Journal of Morphology最新文献

{"title":"Transformations of Head Structures During the Larval Development of the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Stratiomyidae, Diptera)","authors":"Benjamin Fabian,&nbsp;Katharina Schneeberg,&nbsp;Stephan Löwe,&nbsp;René Bauernfeind,&nbsp;Rolf Georg Beutel","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Larvae of the black soldier fly, <i>Hermetia illucens</i>, are currently intensively studied, owing to their potential importance in various fields such as waste bioconversion, forensic entomology, and food supply for humans and life stock. Despite the increased attention, a detailed anatomical documentation of the larvae using modern methods is lacking, and even statements on the number of larval stages are contradictory. Misinterpretations of the ontogeny of this species have led to frequent erroneous identifications of the last larval instar as pupa. Consequently, many studies with a focus on larval morphology have neglected the last larval stage. In this contribution, we describe and document morphological changes of the larval head throughout the postembryonic development, with emphasis on the transition between the last two instars. This is characterized by a crucial behavioral shift from a feeding stage to a stage of increased vagility. We show that different cephalic structures undergo major changes, especially the mandibulo-maxillary complex and the digestive tract, and associated muscles. Our measurements of the body length and the length of the head capsule tentatively confirm that the larval development of <i>H. illucens</i> passes through seven instars.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143822201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slippery and Smooth Shark Skin: How Mucus Transforms Surface Texture","authors":"Melanie J. Fischer,&nbsp;George V. Lauder,&nbsp;Dylan K. Wainwright","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shark skin is covered in denticles that provide texture important for hydrodynamic function. In bony fishes, both skin texture and function are modified by mucus that covers the outermost layer of the skin and scales. Despite the similar potential for mucus to change skin texture and function in shark skin, little is known about the occurrence and effect of external mucus in sharks. Specifically, we do not know where mucus is present along the shark body or how mucus alters surface texture, which could alter denticle function. To fill these gaps, we obtained individuals of <i>Mustelus canis</i> (dusky smooth-hound shark) and used gel-based profilometry to quantify the texture of the three-dimensional surface at eight body regions under two conditions: (1) a live anesthetized condition with mucus and (2) a condition after mucus was removed during preservation. We discovered that mucus covers and obscures the denticles on the dorsal fin and tail trailing edge tips; as a result, these regions were smoother and had a different surface texture than the preserved condition at the same region. Specifically, five parameters were significantly changed by mucus in these regions: roughness, skew, kurtosis, developed interfacial area ratio, and exposed area of the denticles. Notably, mucus did not change surface texture at any of the other body regions. Both the tips of the dorsal fin and tail are regions where flow separates and vortices are shed, so these results could indicate that mucus is modifying the boundary layer flow. Our results demonstrate that shark skin mucus is secreted selectively in particular body regions and that it can drastically change the surface texture when present. These findings suggest a need to both explore the morphology and properties of shark mucus and to consider mucus in studies of shark skin hydrodynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perichordal Vertebral Column Formation in Rana kobai","authors":"Yu Takahashi,&nbsp;Takeshi Igawa,&nbsp;Chiyo Nanba,&nbsp;Hajime Ogino,&nbsp;Hideho Uchiyama,&nbsp;Satoshi Kitajima","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The vertebral column of anurans exhibits morphological diversity that is often used in phylogenetic studies. The family <i>Ranidae</i> is one of the ecologically most successful groups of anurans, with the genus <i>Rana</i> being distributed broadly in Eurasia. However, there are relatively sparse detailed studies on the development of the vertebral column in <i>Rana</i> species, and images of the entire axial skeleton have seldom been illustrated till date. Here, we provide an illustrated description on the development of the entire vertebral column in <i>Rana kobai</i>, a Japanese small frog from the Amami Islands. Our observation of double-stained skeletal specimens revealed that in <i>R. kobai</i>, the original atlas and the first dorsal are fused into one vertebra, and the ninth neural arch is fused with the tenth arch in half of the examined larvae. Anuran vertebral column development is classified into two modes, perichordal and epichordal. <i>Rana</i> species undergo the typical perichordal mode of centrum formation. Kemp and Hoyt (1969) described that centrum formation in <i>R. pipiens</i> starts from a saddle-shaped bone on the dorsal half of the notochord. Nevertheless, our detailed observations revealed that centrum ossification initially emerges at the base of the paired neural arches and then forms the saddle-shaped bone. In <i>Xenopus</i>, a species with epichordal centra, centrum formation starts from a pair of ovoid bone elements at the base of the neural arches. Overall, our results imply that centrum ossification starts from the base of neural arches in anurans, irrespective of whether it is perichordal or epichordal. Our observations also revealed the presence of the crescent-shaped cartilage domain in the intervertebral region in <i>R. kobai</i>. The location of the crescent-shaped domain in <i>R. kobai</i> is consistent with that of the intercentrum in <i>Ichthyostega</i> and several temnospondyls. Based on our observations, we propose a hypothesis on the difference between perichordal and epichordal modes in light of evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Dimorphism of Tarsal Attachment Devices and Their Relation to Mating in Coccinellidae","authors":"Valerio Saitta,&nbsp;Manuela Rebora,&nbsp;Silvana Piersanti,&nbsp;Giorgia Carboni Marri,&nbsp;Paolo Masini,&nbsp;Elena Gorb,&nbsp;Alessia Iacovone,&nbsp;Gianandrea Salerno,&nbsp;Stanislav Gorb","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the coevolution of male attachment devices and female elytral morphology in coccinellid beetles, focusing on the sexual dimorphism of claws and adhesive pads. We analyzed 11 species from different tribes with different feeding regime, examining the structure of male and female attachment organs (claws and hairy pads) in relation to the surface structure of female elytra. Our findings show that disco-setae, which enhance adhesion during mating, are present only in males of some species and are localized on the hairy pads of their legs. These setae exhibit morphological adaptations based on the surface structure of female elytra, with larger discoid setal tips in species with smooth elytra and smaller tips in those with hairy elytra. Additionally, male beetles with hairy elytra possess dimorphic claws, which enhance attachment efficiency compared to species with smooth elytra, where claw dimorphism is less pronounced. Our results reveal that sexual dimorphism in hairy pads is more pronounced in larger species, where claw dimorphism is absent, while in smaller species, claw dimorphism alone suffices for effective attachment. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics shaping attachment adaptations in Coccinellidae, with implications for reproductive strategies, pest management, and ecological interactions in this diverse beetle family.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological Variation in the Genitalia of the Burmese Python","authors":"Rachel Keeffe,&nbsp;Brandon P. Hedrick,&nbsp;Ian Bartoszek,&nbsp;Ian Easterling,&nbsp;Patricia L. R. Brennan","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the remarkable morphological diversity found in vertebrate genitalia, it has historically been difficult to quantify shape variation of soft tissue structures due to limitations of 3D landmarking methods. New techniques such as automatic landmarking now allow us to examine such structures in detail, and with these methods we quantify the intraspecific variation in the genitalia of Burmese pythons (<i>Python bivittatus</i>). Despite previous assertions that a vaginal pouch is not present in pythons, we find that <i>P. bivittatus</i> have well developed vaginal pouches, that are morphologically diverse, and change shape over ontogeny. Vaginal pouches and hemipenes are isometric. Hemipenes also vary in shape ontogenetically, but we find no evidence of directional asymmetry in shape or size between adult right and left hemipenes suggesting a lack of laterality. We identify a potentially intersex neonate with hemipenes, testes, and a vaginal pouch. We discuss our results in the context of snake genital evolution and suggest other mechanisms for selection beyond the standard “lock and key” hypothesis. Future work examining genital shape variation of other snake families will provide more insight into the coevolutionary patterns shaping the genitalia diversity across snakes and vertebrates more broadly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Neuronal Processes, Including the Mauthner Axon, Form a Multi-Axial Fiber Within a Common Myelin Sheath in the Central Nervous System of Adult Lungfishes, Protopterus annectens, Lepidosiren paradoxa, and Neoceratodus forsteri","authors":"Steven J. Zottoli,&nbsp;Leonard K. Kaczmarek,&nbsp;Donald S. Faber","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Mauthner cells are found in most fish and amphibians. The prominence of their large fiber is commonly used as one criterion to identify the presence of these cells in fish and the largest of these fibers have been reported in lungfish. While some authors believe that Mauthner fibers in lungfish contain a single axon, others report that many processes join the Mauthner axon (M-axon) inside a common myelin sheath to form a “multi-axial fiber.” To distinguish between these two possibilities, we have used light and transmission electron microscopy to determine whether multi-axial fibers exist in African, <i>Protopterus annectens</i>, Australian, <i>Neoceratodus forsteri</i>, and South American, <i>Lepidosiren paradoxa</i>, lungfish. Ultrastructural analysis provides evidence of a multi-axial fiber that contains a M-axon, non-M-axons and glial processes within a common myelin sheath. The glial processes form myelin and paranodal-like structures. Stacked desmosome-like structures have been identified that may be part of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures. We discuss how the electrical activity of a select group of axons may affect that of other axons within a common myelin sheath.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Aquaculture and a Natural Environmental Gradient on Shell Landmark Variation of the Mediterranean Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) From the Eastern Adriatic Sea","authors":"Marina Piria,&nbsp;Ivan Špelić,&nbsp;Slađana Nikolić,&nbsp;Rigers Bakiu,&nbsp;Joanna S. Hamilton,&nbsp;Jonathan P. A. Gardner","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geometric morphometry is effective in distinguishing bivalve species and populations, including the economically and environmentally important Mediterranean mussel, <i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>. Although widely distributed, shell shape variation in <i>M. galloprovincialis</i> along the eastern Adriatic Sea has been infrequently studied. Farming practices and environmental conditions may affect the development of shell shape, as has been reported in the <i>Mytilus</i> genus from numerous locations globally. Building on earlier genetic analyses of mussels collected along a natural environmental gradient, this study aimed to identify shell landmark differentiation between wild and cultured populations and among northern, middle, and southern populations of the eastern Adriatic Sea using a geometric morphometric approach. Samples from 12 sites in Croatia, Montenegro, and Albania, including 4 aquaculture farms, were examined for variation in 9 internal shell landmarks. Wild populations exhibited a more extended posterior adductor muscle scar and a more elongated shape compared to farmed populations. Mussels from low salinity environments in the north and south exhibited an elongated shell shape compared to high salinity environments. Southern populations exhibited an extended posterior adductor muscle scar, along with an elongation of the lateral ligament and ventral umbo orientation that caused a concave shape of the ventral shell border compared to northern populations. The differences in environmental conditions in the Adriatic Sea, such as reduced salinity in Boka Kotorska Bay (Montenegro) in the south and Limski Bay (Croatia) in the north, likely play a role in influencing the variability of shell landmarks. These results may be applied to farming practices so that high-quality spat are collected from source sites with environmental conditions that match the farm site to which the spat are transferred. Overall, these results provide valuable insight into how <i>M. galloprovincialis</i> shell landmarks respond to environmental variation at large (hundreds of kilometres) spatial scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143707262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteology of Dwarfgobies Eviota and Sueviota (Gobiidae: Gobiomorpharia), With Phylogenetic Inferences Within Coral Gobies","authors":"Diego F. B. Vaz,&nbsp;Christopher H. R. Goatley,&nbsp;Luke Tornabene","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Eviota</i> and <i>Sueviota</i> are two genera of cryptobenthic fishes of the family Gobiidae commonly known as dwarfgobies, that collectively contain 142 species. Despite thorough descriptions of the variation of their external morphology, little is known about variations on their skeleton. Combining traditional clearing-and-staining technique with computed scanning microtomography, we examined five species of <i>Sueviota</i> and 40 species of <i>Eviota</i>, representing the two major monophyletic groups in the latter genus, the “branched clade” and “unbranched clade,” named for their pectoral ray morphology. The purpose of this study was to provide generalized descriptions for both genera and highlight potentially phylogenetically informative characters that will aid in future classification of this diverse assemblage of fishes. The posterior portion of the mesethmoid was found to be unossified in eight species of <i>Eviota</i> from the unbranched clade. Twenty-five vertebrae (vs. 26 vertebrae) are present only in species of the unbranched clade of <i>Eviota,</i> and it is considered another potential synapomorphy for this clade. Direct contact between the retroarticular and the anterior edge of the interopercle without the retroarticular-interopercle ligament occurs in all species of <i>Eviota</i> and <i>Sueviota</i>, being interpreted as a potential synapomorphy grouping these two genera. The posterior edge of the interopercle is notched in all species of <i>Eviota</i> and <i>Sueviota</i>, as well as in the closely related genera <i>Bryaninops</i>, <i>Pleurosicya</i>, and <i>Paragobiodon</i>. In species of <i>Sueviota</i> and the branched clade of <i>Eviota</i>, the notch is deep, and there is an additional posteroventral process, forming a wrench-like posterior edge of the interopercle. This wrench-shaped interopercle is a potential synapomorphy, grouping <i>Sueviota</i> with representatives of the branched clade of <i>Eviota</i>. Individual and ontogenetic variations are discussed, including an assessment of the characters previously proposed for characterizing the branched and unbranched clades of <i>Eviota</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Scanning Electron Microscopy Method to Visualise the Copulatory Organ Morphology of Microturbellarian Flatworms: Trigonostomum Schmidt, 1852 as a Case Study","authors":"Laura Vanstraelen,&nbsp;Tom Artois,&nbsp;Thierry Backeljau,&nbsp;Nikol Kmentová,&nbsp;Mare Geraerts,&nbsp;Marlies Monnens","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Traditional methods for studying the morphology of microturbellarian flatworms rely on light microscopy, which often lacks the resolution necessary to capture fine structural details. Therefore, we present a protocol to improve the visualisation of structural morphological details in microturbellarians by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We demonstrate this method by imaging the sclerotised copulatory organs of three species of <i>Trigonostomum</i> (Rhabdocoela, Trigonostomidae): <i>T. venenosum</i>, <i>T. setigerum</i>, and <i>T. penicillatum</i>. Additionally, we successfully visualise the bursal appendage of <i>T. penicillatum</i>. SEM imaging offered new morphological insights for the genus, and corrected earlier interpretations made with light microscopy. The method requires precision and careful handling, especially during the isolation of the hard parts. However, it is cost-effective and straightforward to carry out in any standard laboratory setting. Hence, our SEM protocol complements traditional light microscopy and opens new avenues for taxonomical research in microturbellarian taxa with hard parts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and Volatilomics of the Pre-Pharyngeal and Pharyngeal Glands of Paraponera clavata (Hymenoptera: Paraponerinae) and Pachycondyla crassinoda (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae) Workers","authors":"Erika Vanessa C. C. Sousa,&nbsp;Elane Borba Alves,&nbsp;Ana Paula Pereira Raimundo,&nbsp;Jodieh Oliveira Santana Varejão,&nbsp;Eduardo Vinícius Vieira Varejão,&nbsp;José Eduardo Serrão","doi":"10.1002/jmor.70038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ants occur in a remarkable diversity of species, many of which fulfill essential ecological roles and exhibit complex eusocial behaviors. Among their unique adaptations are specialized exocrine glands, such as the pre-pharyngeal and pharyngeal glands, which produce secretions crucial for physiology and social cohesion. Despite their importance, these glands are poorly studied in Paraponerinae and Ponerinae species. This study examines the morphology and chemical composition of these glands in workers of <i>Paraponera clavata</i> (Paraponerinae) and <i>Pachycondyla crassinoda</i> (Ponerinae). The results document distinct morphological and morphometric differences: the pre-pharyngeal gland in <i>P. clavata</i> is larger, with cells rich in proteins and glycoproteins, whereas in <i>P. crassinoda</i>, the gland has more extensive secretory cells and a higher concentration of lipids. Additionally, the pharyngeal glands in <i>P. clavata</i> are tubular, while in <i>P. crassinoda</i>, they have large lobes with internal cuticular projections. Chemical analyses identified shared hydrocarbons between the species, as well as unique compounds that may reflect specific behavioral and ecological adaptations. These findings suggest that morphological and chemical differences in these ants' glands are potentially associated with dietary habits and behavioral traits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"286 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}