Journal of Neuroendocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Response to the letter to “New developments and concepts in the diagnosis and management of diabetes insipidus (AVP-deficiency and resistance)” of Meric Coskun","authors":"Anna Angelousi","doi":"10.1111/jne.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144285025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rodent chronic variable stress procedures: A disjunction between stress entity and impact on behaviour","authors":"Nicola Romanò,&nbsp;John Menzies","doi":"10.1111/jne.70051","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chronic variable stress (CVS) procedures are widely used to model depression in laboratory mice and rats. In order to explore how study design might impact experimental outcomes, we systematically documented characteristics of study design in a series of published rodent CVS studies and, in a subset of studies, measured effect sizes in the behavioural tests used to evaluate the effects of CVS. We hypothesised that CVS procedures that were longer or involved more stressors would be associated with larger effect sizes in five commonly used behavioural tests: the sucrose preference test (SPT), the tail suspension test (TST), the forced swim test (FST), the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze (EPM). We also hypothesised that effect sizes would positively correlate <i>between</i> the behavioural tests that are believed to measure the same consequences of CVS. We searched PubMed for articles using CVS procedures with mice or rats and systematically documented the duration (the length of the CVS procedure), burden (the total number of stressors experienced by the animal) and diversity (the total number of different types of stressors used) of the CVS procedures used. We also systematically documented the design of the behavioural tests used to evaluate the effects of CVS in each study and calculated the effect sizes obtained in these tests. To ask whether effect sizes in these tests correlated with characteristics of the CVS procedure used, we used a linear model of the effect of duration, burden, and diversity on the effect size, then calculated the Euclidean distance between studies' characteristics and correlated those with the differences in effect size between studies. To explore whether effect sizes correlated <i>between</i> different behavioural tests, we calculated a pairwise Pearson correlation. We observed that most studies used a unique CVS procedure. In contrast to our hypothesis, the most evident impact of CVS procedure design was on FST effect sizes, where longer-duration CVS procedures with more diverse types of stressors were associated with a <i>smaller</i> effect size in behavioural tests. When exploring correlations between behavioural test effect sizes, we found a positive correlation between effect sizes in the TST and FST, and in the OFT and EPM, but the strongest positive correlations were between the EPM and TST, and between the EPM and FST. These data uncover complex relationships that are not necessarily in concordance with current understanding of what these tests measure. Accordingly, our data raise scientific questions around the design of CVS procedures used and the behavioural tests used to evaluate them.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144266375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crosstalk between thyroid hormones and the central corticotropin-releasing factor system in Atlantic salmon","authors":"Brett M. Culbert,&nbsp;Emily Jenkins,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Bernier","doi":"10.1111/jne.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is primarily known for its conserved role in regulating pituitary corticotrope activity, but it can also influence thyroid hormone (TH) production by stimulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) production in non-mammalian vertebrates. However, few studies have explored how THs regulate the CRF system in teleosts. Furthermore, while the CRF system regulates corticotrope activity via a CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) mediated pathway, the signaling pathway by which CRF stimulates TSH production in teleost thyrotropes is unknown. To better understand interactions between THs and the CRF system, we performed a series of in vivo, in vitro, and in silico analyses using Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We found that chronic elevation of triiodothyronine (T3) levels elicited ligand- and paralog-specific effects on transcript levels of CRF peptides in the hypothalamic and preoptic regions of the brain. Additionally, elevated T3 increased transcription of pituitary CRF receptor 2 (<i>crfr2b</i>) but had no effect on CRFR1 transcription. Consistent with interactions between THs and CRFR2, we found that transcription of TSH (<i>tshba</i>) only increased in cultured pituitaries when CRFR2 was activated. In contrast, CRFR1 activation only increased the transcription of corticotrope-related genes. Lastly, we found that putative TH response elements were present in the promoter of most CRF system components, further supporting the relationship between THs and the CRF system in teleosts. Collectively, our data reveal several novel mechanisms underlying crosstalk between THs and the central CRF system in teleost fishes and provide insight into the evolution of interactions between these hormone systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anorectic and anxiogenic actions of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript in the lateral septum","authors":"Anjali Shankhatheertha,&nbsp;Mikayla A. Payant,&nbsp;Jenny Phy-Lim,&nbsp;Melissa J. Chee","doi":"10.1111/jne.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is produced in several brain regions including the hypothalamus where it is made in cells that also produce melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH). CART-expressing MCH cells densely innervate the lateral septum (LS), which integrates food- and mood-related behaviours. However, while MCH typically promotes feeding and anxiolysis, CART suppresses feeding and promotes anxiogenesis. The LS is a target site of orexigenic MCH actions, but it is not known if the actions of CART converge or oppose that of MCH in the LS. We implanted a bilateral cannula over the lateral or medial LS of male and female wildtype mice and infused vehicle, CART_55–102, MCH, or CART + MCH. We then assessed the intake of a standard chow diet or palatable high sugar diet over 4 h, as well as anxiety-like behaviour via the open-field test. In both male and female mice, intra-LS CART infusion alone did not produce anorexigenic effects. However, CART infusion diminished MCH-mediated feeding, especially via the lateral LS. By contrast, intra-LS CART infusion reduced time spent in the centre of an open field in male but not female mice. Our findings indicated that CART elicited anorectic effects in the presence of MCH, but CART independently produced anxiogenic effects. These outcomes suggested that putative CART and MCH co-release from MCH neurons may provide biphasic regulation of feeding and anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144216142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Loss of choroid plexus-derived insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) leads to hyposmia, while retaining post-partum mood resilience in mice","authors":"Hollian R. Phillipps,&nbsp;Eleni C. R. Hackwell,&nbsp;Ionel Sandovici,&nbsp;Miguel Constância,&nbsp;David R. Grattan","doi":"10.1111/jne.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the post-partum period, new mothers are vulnerable to mood disorders. In adults, impairments in neurogenesis commonly associate with anxiety and depressive behaviors. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is expressed in the choroid plexus (CP) within the subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche, and global loss of IGF2 leads to increased anxiety. Previously, we have shown that <i>Igf2</i> expression in CP tissue increases 6-fold during lactation but returns to baseline on suppression of prolactin present in lactation, suggesting it is induced by high levels of prolactin. To gain more insight into the role of prolactin-induced <i>Igf2</i> expression in the CP, we have measured IGF2 levels in cerebrospinal fluid across reproductive states and developed mice in which <i>Igf2</i> is conditionally removed from the CP. Using CP-derived IGF2 knockout mouse models, we have measured <i>Prlr</i> expression in CP tissue, SVZ mitogenesis, olfaction, and anxiety-like behavior using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark transition test (LDTT). Interestingly, we observed a reduction in <i>Prlr</i> expression in CP tissue in one of our <i>Igf2</i> knockout mouse models, suggesting <i>Igf2</i> may also act upstream to regulate <i>Prlr</i> expression in CP tissue. No changes were detected in SVZ proliferation rates between <i>Igf2</i> knockout and controls. Using a buried food test (BFT), however, we show mice with conditional loss of <i>Igf2</i> in the CP take longer to find a buried fruit loop as compared to controls, indicating olfaction deficits. Overall anxiety levels, however, were comparable between knockout and controls in the EPM and LDTT. Together, our findings reveal loss of CP-derived IGF2 leads to hyposmia in the absence of detectable changes to SVZ mitogenesis. We propose that CP-derived IGF2 may be acting directly in the olfactory bulb to elicit changes to improve olfaction, which may become particularly important during the post-partum period to facilitate mother–pup interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144208775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fragility fractures in well-differentiated gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Results from a multicentered retrospective study","authors":"Alessandro Brunetti,&nbsp;Miriam Cellini,&nbsp;Elisabetta Lavezzi,&nbsp;Alessandro Zerbi,&nbsp;Giuseppe Ferrillo,&nbsp;Maria Francesca Birtolo,&nbsp;Alfredo Berruti,&nbsp;Guido Cavati,&nbsp;Marta Lagana,&nbsp;Luigi Gennari,&nbsp;Rossano Girometti,&nbsp;Chiara Zuiani,&nbsp;Franco Grimaldi,&nbsp;Andrea G. Lania,&nbsp;Fabio Vescini,&nbsp;Gherardo Mazziotti","doi":"10.1111/jne.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Patients with gastroenteropancreatic–neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) may present skeletal fragility that might be related to multiple factors, including bone metastases, vitamin D deficiency, hormone secretion, and disease treatments. This study examines the prevalence and determinants of fragility fractures in low grading (G1-G2) GEP-NETs. This retrospective study included 291 patients with G1-G2 GEP-NETs (154 men and 137 women). A longitudinal examination was available for 247 patients, with a median follow-up of 49 months (range 24–83). Information regarding disease course, osteo-metabolic profile, and clinical fractures were collected from electronic medical records. Opportunistic chest-abdomen computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans were retrospectively examined to investigate morphometric vertebral fractures. Fracture prevalence in men over 50 and post-menopausal women (<i>n</i> = 200) was compared to an age-matched control sample of 1010 subjects (146 men and 864 women). Forty-five patients with GEP-NETs (15.5%) had fragility fractures at diagnosis of disease. Fractures were significantly associated with age, body mass index, comorbidities, and severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)vitamin D &lt; 10 ng/mL) at univariate analysis, and to severe vitamin D deficiency (<i>p</i> = .03) and age (<i>p</i> = .01) at multivariate analysis. When compared to the control group, GEP-NETs patients were found to be independently associated with fractures (OR 2.0 IC95% [1.1–3.6], <i>p</i> = .02). At longitudinal evaluation, 10% of GEP-NETs experienced new fractures in relation to pre-existing fractures and surgical treatment of the tumor. This study provides first evidence that GEP-NETs may have a high risk of fragility fractures at the diagnosis of the disease. A proper and early assessment of bone health is therefore advisable in these patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144199410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole nest food restriction has persistent physiological effects in developing zebra finches","authors":"Victoria M. Coutts,&nbsp;Kevin Pham,&nbsp;Alexander J. Hoffman,&nbsp;Haruka Wada","doi":"10.1111/jne.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a rapidly changing world, food resources are becoming more limited, leading to unpredictable bouts and durations of nutritional stress. Many studies indicate that developmental nutritional stress can permanently alter a suite of physiological, morphological, or behavioral traits, yet the phenotypic effects of low food supply in the environment may vary depending on the mode and degree of parental care. For example, our previous work suggests that zebra finch (<i>Taeniopygia guttata castanotis</i>) parents can buffer offspring from food restriction, minimizing negative effects on offspring growth, at the cost of maintaining their own body mass. To evaluate the effects of whole nest food restriction on the offspring further, we investigated short- and long-term changes in physiological and morphological traits of zebra finch young exposed to either an <i>ad libitum</i> diet or a 40% restricted diet as nestlings and juveniles until 60 days post-hatch. Specifically, we measured furculum fat, the adrenocortical response, and glucose levels throughout development and into adulthood as well as body mass in adulthood to examine any latent or persistent effect. Young from the food-restricted nests overall had significantly higher baseline corticosterone and glucose compared to controls, suggesting that the previously observed parental buffering may not have been sufficient to mitigate the deleterious effects of food restriction. Furthermore, food-restricted birds had lower body mass compared to controls in adulthood, suggesting that there was a latent effect that manifested in adulthood, potentially due to the physiological costs observed during treatment and the later release of treatment. Furculum fat, the glucose response, and the adrenocortical response did not differ between experimental groups. There was also no difference in brood body size variance between treatment groups, and previously observed parental compensation in food-restricted nests did not correlate with offspring body mass in adulthood. Lastly, there was a significant negative relationship between body mass and baseline corticosterone in adulthood, suggesting that although growth and body mass were maintained during treatment, energy may have been redirected from growth and body mass maintenance to different processes in adulthood. This study further supports the need for measuring traits after treatment ends to determine persistent effects of stressors and highlights that parents cannot fully buffer their offspring from adverse environmental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144174035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexually dimorphic distribution of Kiss1 neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis","authors":"Samuel T. Zdon,&nbsp;Mauro S. B. Silva,&nbsp;Victor M. Navarro","doi":"10.1111/jne.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Kiss1 neurons play a crucial role in reproductive function and are found in distinct brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). However, the sexual dimorphism of Kiss1 neurons in the BNST and their projections has not been fully characterized. This study examined the distribution and projections of Kiss1 neurons in the anterior (aBNST) and principal (prBNST) regions of the BNST in male and female Kiss1-Cre and Kiss1-Cre; tdTomato^loxP/+ mice. Neuroanatomical analysis and tracing experiments were conducted to quantify Kiss1 neurons and map their projections. Males had approximately a threefold higher number of Kiss1 neurons in the prBNST than females, while no significant sex difference was observed in the aBNST. Viral tracing experiments revealed sexually dimorphic projections of Kiss1^adBNST neurons, with females displaying more diverse projections to various brain regions involved in reproduction and social behaviors. Kiss1^prBNST neurons project exclusively to the zona incerta and adBNST in both sexes, while females exhibited additional projections to the RP3V and PVH. The sexually dimorphic distribution and projections of Kiss1^BNST neurons suggest their potential role in modulating sex-specific behaviors and neuroendocrine functions. This neuroanatomical sexual dimorphism may contribute to sex differences in social and reproductive behaviors associated with BNST function, providing new insights into the neural basis of sex-specific behaviors and reproductive regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic changes in Ccn3 expression across the limbic forebrain through the mouse estrous cycle and during lactation","authors":"Shel-Hwa Yeo,&nbsp;Zulfiye Gul,&nbsp;Ziyue Zhou,&nbsp;Leila Muresan,&nbsp;Ellen G. Wall,&nbsp;Allan E. Herbison","doi":"10.1111/jne.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cellular communication network factor 3 (CCN3), also known as nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV), is an adipocytokine that has recently been suggested to be secreted selectively by hypothalamic arcuate nucleus kisspeptin (ARN^KISS) neurons to protect bone density during lactation. Using RNAscope hybridization, we have examined the expression of <i>Ccn3</i> transcripts in the forebrain of male mice and female mice across the estrous cycle and during lactation. Transcripts for <i>Ccn3</i> are highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, subthalamic nucleus, and amygdala in both sexes. Lower levels of <i>Ccn3</i> mRNA were detected within the hypothalamus of females but not males. During lactation (day 11), a substantial 6-fold increase in the numbers of cells expressing <i>Ccn3</i> mRNA was found in the arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus as well as the posterodorsal division of the medial amygdala. Approximately 50% of cells expressing <i>Ccn3</i> in the ARN during lactation also contained <i>Kiss1</i> transcripts. An increase in <i>Ccn3</i> mRNA expression in ARN^KISS neurons also occurred during proestrus. These observations demonstrate that multiple limbic brain regions and cell types coordinately up-regulate their expression of <i>Ccn3</i> during lactation in the mouse.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jne.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144150701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geographical distribution of neuroendocrine neoplasms in England (2012–2018)","authors":"Chinonso A. Nwoguh,&nbsp;Marieline El Asmar,&nbsp;Mohamad Mortagy,&nbsp;Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan,&nbsp;Beth Russell,&nbsp;Benjamin E. White,&nbsp;Kandiah Chandrakumaran,&nbsp;John K. Ramage","doi":"10.1111/jne.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jne.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (NEN) are increasing in incidence in England over the past two decades. Geographic and socio-economic disparities influence both incidence and survival rates. This study explores the relationship between environmental factors, access to specialised care in Centres of Excellence (CoE), and survival outcomes for NEN patients across England using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to visualise disease distribution. Data on 19,958 NEN cases diagnosed between 2012 and 2018 were retrieved from the National Cancer Registry and Analysis Service (NCRAS) in England. GIS was used to analyse patient data, including spatial units, environmental factors, and travel times to CoE. Statistical analyses, including age-standardised rates, spatial autocorrelation, and survival analyses, were performed using QGIS, SPSS, R, and Stata software. Regional distribution showed the highest age-standardised rates (ASR) in the North-East, with lung NEN demonstrating significant spatial clustering. Environmental exposures, such as PM2.5 pollution, did not show a strong correlation with NEN distribution. Longer travel times to specialised centres were associated with worse overall survival, particularly in rural areas and among patients with higher socio-economic deprivation. Minor variations in survival rates were observed across different geographical regions when compared to London. This study highlights the uneven burden of disease across different regions in England. We have demonstrated variation in the country relating to anatomical sites and significant differences within rural or urban environments. Proximity to specialist centres was associated with better overall survival, highlighting the need for improved access to care.</p>","PeriodicalId":16535,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology","volume":"37 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144127957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}