Journal of Morphology最新文献

{"title":"On the Maxillofacial Development of Mice, Mus musculus","authors":"Hiroki Higashiyama,&nbsp;Shunya Kuroda,&nbsp;Akiyasu Iwase,&nbsp;Naoki Irie,&nbsp;Hiroki Kurihara","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The maxillofacial region is one of the most complex areas in the vertebrate body plan. The homology of the upper jaw bones remain controversial, both between mammals and nonmammalian amniotes and among humans and other mammals, leading to various hypotheses on how this region evolved from ancestral amniotes to humans. As a key mammalian model, the mouse (<i>Mus musculus</i>) is vital for unraveling the evolution and development of the maxillofacial region experimentally. However, limited detailed morphological descriptions of murine cranial development hinder the extrapolation of findings to other species, including humans. Here, we describe the development of the murine face, including the nerves, skeletons, and vasculatures from the pharyngula (9.0 days post-coitum [dpc]) to the late fetal period (18.5 dpc) based on three-dimensional reconstructions of histological sections. The present results confirm that the morphology of the pharyngula stages and developmental process of chondrocranium of mice is highly conserved when compared to nonmammalian tetrapods and humans. We also propose that the Os incisivum, the rostralmost bone in the mammalian upper jaw, consists of septomaxillary and palatine components, supporting our previous hypothesis that the ancestral premaxilla was entirely lost in mammals. The present descriptive study of mice strengthen the anatomical correspondence between mouse and human faces and offers a solid framework for comparative craniofacial studies across vertebrates.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Morphology of the Rare Beetle Silphopsyllus desmanae (Leiodidae), a Commensal of the Semiaquatic Russian Desman","authors":"Paweł Jałoszyński,&nbsp;Odair M. Meira,&nbsp;Margarita I. Yavorskaya,&nbsp;Alexandr Prokin,&nbsp;Veit Grabe,&nbsp;Rolf G. Beutel","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Silphopsyllus desmanae</i>, a species of the small subfamily Platypsyllinae of Leiodidae, lives in the fur of the semiaquatic Russian desman, and is apparently adapted to this highly specialized life style. Even though the morphology of adults of the species was described almost 70 years ago, we re-examined it with modern methods and documented its external and internal features in detail, and discuss them with respect to phylogeny and function. Our analyses of morphological data place <i>Leptinillus</i> as the sister group of the remaining genera of Platypsyllinae, and <i>Leptinus</i> as the sister group of <i>Silphopsyllus</i> + <i>Platypsyllus</i>. Platypsyllinae are supported by many putative autapomorphies: supraantennal ridges directed mesad but not extending beyond the antennal insertions and not forming a transverse ridge; tentorium without connected laminatentoria anterior to the tentorial bridge; submentum subrectangular; labrum about as wide as the maxillary-labial complex; elongate and posteriorly projecting lateral lobes of the mentum; antennomeres lacking periarticular gutters (and Hamann's organs); cervical sclerites absent; precoxal prosternal region distinctly longer than the coxal rests; mesocoxal cavities situated closer to the body midline than to the lateral mesothoracic margins; metanepisterna fused with the metaventrite; metascutum laterally overlapping the meso- and metapleural regions; procoxae subglobose or only slightly elongate; mesocoxae subglobose. Platypsyllinae are most likely the sister group of Coloninae + Cholevinae. Eight unique apomorphies differentiating <i>Platypsyllus</i> from all the remaining Platypsyllinae are mainly adaptations for living in the fur of beavers. <i>Silphopsyllus</i> is much less adapted to life on a semiaquatic host than <i>Platypsyllus</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization of Lacunar and Muscular Systems of Polyascus polygeneus and Parasacculina pilosella (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae)","authors":"Natalia A. Arbuzova,&nbsp;Anastasia D. Lianguzova,&nbsp;Olga M. Korn,&nbsp;Aleksei A. Miroliubov","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Circulatory systems are characteristic of most multicellular animals. In parasitic organisms, which may differ strikingly from their free-living relatives, such systems remain the least studied. Rhizocephala (Pancrustacea: Cirripedia) are among the morphologically most derived parasitic crustaceans. In the adult rhizocephalan female, transport presumably takes place along the lacunar system inside the interna rootlets and the externa. The aim of our study was to visualize and describe the lacunar and muscular systems in the externa of <i>Polyascus polygeneus</i> and <i>Parasacculina pilosella</i> (fam. Polyascidae) using micro-computed tomography and confocal microscopy. The lacunar system in the externae of both species consists of the stalk lumen, mesentery lacuna accompanying the visceral mass and mantle lacunae. These elements of the lacunar system are similar to those previously described in <i>Peltogasterella gracilis</i> (fam. Peltogasterellidae). However, the interposition of these elements differs. The organization of the muscular system mostly corresponds to previous descriptions in other rhizocephalan species, however some unexpected results were obtained. For example, <i>P. polygeneus</i> has an age-related differentiation of mantle musculature, which was not described before for any rhizocephalan species. Obtained data on lacunar and muscular systems organization allow us to assume the change in the externa body axes in the family Polyascidae.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Fila Olfactoria and the Cribriform Region of the Crocodylia","authors":"Matthew Dille,&nbsp;Michael Cramberg,&nbsp;Hadyn DeLeeuw,&nbsp;Emily Pick,&nbsp;Mary Thompson,&nbsp;Bruce A. Young","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70036","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In mammals the fila olfactoria, fascicles of axons coursing from sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium to the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, not only have a topographic projection pattern but also serve as routes for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage from around the brain. Les is known about the fila olfactoria in nonmammalian taxa. This work explores the fila olfactoria of the American alligator (<i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>) using a combination of gross dissection, histology, Diffusible Iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography, latex corrosion casting, and India ink tracers. In Crocodylians, as in other nonmammalian vertebrates, the fila olfactoria courses through a foramen in the nasal capsule rather than an ethmoidal cribriform plate. In <i>Alligator</i> this foramen is filled by dense connective tissue; prominent perineural spaces extend through the connective tissue, effectively making it perforate like the cribriform plate. Latex or India ink introduced into the cranial CSF pass through the dense connective to reach the submucosa of the olfactory epithelium, suggesting that Crocodylians have the same cranial CSF drainage pattern as mammals. In <i>Alligator</i>, the fila olfactoria is asymmetric, with more fascicles entering the ventral and lateral surfaces of the olfactory bulb than the dorsal or medial surfaces. If individual fascicles of the fila olfactoria are traced in <i>Alligator</i>, a clear topographic projection emerges; with medial and lateral polarity maintained between olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb, and a rostral-caudal polarity projecting as dorsal-ventral on the olfactory bulb.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Investigation of Superficial Fascia Relationships With the Skin and Underlying Tissues in the Canine Hindlimb","authors":"Oday A. Al-Juhaishi,&nbsp;Zeeshan Akbar,&nbsp;Saad M. Y. Ismail,&nbsp;Smitha Rose Georgy,&nbsp;Christina M. Murray,&nbsp;Helen M. S. Davies","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The morphology of the superficial fascia in the canine hindlimb is still poorly understood and incompletely described. The present study aimed to elucidate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the superficial fascia, thereby clarifying its functional role. Cadavers were investigated for anatomic description (<i>N</i> = 38), ultrasonic scanning (<i>N</i> = 2), and histological analyses (<i>N</i> = 10) of this tissue in the hindlimb. The superficial fascia was identified as a shiny, white fibroelastic layer that adhered to the skin through fibrous septa. It was organized into sublayers enveloping the cutaneous muscle and large blood vessels. In certain areas, superficial fascia fused with the deep fascia or skin, creating fascial bursae. These bursae included the ischiatic bursa, an iliac bursa, a prepatellar subfascial bursa, a prepatellar subcutaneous bursa, and the tarsal fascial bursa. Microscopically, the superficial fascia presented as a layer of dense connective tissue characterized by irregularly arranged collagen and elastic fibers. The superficial fascia was firmly attached to the skin and deep fascia by numerous fibrous tissue strands. Within both, the superficial fascia and fascial bursae, several mechanoreceptors and nerve endings were identified, including Ruffini's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles. The organization of the superficial fascia and its attachments suggest a mechanical role in supporting structures and resisting loads during movement. The fibrous septa anchors fascia to the skin, providing stability and resistance against external forces, as well as protecting the nerves and blood vessels that pass towards the skin. Existing fascial bursae probably assist in decreasing pressure and facilitating freedom of movement adjacent to bony prominences. Elasticity and connectivity of the superficial fascia may explain the various responses to multidirectional loading. Furthermore, the presence of free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors within the fascia suggests that it may contribute to proprioception of the hindlimb, enhancing the awareness of body movement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hidden Armour: The Passive Protective Function of Caudal Osteoderms in Snakes","authors":"Petra Frýdlová,&nbsp;Jan Dudák,&nbsp;Veronika Tymlová,&nbsp;Jan Žemlička,&nbsp;Jiří Moravec,&nbsp;Daniel Frynta","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dermal armour, consisting of bony dermal structures known as osteoderms (ODs), is widespread in squamate reptiles. However, in some limbless taxa such as snakes, ODs are rare, probably due to a trade-off between mechanical protection and the demands of locomotion and consumption of large prey. Recent findings of ODs restricted to the distal body regions of sand boas (<i>Eryx</i>, Erycidae) challenge this paradigm, suggesting they provide passive mechanical protection against aggressive prey without significantly impairing locomotion. Building on these findings, we have continued the search and identified three additional snake species that have well-developed caudal ODs, including the first-ever discovery of ODs in shield-tailed snakes (Uropeltidae). In these fossorial species, which are characterised by their unique tail morphology, ecological adaptations and colouration, the ODs at the tail tip may serve as passive protection against predators. However, an alternative role in locomotion or occasional phragmosis cannot be ruled out. In the Javelin sand boa (<i>Eryx jaculus</i>), the ODs are hypothesised to function as a mechanical defence against aggressive prey. These results highlight the functional and evolutionary plasticity of ODs and emphasise the urgent need for further studies on their specific role and adaptive significance in the ecology and evolution of snakes.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary Implications of the Human Soleus Muscle Based on the Comparative Anatomy of Detailed Intramuscular Nerve Distribution Patterns in Primates","authors":"Tohma Sakuraya,&nbsp;Takahiro Sonomura,&nbsp;Kenji Emura,&nbsp;Eishi Hirasaki,&nbsp;Tetsunari Iwata,&nbsp;Akitoshi Katsumata,&nbsp;Takamitsu Arakawa","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Over the course of its evolution, the human soleus muscle has rapidly increased in size and gained a more important role in bipedal locomotion. However, the detailed processes underlying these morphological changes remain uninvestigated. When discussing these morphological changes in muscles, the innervation patterns among primates is an important criterion to consider and compare. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the detailed intramuscular nerve distribution patterns of the soleus muscle in nine extant primate species and provide new evolutionary implications. The human soleus muscle is innervated by two branches of the tibial nerve: the posterior nerve branch innervates the major posterior part of the soleus muscle, and the anterior nerve branch innervates the anterior bipennate part of the soleus muscle. The soleus muscle is innervated by the posterior branch in all species and by the anterior branch in five of the nine primate species. The prevalence and distribution patterns of the anterior branches varies even between closely related species. However, these variations were not associated with the intramuscular distribution patterns of the posterior branches. Therefore, the distribution of the anterior and posterior branches may have evolved independent of each other. In humans, the anterior branch and intramuscular subbranch of the posterior branch—that innervates the muscle fascicles originating from the soleal line on the tibia—are distributed more widely within the soleus muscle than in non-human primates. This rapid increase in size and medial expansion of the soleus muscle over the course of human evolution may be due to the expansion of the two parts of the soleus muscle innervated by these two branches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solvent Dehydration and Low Temperature Vacuum Drying for SEM Imaging of Pre-Hatching Frog Embryos","authors":"Daniela Zurita-Paredes,&nbsp;Daniela Flores-Bolaños,&nbsp;Karla Vizuete,&nbsp;Alexis Debut,&nbsp;Andrés Romero-Carvajal","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a fundamental technique to study the morphology of anuran embryos and tadpoles. Here, we present a drying method for SEM imaging of late frog embryos using commonly available dehydration solvents such as ethanol or methanol, xylene, and applying low temperature vacuum freeze drying. Briefly, embryos from early embryonic gills development to hatching were fixed with a paraformaldehyde—glutaraldehyde mix, then dehydrated to ethanol or methanol, and then slowly dried using low temperature and constant vacuum pressure. An extra step of clearing using xylene after ethanol dehydration improved results considerably. Our protocol successfully preserved embryo shape and the morphology of fragile and delicate superficial structures (e.g., external embryonic gills, apical ectodermal microridges and surface ciliation), while avoiding the use of some SEM toxic reagents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143362728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomy of the Critically-Endangered Anji Salamander (Hynobius amjiensis) Provides New Insights Into Morphological Evolution of Salamanders","authors":"Cang-Song Chen,&nbsp;Jia Jia,&nbsp;Xian-Ting Wang,&nbsp;Jia Yang,&nbsp;Ke-Qin Gao","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Anji Salamander (<i>Hynobius amjiensis</i>) is a critically-endangered amphibian endemic to the Tianmushan Mountain area in southeastern China. As most of its congeneric species in the ancestral salamander family Hynobiidae, the osteology of <i>H</i>. <i>amjiensis</i> has remained essentially unknown and has hampered efforts in understanding morphological evolutionary patterns of early salamanders. Here, we investigate the skeletal anatomy of <i>H</i>. <i>amjiensis</i> based on microcomputed tomography scans of post-metamorphosed juvenile and adult specimens. Our results reveal Hynobiidae has more early-tetrapod-like plesiomorphic characters than expected, as <i>H</i>. <i>amjiensis</i> has a stapedial foramen in the middle ear and two centralia and a centrale-radius contact in the limb. We demonstrate that <i>Hynobius amjiensis</i> is the first known living salamander species with a stapedial foramen whose absence was believed to unite salamanders and anurans, and hence opens major questions on the evolution of the middle ear in modern amphibians: if some salamanders and caecilians had a stapedial foramen inherited from their common ancestor, when and how many times was the foramen lost independently in modern amphibians, and how did this structural loss impact the phylogenetic evolution of salamander clades? Our findings of hyper-ossified pectoral and pelvic girdles and loss of postminimus in the pes in <i>H</i>. <i>amjiensis</i> demonstrate that functional morphological features in hynobiids are potentially informative in phylogeny and ontogeny of early salamanders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Criteria for Staging Near-Hatching Embryos of the Domesticated Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides)","authors":"Bassel Arnaout,&nbsp;Kaylen Brzezinski,&nbsp;Benjamin Steventon,&nbsp;Daniel J. Field","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studying avian embryology necessitates reliable and precise staging tables—descriptions of embryonic features appearing during development that are used to approximate the extent of embryonic development from fertilisation to hatching. Staging tables for waterfowl (Anseriformes) have previously been established based on morphological features from fertilisation to approximately 10 days before hatching. Embryonic changes over the final 10 days of pre-hatching development have also been documented and proposed as useful staging criteria. However, the reliability of these changes—which focus on the size of the bill and middle toes—as useful staging criteria across different waterfowl breeds has not been fully examined. To evaluate the reliability of these criteria for staging near-hatching embryos, we examined 27 embryos of Mallard (<i>Anas platyrhynchos</i>) and Swan Goose (<i>Anser cygnoides</i>). Comparisons with previously published data revealed that size variation within the same developmental stage across breeds is equivalent to within-breed variation across different stages, suggesting limited reliability of bill and middle toe size for staging waterfowl embryos. Consequently, we devised novel staging criteria for waterfowl based on four easily measurable morphological traits and show that these criteria allow correct stage identification with over 70% accuracy. Our results highlight the importance of quantifying staging accuracy for improving the reliability of embryonic staging tables.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11780221/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143066136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}