Journal of Morphology最新文献

{"title":"A Dark Horse: Colonial System of Integration in Ctenostome Bryozoans (Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata)","authors":"Natalia Shunatova,&nbsp;Maxim Zhidkov","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The colonial system of integration (CSI) provides intracolonial nutrient supply in many gymnolaemate bryozoans. In Ctenostomata, its presence is known for species with stolonal colonies, for example, vesicularioideans, but its structure is almost unexplored. The CSI is thought to be absent in alcyonidioideans and other ctenostomes. Here, we present the first detailed description of the CSI ultrastructure in both autozooids and kenozooids of two vesicularioideans, <i>Buskia nitens</i> and <i>Amathia gracilis</i>, and two alcyonidioideans, <i>Alcyonidium hirsutum</i> and <i>Flustrellidra hispida</i>. We revealed differences in the endocyst structure: in studied alcyonioidioideans, it comprises the epidermis, extracellular matrix and coelomic lining, while in the studied vesicularioideans, it includes only the epidermis. In vesicularioidean autozooids, the main CSI cord and the most distal part of the muscular funiculus originate together as a single structure near the caecum apex. However, at a short distance basally, they separate and run to different sites: the main CSI cord reaches the communication pore, and the muscular funiculus attaches to the cystid wall in the proximal part of the autozooids. The CSI in alcyonidioidean autozooids includes a central part, comprising several strands running from the caecum and pylorus to the cystid walls, and a peripheral part, which is located between the epidermis and peritoneum of the cystid walls and reaches the communication pores. The autozooidal CSI in the studied alcyonidioids never reaches kenozooidal communication pores. Nevertheless, the CSI is present in kenozooids of <i>F. hispida</i>; its structure corresponds to that of the peripheral part of the CSI in autozooids. These findings suggest that the CSI likely originated rather early in bryozoan evolution, and its putative initial function is nutrient transport to budding sites and zooids undergoing degeneration-regeneration cycle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Evolutionary Convergence in Trophic Adaptations of Two Booidean Snake Lineages as Evidenced by Skull Morphology","authors":"Lorenzo Seneci,&nbsp;Alexander S. Hall,&nbsp;Frank Glaw,&nbsp;Mark D. Scherz","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Booidean snakes are a diverse and widespread lineage with an intriguing evolutionary and biogeographic history. By means of cranial morphology and osteology, this study investigates the evolutionary convergence in the Neotropical genera <i>Boa</i> and <i>Corallus</i> on the one hand and the Malagasy clade comprising <i>Acrantophis</i> and <i>Sanzinia</i> on the other. We hypothesize that the mostly arboreal <i>Corallus</i> and <i>Sanzinia</i> present larger jaws and longer teeth to keep hold of the prey and resist gravity and torsional forces acting on their skull while hanging from branches, while terrestrial genera such as <i>Acrantophis</i> show thinner jaws with shorter teeth because they can rely on the full length of their coils to immobilize and constrict the prey together with a substrate that supports the whole of their body. Overall, we highlight how booidean snakes can serve as intriguing subjects for the study of contingency, determinism, and opportunity in the evolution of distant lineages both phylogenetically and geographically. We also provide the first complete description of the skull of <i>Boa constrictor</i>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modifiable Clinical Dental Impression Methods to Obtain Whole-Mouth and Detailed Dental Traits From Vertebrates","authors":"Johannes N. Wibisana,&nbsp;Ray A. Sallan,&nbsp;Towa Ota,&nbsp;Pavel Puchenkov,&nbsp;Tai Kubo,&nbsp;Lauren Sallan","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dental impressions, developed for accurate capture of oral characteristics in human clinical settings, are seldom used in research on nonlivestock, nonprimate, and especially nonmammalian vertebrates due to a lack of appropriate tools. Studies of dentitions in most vertebrate species usually require euthanasia and specimen dissection, microCT and other scans with size and resolution tradeoffs, and/or ad-hoc individual impressions or removal of single teeth. These approaches prevent in-vivo studies that factor in growth and other chronological changes and separate teeth from the context of the whole mouth. Here, we describe a non-destructive method for obtaining high-resolution dentition-related traits that can be used on both living animals and museum specimens for almost all vertebrates, involving a customizable and printable dental impression tray. This method has repeatedly and accurately captured whole-mouth morphology and detailed features at high resolution in the living non-teleost actinopterygian fish, <i>Polypterus senegalus</i>, in a laboratory setting. It can be used for comparative morphology and to observe temporal changes such as the presence of microwear, tooth replacement rates, and occlusal and morphological changes through ontogeny.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11669741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological Study of Skin Structures From Selected Body Areas in the Varanus komodoensis","authors":"A. Lipińska,&nbsp;M. Tarnowska,&nbsp;M. Janeczek,&nbsp;P. Jawień,&nbsp;K. Goździewska-Harłajczuk,&nbsp;J. Klećkowska-Nawrot,&nbsp;L. Hrabska,&nbsp;P. Kuropka","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The skin of the Komodo dragon (<i>Varanus komodoensis</i>) is covered by a form of armour formed mainly of scales, which often co-occur with osteoderms. Scales are keratinized, non-mineralized structures in the uppermost layer of the epidermis that are in contact with each other to form a system in which individual scales are isolated from each other by a softer skin fold zone. In the <i>Varanus</i>, the surface of the scales is flat and smooth (thoracic limb, abdomen, and tail areas), domed and smooth (head area) or domed with conical ornamentation (dorsal surface, pelvic limb—dorsal surface areas). In contrast, osteoderms are mineralized structures that are an integral part of the skin, located below the epidermal surface and positioned parallel (head, tail, thoracic limb-dorsal surface, thoracic limb-palmar surface, and tail) or obliquely (pelvic limb-dorsal surface, groin, abdomen) to the surface. Regardless of the body region, osteoderms are structures that are completely anchored in the dermis, and their surface is smooth and devoid of ornamentation. Tangential sections of the osteoderms demonstrate concentric resting lines. Histological sections of the varanid dermis show the presence of collagen bundles, parallel interlacing or crossing bundles of collagen fibers of varying thickness and degree of compactness, accompanied by muscle fibers. In the area of skin close to the osteoderm, loosely arranged bundles of collagen fibers are present, while in the zone distal to the osteoderm, a compact arrangement of these fibers is present. This study documents the morphological diversity and distribution of osteoderms and scales in selected areas of the body of <i>V. komodoensis</i>. Scales are characterized by a high polymorphism related to body region, while osteoderms show a high morphological similarity independent of the area of occurrence.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the Life History of Caimans: The Growth Dynamics of Caiman latirostris From an Osteohistological Approach","authors":"Pereyra Maria Eugenia,&nbsp;Paula Bona,&nbsp;Pablo Siroski,&nbsp;Anusuya Chinsamy","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Skeletochronology and growth dynamics are intensively investigated in vertebrate osteohistology. These techniques are particularly important for interpreting the life history of long-lived species, such as crocodilians. To understand the longevity, growth dynamics, sexual maturity, and sexual dimorphism of caimans we studied an almost complete ontogenetic series of captive and wild specimens of <i>Caiman latirostris</i> from different localities of Argentina. We identified both cyclical and noncyclical growth marks in juvenile caimans, and we suggest that the latter are associated with environmental stress. By overlapping the growth marks of different individuals, we were able to estimate the minimum age of each specimen. Variations in growth rate are evident in different bones, with the femur and scapula having the highest growth rates, while the fibula and pubis have much slower growth rates. We were able to determine the approximate age of sexual maturity from growth curves deduced from osteohistology, which concurred with those assessed in ecological studies. Additionally based on the growth curves we were able to document different growth dynamics which may be related to sexual dimorphism. This study provides valuable insights into the life history and ecological dynamics of crocodilians, shedding light on their growth patterns, attainment of sexual maturity, and the influence of environmental factors on growth. Furthermore it documents the intraspecific and interelemental osteohistological variation in crocodilians and has direct implications for studies that assess the life history of extinct archosaurs and other sauropsids.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frog Fibres: What Muscle Architecture Can Tell Us About Anuran Locomotor Function","authors":"Alice Leavey,&nbsp;Christopher T. Richards,&nbsp;Laura B. Porro","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70016","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Muscle fibre architecture is an important aspect of anatomy to consider when estimating muscle properties. How fibre architecture varies across species specialising in different locomotor functions is not well understood in anurans, due to difficulties associated with fibre extraction in small animals using traditional methods. This paper presents the first digital analysis of fibre architecture in frogs using an automated fibre-tracking algorithm and contrast-enhanced µCT scans. We find differences in hindlimb muscle fibre architecture between frogs specialising in different locomotor modes, as well as examples of many-to-one mapping of form to function. The trade-off between fibre length and muscle physiological cross-sectional area, and therefore contractile speed, range of motion and muscle force output, differs significantly between jumpers and swimmers, but not walker-hoppers. Where species place on this functional spectrum of fibre architecture largely depends on the muscle being examined. There is also some evidence that fibre length may be adjusted to increase contractile speed without undertaking the metabolically expensive process of growing and maintaining larger muscles. Finally, we make a detailed outline of the remaining gaps in our understanding of anuran fibre architecture that can now be addressed with this valuable digital method in future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spermatozoa and Spermatogenesis in the Ribbon Worm Asteronemertes gibsoni (Hoplonemertea, Oerstediidae), a Symbiont of Sea Stars","authors":"Olga V. Yurchenko,&nbsp;Alexey V. Chernyshev","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70014","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the phylum Nemertea, the class Hoplonemertea (former Enopla) comprises the largest number of studied species with complex spermatozoa. <i>Asteronemertes gibsoni</i> Chernyshev, 1991, a nemertean species having a symbiotic relationship with sea stars, is characterized by complex filiform spermatozoa. Here, spermatogenesis and spermatozoon structure in <i>A. gibsoni</i> have been examined using light and electron microscopy. Numerous proacrosomal vesicles of two kinds have been found in early spermatogenic cells. In spermatozoa, the elongated acrosomal complex consists of two components: a core, which is a spindle-shaped electron-dense acrosomal vesicle with a long anterior end, and its casing of moderate electron density that covers the acrosomal vesicle completely. The acrosomal complex is located laterally relative to the elongated nucleus. The acrosomal casing bears two rows of small, short channels between the nucleus and the electron-dense acrosomal core. In late spermatids, the elongations of the acrosomal complex and the nucleus occur simultaneously and are mediated by numerous microtubules that disappear during the latest stages of spermiogenesis. The flagellum in spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa contains an axoneme with the usual 9 × 2 + 2 microtubular organization and is posteriorly oriented in spermatozoa. As known to date, <i>A. gibsoni</i> has the most modified spermatozoa among investigated Nemertea, and the complex structure of its sperm is suggested to be associated with the reproductive biology, in particular, with fertilization. Additionally, a number of similar ultrastructural features in spermatozoon organization have been found in <i>A. gibsoni</i> and <i>Kurilonemertes phyllospadicola</i> whose phylogenetic relationship was previously proven.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Corneal Structure of the Yellow-Legged Gull, Larus michahellis (Naumann, 1840)","authors":"R. Cobo,&nbsp;A. Navarro-Sempere,&nbsp;P. Mielgo,&nbsp;Y. Segovia,&nbsp;M. García","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70015","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cornea is the transparent part of the eye's outer sheath and the primary refractive element in the optical system of all vertebrates allowing light to focus on the central part of the retina. Maintenance of its curvature and clarity is therefore essential, providing a smooth optical surface and a protective goggle to ensure a focused image on the retina. However, the corneas of birds have been largely overlooked and the structures and mechanisms controlling corneal shape and hence visual acuity remain unknown. In this work, the cornea of a seabird, that is, the yellow-legged gull, has been investigated using light and electron microscopy. Histological examination reveals that, as in other vertebrates, the cornea consists of five layers: outer epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The corneal epithelium is a nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium approximately 3–4 cells thick that covers the front of the cornea. The surface of the cornea features two types of microprojections, microridges and microvilli. The acellular Bowman's layer is difficult to define because of its gradual transition into the more regularly arranged stroma, which constitute the bulk of the cornea, a collagen-rich central layer that comprises nearly 90% of the thickness of the cornea. The collagen fibrils are of uniform diameter and, within a given lamella, are all parallel to each other and run the entire breadth of the cornea. The lamellae are oriented at various angles with respect to each other. Between the lamellae, most of the keratocytes were concentrated in the central region of the corneal stroma. Desçemet's membrane is well-developed. The endothelium is a single cell-layer thick of approximately 3 µm in depth. The endothelial cells are polygonal and display irregular and interdigitating borders in basolateral plasma membranes. The results shown different diurnal lifestyle characteristics in the yellow-legged gull cornea.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11632209/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142807378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Morphology of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Leg Musculature in Dictyoptera (Insecta: Blattodea, Mantodea)","authors":"Fabian Bäumler,&nbsp;Stanislav N. Gorb,&nbsp;Sebastian Büsse","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Insect legs, as primarily locomotory devices, can show a tremendous variety of morphological modifications providing a multitude of usages. The prehensile raptorial forelegs of praying mantises (Mantodea) are a prominent example of true multifunctionality since they are used for walking while being efficient prey-capturing and grasping devices. Although being mostly generalist arthropod predators, various morphological adaptations due to different environmental conditions occur across Mantodea. Recently, the general mantodean morphology, and particularly their raptorial forelegs, received an increased interest. Yet, knowledge about the evolutionary transition from walking to prey-grasping legs is still scarce. From evolutionary and functional perspectives, the question arises: what changes were necessary to achieve the strongly modified raptorial forelegs—while keeping walking ability—and how does the foreleg morphology differ from the remaining four walking legs? In this context, we investigated the musculature of the raptorial forelegs in seven phylogenetically distant mantodeans, including pterothoracic legs in four of them, using high-resolution microcomputed tomography and dissection. To understand the results from an evolutionary perspective, we additionally examined all three pairs of unmodified walking legs of the closest sister group—Blattodea. We updated the knowledge of blattodean morphology, revealing differences in cuticle structures of the coxal articulation of the first pair of legs between the two orders and a shared musculature set-up in all pairs of legs among later-branching mantodeans. Interestingly, the early branching species <i>Metallyticus splendidus</i> and <i>Chaeteessa</i> sp. show several muscular characteristics, otherwise found exclusively in one or the other order, with a few procoxal muscles showing an intermediate state between the two orders. Studying the evolutionary transition from a walking leg to a raptorial leg will help to understand the character evolution of this highly specialized biomechanical system from a purely locomotory appendage to a multi-functional device with all related amenities and constraints.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11625980/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142794900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turtle Girdles: Comparing the Relationships Between Environment and Behavior on Forelimb Function in Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta) and River Cooters (Pseudemys concinna)","authors":"Christopher J. Mayerl,&nbsp;John G. Capano,&nbsp;Noraly van Meer MME,&nbsp;Hannah I. Weller,&nbsp;Elska B. Kaczmarek,&nbsp;Maria Chadam,&nbsp;Richard W. Blob,&nbsp;Elizabeth L. Brainerd,&nbsp;Jeanette Wyneken","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70007","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Locomotion in water and on land impose dramatically different demands, yet many animals successfully move in both environments. Most turtle species perform both aquatic and terrestrial locomotion but vary in how they use their limbs. Freshwater turtles use anteroposterior movements of the limbs during walking and swimming with contralateral fore- and hindlimbs moving in synchrony. In contrast, sea turtles swim primarily with “powerstroke” movements, characterized by synchronous forelimb motions while the hindlimbs act as rudders. High-speed video has been used to study powerstroking, but pectoral girdle movements and long-axis rotation (LAR) of the humerus are likely both key components to turtle locomotor function and cannot be quantified from external video. Here, we used XROMM to measure pectoral girdle and humeral movements in a sea turtle (loggerhead, <i>Caretta caretta</i>) compared to the freshwater river cooter (<i>Pseudemys concinna</i>) during terrestrial and aquatic locomotion. The largest difference among species was in yaw of the pectoral girdle during swimming, with loggerheads showing almost no yaw during powerstroking whereas pectoral girdle yaw in the cooter during rowing was over 30°. The magnitude of humeral LAR was greatest during loggerhead powerstroking and the temporal pattern of supination and pronation was opposite from that of cooters. We hypothesize that these kinematic differences are driven by differences in how the limbs are used to power propulsion. Rotations at the glenoid drive the overall patterns of movement in freshwater turtles, whereas glenohumeral LAR in loggerheads is used to direct the position and orientation of the elbow, which is the joint that determines the orientation of the thrust-generating structure (the flipper) in loggerheads.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142622375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}