Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene最新文献

{"title":"RNA therapeutics-An evaluation of potential occupational health hazards and a strategy to establish occupational exposure limits (OELs).","authors":"S Araya, E Lovsin Barle, L Wiesner, K Blum, K Hashimoto, C Fisher, M Schwind, G Galati, C Sehner, T Pfister, D Witzigmann","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2485080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2485080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>RNA therapeutics represent a rapidly expanding and innovative group of pharmaceuticals. These new modalities necessitate the establishment of Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) to ensure safe occupational handling. While there is an established methodology for setting OELs for small molecule therapeutics, this methodology is not readily applicable to large molecule RNA therapeutics that deserve additional considerations in their safety assessment, particularly for aspects related to their unique modes of action. This research, which involves an extensive review of the data available for RNA therapeutics to derive substance-specific OELs and to propose a strategy for low-characterized RNA therapeutics, fills this crucial gap. It is recommended to apply an activity correction factor (ACF) in the OEL formula for large molecules, as representative of the \"α\" in the OEL formula for small molecules, considering differences in route of administration, critical effects, mechanism of action, and the RNA delivery platform. Additionally, it is proposed to consider lower OEL values for mRNA vaccines as compared to other RNA therapeutics. Finally, it is suggested that the exposure assessment experience that has already been acquired when handling therapeutic proteins can also be used to define containment strategies for RNA therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential washing machine efficacy in removing lead from clothing: A pilot study.","authors":"Chandran Achutan, Krystin Carlson, Kerri LeVanseler, James Couch","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2497871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2497871","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Workers exposed to lead sometimes wear their work clothes home. It is possible that lead from contaminated work clothing can transfer to uncontaminated clothing, including children's items that may be in the same load, during laundering. This is concerning because lead is especially toxic for children. The purpose of this pilot study was to understand lead extraction from fabrics typically worn by workers, the amount of lead removed during normal laundering, and lead transfer to other fabrics during a laundry washing cycle. The study validated EPA analytical method 200.8 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry to analyze lead in Dickies pant fabric (DPF), T-shirt material (TSM), and blue jeans material (BJM). Because this methodology of extracting lead from fabrics is novel, a priori definitions of accuracy and precision used were ± 40%. Researchers spiked two levels (9 µg and 9,000 µg) of lead nitrate and three levels (9 µg, 900 µg, and 9,000 µg) of lead carbonate on 9 cm² fabric swatches and extracted lead by microwave-assisted digestion. Across all spike levels, mean recoveries were within 60% and 140% recovery. All percent coefficient of variation values were less than 20% for lead nitrate, indicating that this method for lead nitrate was sufficiently accurate and precise. For lead carbonate, the method was neither accurate nor precise at the 9 and 900 µg levels but was sufficiently accurate and precise at the 9,000 µg level. Eighteen loads of fabric swatches were spiked with either lead form and laundered in a washing machine using a common laundry detergent. The mean amount of lead removed from laundered DPF and TSM was similar (97.4 and 95.9%) and significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to laundered BJM (70.6%). The amount of lead carbonate removed (92.6%) was significantly higher (<i>p</i> < 0.05) than lead nitrate (83.4%). The levels of lead that transferred from spiked fabric to bedsheets included in the same washing load were less than 0.5 µg. It is important to follow public health recommendations, such as laundering work clothes separately.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143970624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field comparison of inhalable air samplers for the determination of occupational exposure to inhalable aerosols and soluble proteins in food production.","authors":"Christine Darbakk, Pål Graff, Raymond Olsen","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2496492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2496492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study assessed the performance of the Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) and Gesamtstaubprobenahme (GSP) personal inhalable aerosol samplers in measuring aerosol and soluble protein (SP) concentrations across 12 food industry environments. A total of 193 sampling pairs (GSP and IOM) were analyzed for inhalable aerosols, and 185 sampling pairs for SP. Median aerosol concentrations ranged from 0.2 mg/m³ in snacks, nuts, and chips production to 5.6 mg/m³ in spreads production. The IOM sample had a median aerosol concentration of 1.8 mg/m³, while the GSP had a slightly lower median of 1.4 mg/m³, generally collecting 17% less inhalable aerosol than the IOM in most environments. The IOM also included wall deposits in its gravimetric determinations, contributing an additional 10-30% to the overall aerosol concentrations. For SP concentrations, the IOM measured higher aerosol concentrations in environments with a particle size distribution dominated by larger particles, while the GSP showed higher SP concentrations in environments dominated by smaller, respirable particles. The Tobit mixed-effect models showed that the IOM had statistically significantly higher aerosol concentrations compared to the GSP, but significantly lower SP concentrations than the GSP. However, these differences between the samplers were relatively small, suggesting that in occupational hygiene practices, both samplers can be used.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144009473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chemical exposures generated from n-free nail polishes.","authors":"Kimberly R Anderson, Perri Callaway, M Abbas Virjii","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2468931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2468931","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nail polishes contain over a dozen chemical compounds, including chemicals that can cause adverse reproductive outcomes and pose a risk to the high proportion of nail salon workers who are women of childbearing age. Consumer demand has resulted in a shift toward more natural products, with manufacturers attempting to remove harmful ingredients (n-free products). Many products that claim to have eliminated toluene, formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are labeled as \"3-free\"; however, studies have found these products often contain higher concentrations of toluene and DBP compared to products with no such claims. Products used only at salons are not required to list ingredients, leading to uncertainties as to the exact chemical composition and potential exposures. A better understanding of chemical exposures associated with nail polish products is necessary to understand potential worker exposures and develop effective control options. This study evaluated chemical exposures generated while painting nails with 20 n-free polishes using real-time and time-integrated air sampling. Total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs, PID, ION Science Inc.) and 22 individual compounds (FTIR, Gasmet Technologies) were measured in the breathing zone of the manicurist while two coats of polish were applied to artificial nails on a manikin in an exposure chamber and for 2 hr afterwards. Formaldehyde and toluene were measured in all polishes using the real-time FTIR, despite all claiming to be 3-free. Normalized geometric mean (GM) formaldehyde exposures from the FTIR ranged from 0.021 to 0.273 ppm/g, GM toluene exposures ranged from 0.068 to 0.534 ppm/g, and GM benzene exposures ranged from 0.076 to 0.752 ppm/g. Notably, formaldehyde, toluene, and benzene exposures did not significantly differ between different products. Neither DBP nor triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) was detected in any of the polishes. This study highlights that despite industry claims, n-free polishes may still contain chemicals associated with negative health effects and that more studies are necessary to understand the true chemical exposures of nail salon workers.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144018986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial exposure and diversity in Norwegian shrimp processing plants.","authors":"Fikirte Debebe Zegeye, Anne Straumfors, Peng Lei, Pål Graff, Johanna Samulin Erdem, Anani Komlavi Afanou","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2491488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2491488","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seafood processing workers have a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and occupational asthma, primarily attributed to allergenic protein exposure. However, exposure to airborne microorganisms from raw materials can also contribute to allergic sensitization and other respiratory ailments. This study aimed to assess microbial exposure in shrimp processing plants and identify susceptible work tasks. Full-shift personal air samples were collected from two Norwegian shrimp processing plants across five distinct work processes: thawing, truck driving, cooking-peeling (technician), packing, and flour production. The samples were analyzed for the presence of endotoxin, Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) activation, bacterial and fungal DNA copies, and microbial composition. Endotoxin levels were generally low, with only one sample (98 EU/m³) exceeding the recommended occupational exposure limit (OEL). A significant TLR2 activation was observed among thawers, indicating the presence of microbial ligands capable of triggering an immune response. The median bacterial (75 × 10³ DNA copies/m³) and fungal (3,301 × 10³ DNA copies/m³) exposure were highest among the flour production workers, while the lowest bacterial and fungal exposure was among packers (1.5 × 10³ DNA copies/m³) and technicians (337 DNA copies/m³), respectively. Several bacterial and fungal species were identified, including ten allergenic and sixteen pathogenic species. <i>Sporobolomyces roseus</i> and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> were the two most frequently identified allergenic fungal species. Among the pathogenic bacterial species, <i>Prevotella nigrescens</i> and <i>Roseomonas gilardii</i> were the two most detected species. While the pathogenic species were identified mainly in the packing, truck driving, and flour production work processes, most of the allergenic species were found in all work processes. Altogether, work processes before the cooking of shrimp (thawing and truck driving) had higher endotoxin, bacterial load, and species richness than after cooking, suggesting that these work tasks are susceptible to bacterial exposure and that the cooking process significantly reduces bacterial exposure. By shedding light on microbial exposure and identifying high-exposure work tasks, this study enables the development of targeted interventions and implementation of measures for the prevention of occupational diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144064075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Airborne lead exposures during artisanal lead mining and gold ore processing in Zamfara, Nigeria.","authors":"Manti M Nota, Perry Gottesfeld, Stephen E Mbuligwe, Gabriel R Kassenga, Shehu Mohammed Anka","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2491490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2025.2491490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artisanal mining in Nigeria is growing along with the increase in the price of metals. However, self-employed miners, particularly in the northwest of the country, have brought extensive environmental contamination and severe lead poisoning from the lead content in the ore. This study assessed airborne lead exposures to miners during lead mining and gold ore processing in three villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. Personal air samples were collected and analyzed for lead content. Gold processing operations were classified by task, including: manual mortar and pestle grinding, hammer crushing, and mechanical stone crushing and grinding operations with diesel-powered equipment. Separately, exposures were evaluated among underground lead miners. This study collected a total of 47 air samples, including 32 from gold ore processing sites and 15 from lead mining sites. The results indicated that underground miners were exposed to airborne lead at a mean concentration of 0.48 mg/m³, or approximately 10-fold the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL). Furthermore, miners at gold processing sites were exposed to airborne lead at a mean concentration of 1.59 mg/m³ for both mechanical and manual tasks, which is approximately 32-fold the PEL. Manual gold ore processing resulted in mean airborne lead exposures of 1.74 mg/m³, and those using mechanical methods had a mean concentration of 1.52 mg/m³. The results also indicated that the order of airborne lead level exposure was as follows: mortar and pestle operators > crusher operators > hammer operators > grinder operators > underground lead miners. Lead mining operations and gold ore processing consistently had elevated airborne lead at levels, posing risks of acute lead poisoning, and are likely contributing to take-home lead exposures observed in these communities. These results are consistent with the lead contamination of soil observed in housing compounds and at processing sites in this region. To address these risk factors, safer mine training and the adoption of wet methods were encouraged along with changes to personal hygiene practices and other measures to mitigate exposure and to protect miners and their communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144002836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An alternative to the HSE/NPL Mark II Phase Contrast Test Slide for airborne asbestos fiber analysis laboratories.","authors":"Geoff Pickford, Joanna Szymanska","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2464587","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2464587","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>More than 55 years ago, an analytical method employing phase contrast optical microscopy was developed for the quantitative estimation of airborne asbestos fiber concentration, and it was found that the detection limit of these microscopes was dependent upon microscope design, microscope set-up, and observer performance. In the early 1980s, the HSE/NPL Mark II Phase Contrast Test Slide was developed which facilitated standardizing detection limits of microscopes and observers in laboratories around the world. This paper describes the development and testing of an alternative test slide, known as the Pickford Phase Contrast Test Slide, which employs state-of-the-art nano-fabrication technology. Each Pickford Test Slide is certified by the Environmental Analysis Laboratory of the Southern Cross University stating that it is equivalent in performance to that of the HSE/NPL Mark II test slide, which aligns with the United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive HSG248 Asbestos: The Analysts' Guide (2021) requirement. Users report that the Pickford Test Slide is much easier to use than the HSE/NPL Slide. Since the early 1980s, the certification of phase contrast microscope test slides has been based on subjective visibility testing, which is less than ideal because of variations between certifiers, reference standards, and microscopes. Hence, a unique objective visibility test was developed with the aim of replacing subjective testing, and also of conducting routine testing of the test slide phase objects following nano-fabrication. Routine testing has been useful because each Pickford Test Slide is tested and documented so that intricate nano-fabrication chip processes can be controlled over years of production. However, thousands of comparisons of both forms of testing have shown that it is very unlikely that objective visibility testing will ever replace subjective testing because valid and relevant objective testing depends upon standardizing several dozen microscope camera set-up parameters that vary from one camera to another. Further, because the ultimate use of a test slide has always been based on human visibility, validation may not be achievable.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"425-436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143523725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regression tools for chemical release modeling: An additive manufacturing case study.","authors":"David E Meyer, Raymond L Smith, Elizabeth Lanphear, Sudhakar Takkellapati, John D Chea, Gerardo J Ruiz-Mercado, Michael A Gonzalez, William M Barrett","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2024.2447320","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2024.2447320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chemical release data are essential for performing chemical risk assessments to understand the potential exposures arising from industrial processes. Often, these data are unknown or unavailable and must be estimated. A case study of volatile organic compound releases during extrusion-based additive manufacturing is used here to explore the viability of various regression methods for predicting chemical releases to inform chemical assessments. The methods assessed in this work include linear Least Squares, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Ridge regression, classification and regression tree, random forest model, and neural network analysis. Secondary data describing polymeric extrusion in multiple applications are curated and assembled in a dataset to support regression modeling using default parameters for the various approaches. The potential to add noise to the dataset and improve regression is evaluated using synthetic data generation. Evaluation of model performance for a common test set found all methods were able to achieve predictions within 10%-error for up to 98% of the test sample population. The degree to which this level of performance was maintained when varying the number and type of features for regression was dependent on the model type. Linear methods and neural network analysis predicted the most test samples within 10%-error for smaller numbers of features while tree-based approaches could accommodate a larger number of features. The number and type of features can be important if the desire is to make chemical-specific release predictions. The inclusion of release data from related processes generally improved test set predictions across all models while the use of synthetic data as implemented here resulted in smaller increases in test sample predictions within 10%-error. Future work should focus on improving access to primary data and optimizing models to achieve maximum predictive performance of environmental releases to support chemical risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"375-385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tackling antineoplastic drugs' contamination in healthcare settings: New insights on surface cleaning approaches.","authors":"Maria Francisca Portilha-Cunha, Pedro Norton, Arminda Alves, Ana R L Ribeiro, Adrián M T Silva, Mónica S F Santos","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2449945","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2449945","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective decontamination of hospital surfaces is crucial to protect workers from antineoplastic drugs (ADs) since dermal absorption is the main exposure route to these hazardous medicinal products. Sampling after daily cleaning in oncologic settings from a tertiary hospital was initially performed and exhibited low contamination levels; however, cyclophosphamide was still found (up to 957 pg/cm²) above the guidance value (100 pg/cm²) in four locations, evidencing the need to properly assess and update the cleaning protocols. Then, cleaning efficiencies of six solutions and different protocols were evaluated (including, for the first time, four commercial cleaning solutions/disinfectants not designed specifically for AD removal) after deliberate contamination of three model surfaces with 13 pharmaceuticals: bicalutamide, capecitabine, cyclophosphamide, cyproterone, doxorubicin, etoposide, flutamide, ifosfamide, imatinib, megestrol, mycophenolate mofetil, paclitaxel, and prednisone. Wipe sampling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were employed to determine surface contamination after cleaning. Results revealed that: (i) none of the solutions or procedures totally removed all target pharmaceuticals from surfaces; (ii) the removal efficiency increased with cleaning steps (average removals above 90% were attained for Vyclean and Clinell Universal Spray using two cleaning steps); and (iii) the cleaning efficiency was likely favored by the application of the solution/disinfectant directly on the surfaces. Therefore, considering the dissimilar chemical structures and properties of the numerous ADs in use, the cleaning agent and protocol should be adjusted to the reality of each healthcare unit. Still, the scientific community is encouraged to develop a cleaning solution/protocol to simultaneously eliminate/remove as many ADs as possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"386-399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Before shots are fired: The occupational health and safety professional's role in addressing active shooter and violent threats in the workplace.","authors":"John Comiskey","doi":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2459713","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15459624.2025.2459713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article examines active shooters and mass shootings and their implications for occupational health and safety professionals as they relate to industrial hygiene and public health. The article explores the overlapping workplace threat landscape and the roles of homeland security and industrial hygiene enterprises in preventing, mitigating, responding to, and helping people recover from workplace violence, including active shooters, as a natural extension of the purview of those enterprises in addressing all hazards. The article concludes by setting forth a means for improving workplace violence prevention and response through industrial hygiene concepts and through the contributions of industrial hygiene professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":16599,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene","volume":" ","pages":"350-361"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}