Journal of Morphology最新文献

{"title":"Aesthete Pattern Diversity in Chiton Clades (Mollusca: Polyplacophora): Balancing Sensory Structures and Strength in Valve Architecture","authors":"Andre Ampuero,&nbsp;Katarzyna Vončina,&nbsp;Dilworth Y. Parkinson,&nbsp;Julia D. Sigwart","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Chitons possess the most elaborate system of shell pores found in any hard-shelled invertebrate. Although chitons possess some anteriorly located sense organs, they lack true cephalization, as their major sensory systems are not concentrated in a distinct head region. Instead, the aesthete system within their shells forms a dense sensory network that overcomes the barrier of their hard dorsal armour. The basic arrangement of neural structures embedded within a solid, opaque matrix, has confounded understanding of the overall network. In this study, we use synchrotron X-ray μCT to visualise the aesthete canal networks inside chiton valves. We selected representatives from all three major chiton clades: Lepidopleurida, the basal branching clade, and Callochitonida and Chitonida, which both have more complex shell morphology, to compare internal structure. Lepidopleurida aesthete canals are oriented vertically and pass directly through the shell to connect with the body. By contrast, aesthetes canals in Callochitonida and Chitonida have complex internal structures with extended horizontal passages, coalescing at the shell diagonal that corresponds to the valve insertion slits. This represents a stepwise evolution of chiton shell form, where thicker and more complex valves require a diverting and rewiring of the entire sensory network. Aspects of the aesthete system, such as the microscopic arrangement of surface pores, have long been used in chiton taxonomy for species diagnoses; insertion slits should also be understood as a secondary feature of the aesthete system. Chiton shell structures that are used for morphological systematics are driven by sensory adaptations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defensive Behavior and Integumentary Morphology of the Hairy Dwarf Porcupine Coendou spinosus (Rodentia: Erethizontidae)","authors":"Isabela Tanuri Bessa,&nbsp;Thais Marques Cancela,&nbsp;Carlos Ramón Ruiz-Miranda,&nbsp;Ana Lúcia Rosa do Nascimento,&nbsp;Jorge José de Carvalho,&nbsp;Gastón Andrés Fernandez Giné,&nbsp;Vinicius Novaes Rocha","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) exhibit behaviors and possess integumentary structures, including the quills, that are used for self-defense. The North American porcupine (<i>Erethizon dorsatum</i>) has been well studied regarding these features; however, information is lacking for the South American <i>Coendou</i> species. We describe the defensive behavior and integumentary morphology of <i>Coendou spinosus</i> to understand the defensive strategies of this species and to compare with those reported for other species. We assessed the behaviors related to warning, defense, and escape of eight porcupines, as well as the characteristics of their pelage and quills. Furthermore, we microscopically analyzed skin samples of a roadkill adult male specimen. Similar to <i>E. dorsatum</i>, <i>C. spinosus</i> exhibited omnidirectional quill erection, revealing an aposematic color and, with their backs toward the perceived human threat, they performed quick tail and body movements to strike the hands of the human trying to capture them by the tail. Furthermore, <i>C. spinosus</i> presented an integumentary structure similar to that of <i>E. dorsatum</i>, and mechanisms to facilitate quill release when touched, penetration, and fixation in the opponent. The most distinct warning behavior noted was the vibration of the quills, which has not been reported for <i>Erethizon</i>. Our study confirms that, like other erethizontids, <i>C. spinosus</i> does not attack but exhibits warning, defense, and escape mechanisms and behaviors when threatened or touched. The dissemination of such information helps to counter the negative stigma associated with porcupines, as they can be the victims of attacks by dogs and humans, and to promote their conservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extraembryonic Membranes and Placentation in the Mexican Snake Conopsis lineata","authors":"Cecilia de Dios-Arcos,&nbsp;Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21783","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21783","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extraembryonic membranes provide protection, oxygen, water, and nutrients to developing embryos, and their study generates information on the origin of the terrestrial egg and the evolution of viviparity. In this research, the morphology of the extraembryonic membranes and the types of placentation in the viviparous snake <i>Conopsis lineata</i> are described through optical microscopy during early and late gestation. When embryos develop inside the uterus, they become surrounded by a thin eggshell membrane. In early gestation, during stages 16 and 18, the embryo is already surrounded by the amnion and the chorion, and in a small region by the chorioallantois, which is product of the contact between the chorion and the growing allantois. A trilaminar omphalopleure covers the yolk sac from the embryonic hemisphere to the level of the equator where the <i>sinus terminalis</i> is located, and from there a bilaminar omphalopleure extends into the abembryonic hemisphere. Thus, according to the relationship of these membranes with the uterine wall, the chorioplacenta, the choriovitelline placenta, and the chorioallantoic placenta are structured at the embryonic pole, while the omphaloplacenta is formed at the abembryonic pole. During late gestation (stages 35, 36, and 37), the uterus and allantois are highly vascularized. The allantois occupies most of the extraembryonic coelom and at the abembryonic pole, it contacts the omphaloplacenta and form the omphalallantoic placenta. This is the first description of all known placenta types in Squamata for a snake species member of the subfamily Colubrinae; where an eggshell membrane with 2.9 μm in width present throughout development is also evident. The structure of extraembryonic membranes in <i>C. lineata</i> is similar to that of other oviparous and viviparous squamate species. The above indicates not only homology, but also that the functional characteristics have been maintained throughout the evolution of the reproductive type.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21783","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142400442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism and Divergent Evolutionary Pathways in Primate Cranial Biomechanics: Insights From a Theoretical Morphology Framework","authors":"Z. Jack Tseng,&nbsp;Claire E. Terhune","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21780","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mammalian order Primates is known for widespread sexual dimorphism in size and phenotype. Despite repeated speculation that primate sexual size dimorphism either facilitates or is in part driven by functional differences in how males and females interact with their environments, few studies have directly assessed the influence of sexual dimorphism on performance traits. Here, we use a theoretical morphology framework to show that sexual dimorphism in primate crania is associated with divergent biomechanical performance traits. The degree of dimorphism is a significant covariate in biomechanical trait divergence between sexes. Males exhibit less efficient but stiffer cranial shapes and significant evolutionary allometry in biomechanical performance, whereas females maintain performance stability across their size spectrum. Evolutionary rates are elevated for efficiency in females whereas males emphasize size-dependent cranial stiffness. These findings support a hypothesis of sex-linked bifurcation in masticatory system performance: larger male crania and faster size evolution partially compensate for low efficiency and reflect a de-emphasis of mechanical leverage, whereas female crania maintain higher mechanical efficiency overall and evolve more rapidly in molar-based masticatory performance. The evolutionary checks-and-balances between size dimorphism and cranial mechanical performance may be a more important driver of primate phenotypic evolution than has been hitherto appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secretory Cells in Halla parthenopeia (Oenonidae): Potential Implications for the Feeding and Defence Strategies of a Carnivorous Burrowing Polychaete","authors":"Anita Ferri,&nbsp;Pedro M. Costa,&nbsp;Roberto Simonini","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21781","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21781","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carnivorous polychaetes are known to bear diversified and often unique anatomical and behavioural adaptations for predation and defence. <i>Halla parthenopeia</i>, a species known to be a specialized predator of clams, thrives in the soft bottoms of the Mediterranean Sea, holding potential for polyculture and biotechnology due to the secretion of bioactive compounds. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive description of <i>H. parthenopeia</i>'s anatomy and microanatomy, shedding light on the relation between morphology and habitat, chemical defences, and feeding behaviour. The pharynx, housing maxillae and mandibles connected to an extensive mucus gland, occupies a considerable portion of the worm's length, reaching beyond the oesophagus. This unique gland is responsible for secreting the feeding mucus, which immobilizes and aids in the digestion of clams probably acting as a vehicle of bioactive compounds synthesized by specialized serous cells in the mouth. Moreover, <i>H. parthenopeia</i> combines behavioural tactics, such as burrowing, and anatomical defences to evade predators. Examination of its epidermis revealed a thick cuticle layer and abundant mucocytes secreting locomotion mucus, both of which save the worm from mechanical harm during movement. When it is preyed upon, the worm can release a substantial amount of Hallachrome, a toxic anthraquinone produced by specific cells in its distal region. This pigment, with its known antimicrobial properties, likely acts as a chemical shield in case of injury. The results suggest that the ability of <i>H. parthenopeia</i> to prey on bivalves and to provide mechanical protection plus defence against pathogens rely on its ability to secrete distinct types of mucus. The interplay between highly specialized microanatomical features and complex behaviours underscores its adaptation as a predator in marine benthic environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142391210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteology of the Small-Sized Hyphessobrycon piabinhas Fowler 1941 (Characiformes, Characidae) With a Discussion on Developmentally Truncated Characters in the Family","authors":"Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho,&nbsp;Yasmim De Santana Santos,&nbsp;José Igor Da Silva","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21778","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21778","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evolutionary body size decrease has profound consequences for the morphology of an organism. In the evolution of the Characidae, the most species-rich family of Neotropical fishes, a prominent trend is the reduction of body size. The most typical effect is the simplification and reduction of morphological features through terminal deletion processes, resulting in the loss of skeletal elements and structures. To provide further information on the matter, we present a detailed description of the skeleton of <i>Hyphessobrycon piabinhas</i>, a poorly known, small representative of the largest genus of Characidae. We further discuss the identity and phylogenetic relationships of <i>H. piabinhas</i>. It belongs to the subfamily Stethaprioninae and exhibits considerable morphological similarity to other congeners from neighboring drainage systems. We identify several morphological simplifications in <i>H. piabinhas</i> and discuss them based on ontogenetic data available for Characiformes. These developmentally truncated elements are also present in many other small representatives of the family and seem to be among the first morphological modifications to occur in the context of body size reduction of Characidae. We argue that structural losses are not strictly correlated with sizes below 26 mm SL, although the most notable simplifications are typically observed in the miniatures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142289469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Precaudal Vertebrae in the Postcranial Region of Moray Eels Form Ventral Processes","authors":"Yuu Usui,&nbsp;Naoki Yamane,&nbsp;Akira Hanashima,&nbsp;Ken Hashimoto,&nbsp;Yuji Kanaoka,&nbsp;Satoshi Mohri","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21776","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fish vertebrae are primarily morphologically classified into precaudal vertebrae jointed to the ribs and caudal vertebrae with hemal spines, through which the caudal artery and veins pass. Moray eels (family Muraenidae) capture prey by directly biting, combining oral and pharyngeal jaw. During feeding motions, they exhibit various head manipulations, such as neurocranial elevation, ventral flexion, and horizontal shaking, with their postcranial region acting like the neck of amniotes. However, the bone morphology supporting these movements remains unclear. In this study, the vertebral morphologies of the Kidako moray (<i>Gymnothorax kidako</i>), starry moray (<i>Echidna nebulosa</i>), pink-lipped moray (<i>Echidna rhodochilus</i>), tidepool snake moray (<i>Uropterygius micropterus</i>), and Seychelles moray (<i>Anarchias seychellensis</i>) were investigated using X-ray computed tomography. These five species exhibited longitudinal ventral processes in the second to approximately 12th precaudal vertebrae with canals for blood vessels, structurally similar to hemal spines. In addition, the morphology of the precaudal vertebrae in three Anguilliformes species closely related to moray eels and two Gasterosteiformes species, including a seahorse that flexes its head ventrally as a feeding motion, was compared with that of moray eels. However, no remarkable ventral processes were observed in their precaudal vertebrae in the postcranial region, suggesting that these structural features in the postcranial vertebrae were preserved in Muraenidae but not necessarily required for the fish to bend its head ventrally. Although the functional significance of the ventral process has yet to be determined, our findings highlight a novel aspect of fish vertebral morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ovary Structure in Terrestrial Parasitengona Mites: The Case of Trombidiidae (Acariformes: Parasitengona)","authors":"Anna Derdak,&nbsp;Izabela Jędrzejowska,&nbsp;Joanna Mąkol","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21774","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Species of mites (Chelicerata: Arachnida) show a great variety of structures of the female gonads. In both evolutionary lines, Acariformes and Parasitiformes, the panoistic ovary, in which all germline cysts differentiate into oocytes, and the meroistic ovary, in which the oocytes grow supported by the nurse cells, have been documented. A less pronounced variation in the gonad structure could be expected at lower systematic levels, hence, we ask about the degree of differences within the family that is subordinate to Acariformes and represents the cohort Parasitengona. Based on the members of Trombidiidae (Acariformes: Trombidiformes, Parasitengona, Trombidioidea), we test the hypothesis that the general ovary type is constant at the family level. Our previous research on the female gonad in <i>Allothrombium fuliginosum</i> revealed that the meroistic ovary occurs in these mites. Here, we proceed with a detailed insight into the ovary structure in <i>A. fuliginosum</i> and examine the structure of the female gonad in other members of Trombidiidae, focusing on the following representatives of its nominotypical genus <i>Trombidium</i>: <i>Trombidium brevimanum</i>, <i>Trombidium holosericeum</i>, <i>Trombidium heterotrichum</i>, and <i>Trombidium latum</i>. For all species, studied with light, fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy, we could confirm the presence of the meroistic ovary that is highly similar with respect to general architecture. The germline cysts show similarities in general morphology and the mode of germline cell differentiation; they consist of a few nurse cells and one oocyte. The connection between the nurse cells and oocytes is maintained by trophic cords that serve for the transport of organelles and macromolecules. Our results confirm the constancy of the structure of the female gonad at the intrageneric level and provide further support for the hypothesis on the lack of differences at the intrafamily level.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142234775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postnatal Skull Development Reveals a Conservative Pattern in Living and Fossil Vizcachas Genus Lagostomus (Rodentia, Chinchillidae)","authors":"Valentina Segura,&nbsp;Luciano L. Rasia,&nbsp;Adriana M. Candela,&nbsp;David A. Flores","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21775","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The plains vizcacha, <i>Lagostomus maximus</i>, is the only living species in the genus, being notably larger than fossil congeneric species, such as <i>Lagostomus incisus</i>, from the Pliocene of Argentina and Uruguay. Here, we compare the skull growth allometric pattern and sexual dimorphism of <i>L. maximus</i> and <i>L. incisus</i>, relating shape and size changes with skull function. We also test whether the ontogenetic trajectories and allometric trends between both sexes of <i>L. maximus</i> follow the same pattern. A common allometric pattern between both species was the elongation of the skull, a product of the lengthening of rostrum, and chondrogenesis on the spheno-occipitalis synchondrosis and coronalis suture. We also detected a low proportion of skull suture fusion. In some variables, older male specimens did not represent a simple linear extension of female trajectory, and all dimorphic traits were related to the development of the masticatory muscles. Sexual dimorphism previously attributed to <i>L. incisus</i> would indicate that this phenomenon was present in the genus since the early Pliocene and suggests social behaviors such as polygyny and male-male competition. Ontogenetic changes in <i>L. incisus</i> were similar to <i>L. maximus</i>, showing a conservative condition of the genus. Only two changes were different in the ontogeny of both species, which appeared earlier in <i>L. incisus</i> compared to <i>L. maximus</i>: the development of the frontal process of the nasals in a square shape, and the straight shape of the occipital bone in lateral view. Juveniles of <i>L. maximus</i> were close to adult <i>L. incisus</i> in the morphospace, suggesting a peramorphic process. The sequence of suture and synchondroses fusion showed minor differences in temporozygomatica and frontonasalis sutures, indicating major mechanical stress in <i>L. maximus</i> related to size. We suggest a generalized growth path in Chinchillidae, but further analyses are necessary at an evolutionary level, including <i>Lagidium</i> and <i>Chinchilla</i>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142169855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructive evolutionary morphology: Tracing the historical process of modifications of complex systems driven by natural selection through changing ecological conditions","authors":"Dominique G. Homberger","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21763","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21763","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is general consensus among evolutionary biologists that natural selection drives phenotypic modifications within populations over generational time. How to reconstruct this historical process, however, has been discussed mostly in theoretical terms, and recommendations and explanations on how to translate such theoretical insights into practice are needed. The present study aims at providing a theory-supported practical guide on how to reconstruct historical evolutionary processes by applying a morphology-centered approach through a series of interdependent steps of descriptive morphology, functional analysis, ecological observation, integration of paleoecological data, and evolutionary synthesis. Special attention is given to the development of tests regarding the accuracy, closeness to reality, and plausibility of the hypotheses at every level of the reconstructive process. This morphology-centered approach had its beginnings in the wake of the evolutionary synthesis and is part of the scientifically necessary process of reciprocal testing of hypotheses generated by different methods and data for the reconstruction of evolutionary history.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21763","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142154401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}