frequency of mental or physical demands in the respondent's current job. Cognition was assessed using a subset of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Multivariable linear regression assessed the associations and additive interaction between physical and mental work demands and cognition, adjusted for age, sex, race, education, and practice effect. Independently, higher physical work demands were associated with poorer cognition (change per one unit increase: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.36, 0.65), and higher mental work demands were associated with better cognition (change per one unit increase: -0.31, 95% CI: -0.44, -0.19). The effect of one work demand measure became more negative as the level of the other increased (Beta for interaction = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.43, -0.03). A one-point increase in mental work demands was associated with 0.79 (95% CI: 0.51, 1.08) points higher cognition score when physical work demands were lowest, but was not associated with cognition when physical work demands were highest (0.11, 95% CI: -0.26, 0.48). The highest predicted cognition score was for the highest mental and lowest physical work demands. Results were robust to additional adjustment for health and behavior covariates. The associations of self-rated mental and physical work demands on cognition are dependent. Future studies should strongly consider examining interactions to capture the range of work demand effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"113-123"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12638007/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145557083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the effects of custom 3D-printed respirator frames on the seal of KN95 masks: A pilot study.","authors":"Akshay Vij, Noah Barnes, Logan Carter, Jacob Palmer, Prashanth Konatham-Haribabu","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2571702","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2571702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During most of the COVID-19 pandemic, N95 respirators were in short supply, creating a need for alternative solutions to protect healthcare workers and others from infection. The current pilot study was conducted to determine whether using a KN95 respirator with a custom respirator frame would be an effective alternative to an N95 respirator. Using the Bellus3D Dental Pro application on an iPhone, a 3D face scan was obtained for six adult volunteers (three women, three men), and a custom mask frame was 3D printed in gray resin. Next, a PortaCount Fit Tester was used to test the fit of a KN95 respirator, a KN95 respirator with the custom mask frame, and an N95 respirator. The three respirator configurations were compared for overall fit and fit during four day-to-day movements (bending over, talking, and moving the head side to side or up and down). Fit factor values could range from 1-200, and a value of 100 was considered the minimum to meet established safety specifications. The mean (SD) overall fit factor was 12.1 (1.8) for the KN95 respirator, 195.4 (11.2) for the KN95 respirator with the custom mask frame, and 170.0 (38.3) for the N95 respirator. Differences were found between the three configurations for all outcomes (all <i>p</i> < .004). Post hoc comparisons indicated differences between the KN95 respirator and KN95 respirator with the custom mask frame for all outcomes (all <i>p</i> < .02) and between the KN95 respirator with the custom mask frame and N95 respirator for moving the head side to side (<i>p</i> = .04). Results of the pilot current study suggested using a KN95 respirator with a custom mask frame significantly improved the fit factor to meet existing safety specifications. In the future, healthcare workers and organizations should consider this configuration as an effective alternative to N95 respirators.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"124-129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145377656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}