Journal of Morphology最新文献

{"title":"Ontogenetic shifts in body form in the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas","authors":"Joel H. Gayford,&nbsp;Darren A. Whitehead,&nbsp;Sébastien Jaquemet","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21673","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent studies have uncovered mosaic patterns of allometric and isometric growth underlying ontogenetic shifts in the body form of elasmobranch species (shark and rays). It is thought that shifts in trophic and spatial ecology through ontogeny drive these morphological changes; however, additional hypotheses relating to developmental constraints have also been posed. The bull shark (<i>Carcharhinus leucas</i>) is a large-bodied coastal shark that exhibits strong ontogenetic shifts in trophic and spatial ecology. In this study, we utilise a large data set covering a large number of morphological structures to reveal ontogenetic shifts in the body form of <i>C. leucas</i>, stratifying analyses by sex and size classes to provide fine-scale, more ecomorphologically relevant results. Our results indicate shifts in functional demands across the body through ontogeny, driven by selective pressures relating to trophic and spatial ecology driving the evolution of allometry. We also find significant differences in scaling trends between life stages, and between the sexes, highlighting the importance of utilising large, diverse datasets that can be stratified in this way to improve our understanding of elasmobranch morphological evolution. Ultimately, we discuss the implications of these results for existing ecomorphological hypotheses regarding the evolution of specific morphological structures, and pose novel hypotheses where relevant.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The shingled girl: Catherine Janet Hill and her contributions to embryology","authors":"Anthony M. Carter","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21674","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Catherine J. Hill is best remembered for her dedication to cataloguing the comprehensive embryological collection of her father J. P. Hill. Yet, her own research, during the interwar years, is little known. She made a significant contribution to interpreting the autonomic innervation of the gut, work that was presented to The Royal Society and earned her a PhD. Working in her father's laboratory, she then set about solving the sequence of secretions from the tubal epithelium and uterine glands that contributed the two layers of egg albumen and three shell layers of the monotreme egg. She was also the first to understand twinning in the marmoset and how two embryos came to share a single extraembryonic coelom, work that often is credited to J. P. Hill. Here. I explain how that happened and explore the context in which she and other female scientists worked at the time.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139109802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the nervous system of adult Renicola parvicaudatus (Digenea: Renicolidae)","authors":"Sofia A. Denisova,&nbsp;Sergei V. Shchenkov,&nbsp;Vladimir V. Lebedenkov","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21672","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The digenean complex life cycle includes various morphological forms with different locomotory and behavioral activities, and the functional specialization of their nervous system is of importance for the transmission of these parasites. Adult digeneans acquire many adaptive features associated with the final settlement in a vertebrate host. Our study describes the general morphology and ultrastructure of the nervous system of the adult renicolid digenean <i>Renicola parvicaudatus</i> parasitizing the renal tubules of herring gulls. Using immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods, we identified the distinctive characteristics of ganglia and synapses in the studied species. A comparative analysis of the organization of the nervous system of adult individuals and their continuously-swimming stylet cercariae revealed a number of stage-related differences in the composition of ganglia, the distribution of serotonin- and FMRFamide-immunoreactive neurons, the cytomorphology of neuron somata and free sensory endings. Thus, in adults, the presence of FMRFamide-positive neuron somata, accessory muscle bundles in the ganglionic cortex, and eight types of neuronal vesicles was detected, but no glia-like elements were identified. Their neurons are characterized by a larger volume of cytoplasm and also show greater ultrastructural diversity. Although the sensory papillae of adults do not vary in their external morphology as much as those of larvae, their sensory bulbs are more diverse in cytomorphology. Following our previous data on the “support” cell processes related to various tissues of the larvae and considered as glia-like structures, we also briefly present the identified features of the parenchyma, attachment organs and excretory system of adult individuals. The excretory system of adult <i>R. parvicaudatus</i> is characterized by the presence of unique terminal cells with several flame tufts, which are not typical either for the larvae of this species or for other digeneans studied so far. We also used molecular phylogenetic analysis to clarify species identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139090606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are owls technically capable of making a full head turn?","authors":"Aleksandra A. Panyutina,&nbsp;Alexander N. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21669","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The three-dimensional configuration of the neck that produces extreme head turn in owls was studied using the Joint Coordinate System. The limits of planar axial rotation (AR), lateral, and sagittal bending in each vertebral joint were measured. They are not extraordinary among birds, except probably for the extended ability for AR. The vertebral joint angles involved in the 360° head turn do not generally exceed the limits of planar mobility. Rotation in one plane does not expand the range of motion in the other, with one probable exception being extended dorsal bending in the middle of the neck. Therefore, the extreme 360° head turn can be presented as a simple combination of the three planar motions in the neck joints. Surprisingly, certain joints are always laterally bent or axially rotated to the opposite side than the head was turned. This allows keeping the anterior part of the neck parallel to the thoracic spine, which probably helps preserve the ability for peering head motions throughout the full head turn. The potential ability of one-joint muscles of the owl neck, the mm. intertransversarii, to ensure the 360° head turn was addressed. It was shown that the 360° head turn does not require these muscles to shorten beyond the known contraction limit of striated vertebrate muscles. Shortening by 50% or less is enough for the mm. intertransversarii in the middle neck region for the 360° head turn. This study has broad implications for further research on vertebral mobility and function in a variety of tetrapods, providing a new method for CT scan-based measurement of intervertebral angles.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21669","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139047279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral bone ridge expansion and internal tissue replacement for vertebral body growth in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis","authors":"Misaki Sakashita,&nbsp;Shigeru Kondo,&nbsp;Naoyuki Wada","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21666","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21666","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Vertebral growth is an essential developmental process to support the expansion of the vertebrate body. In teleosts, the lateral side of the vertebral bodies develops to form different structures among species in the late stages of vertebral growth, although lateral structures are not apparent in the early stages. Lateral structures are one of the structural features that determine the diversity of teleost vertebrae. However, explanations for the formation of lateral structures are conflicting because few reports have investigated the growth of teleost vertebral bodies. To clarify the growth process, we analyzed the morphological changes in the vertebral body of Pacific bluefin tuna <i>Thunnus orientalis</i> at different developmental stages using micro-computed tomography (CT) scans. The micro-CT scans showed that the vertebral centrum formed a plate-like ridge on the lateral side along the cranial–caudal direction and extended laterally with increasing thickness. Simultaneously, the proximal region of the lateral ridges became porous as the vertebrae grew to form bone marrow cavities. Furthermore, we used histological observations to describe the relationship between these morphological changes and osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Osteoblasts accumulated on the distal edges of the lateral ridges, whereas osteoclasts were distributed in the bone marrow cavities. These observations suggest that bone resorption occurs proximally to form bone marrow cavities in addition to bone synthesis at the edges of the lateral ridges. The bone marrow cavities were occupied by blood vessels, extracellular matrix, and adipocytes, and the internal tissue composition changed to increase the area of adipose tissue. Because the ratio of bone volume decreases in large vertebrae, bone formation and resorption are regulated to separate the external cortical and internal trabecular bones to support the vertebrae. This study is the first to report the formation of lateral structures and can be applied to similar lateral structures in the vertebrae of other teleost species.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138822510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epichordal vertebral column formation in Xenopus laevis","authors":"Yu Takahashi,&nbsp;Ryota Wakabayashi,&nbsp;Satoshi Kitajima,&nbsp;Hideho Uchiyama","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21664","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Although <i>Xenopus Laevis</i> is the most widely used model amphibian, skeletal development of its vertebral column has not been well illustrated so far. The mode of vertebral column development in anurans has been classified into two modes: perichordal and epichordal. <i>Xenopus</i> vertebral column formation is believed to follow the epichordal mode, but this aspect has been underemphasized, and illustrative examples are currently unavailable to the scientific community. This study documents the entire process of vertebral column formation in <i>X. laevis</i>, from the initial neural arch formation to the completion of metamorphosis. These images reveal that the neural arch arises from the dorsal lamina and lateral pedicle primordia, with no strict adherence to an anteroposterior sequence. Unlike other species, <i>Xenopus</i> centrum primordia exclusively form at the expanded ventral margins of neural arches, rather than from the cartilaginous layer surrounding the notochord. These paired centrum primordia then fuse at the ventral midline, dorsal to the notochord, and subsequently the notochord degenerates. This mode of centrum formation differs from the traditional epichordal mode, indicating that <i>Xenopus</i> might have lost the ability to form a cartilaginous layer around the notochord. Instead, the neural arch's ventral margin appears to have evolved to incorporate centrum precursor cells at its base, thereby forming a centrum-like structure compensating for the absence of a true centrum. It is widely accepted that postsacral vertebrae lack centra, only possessing neural arches, and eventually fuse with the hypochord to form the urostyle. However, we have shown that the paired ventral ends of the postsacral vertebrae also fuse at the midline to form a centrum-like structure. This process might extend to the trunk region during centrum formation. In addition to these findings, we offer evolutionary insights into the reasons why <i>Xenopus</i> retains centrum primordia at the base of neural arches.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism in the proventriculus of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)","authors":"Frederic Hüftlein,&nbsp;Sven Ritschar,&nbsp;Christian Laforsch","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21668","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Research on eusocial bee species like <i>Bombus terrestris</i> is primarily focused on the worker caste, which is why their morphology and anatomy are already well described. This includes the alimentary tract, which is adapted for feeding on nectar and pollen. Located at the transition between crop and ventriculus is a highly specialised compartment, the proventriculus. In female workers of <i>B. terrestris</i>, the proventriculus is surrounded by muscles and consists of four anterior lips. A detailed description, however, is only provided for <i>B. terrestis</i> worker bees while studies on the proventriculus of the male reproductive caste are absent. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of the differences between the proventriculus of the <i>B. terrestris</i> males and females through morphometrics, histology and scanning electron microscopy imaging, and unravel a distinct sexual dimorphism. The male proventriculus is wider resulting in a greater volume than the female proventriculus. Histological analysis revealed 4 distinctive chambers of the male proventriculus, which are completely covered with hairs on the inside. In contrast, those chambers in the proventriculus of female <i>B. terrestris</i>, are only rudimentarily present forming only small pouches with hairs in the junctions between the proventricular folds inside the proventriculus. The morphological differences in the proventriculus may be based on different <i>modi vivendi</i>, as males do not return to the colony and fly longer distances. This and the synthesis of sperm and mating plug might require higher energy reserves, leading to the necessity of higher food storage capacities.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21668","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138679054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of the tail tip of post-metamorphic amphioxus finds novel myomeres with odd shapes and unusually prominent sclerocoels","authors":"Nicholas D. Holland,&nbsp;Linda Z. Holland","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21667","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy of the tail tip of post-metamorphic amphioxus (<i>Branchiostoma floridae</i>) revealed some terminal myomeres never been seen before with other techniques. The morphology of these myomeres differed markedly from the chevron shapes of their more anterior counterparts. Histologically, these odd-shaped myomeres ranged from empty vesicles bordered by undifferentiated cells to ventral sacs composed of well-developed myotome, dermatome, and sclerotome. Strikingly, several of these ventral sacs gave rise to a nipple-like dorsal projection composed either entirely of sclerotome or a mixture of sclerotome and myotome. Considered as a whole, from posterior to anterior, these odd-shaped posterior myomeres suggested that their more substantial ventral part may represent the ventral limb of a chevron, while the delicate projection represents a nascent dorsal limb. This scenario contrasts with formation of chevron-shaped myomeres along most of the antero-posterior axis. Although typical chevron formation in amphioxus is surprisingly poorly studied, it seems to be attained by a dorso-ventral extension of the myomere accompanied by the assumption of a V-shape; this is similar to what happens (at least superficially) in developing fishes. Another unusual feature of the odd-shaped posterior myomeres of amphioxus is their especially distended sclerocoels. One possible function for these might be to protect the posterior end of the central nervous system from trauma when the animals burrow into the substratum.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology of the cornea and iris in the Australian lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft 1870) (Dipnoi): Functional and evolutionary perspectives of transitioning from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment","authors":"Hermann Barry Collin,&nbsp;Julian Ratcliffe,&nbsp;Shaun P. Collin","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21662","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Australian lungfish, <i>Neoceratodus forsteri</i> (Krefft 1870), is the sole extant member of the Ceratodontidae within the Dipnoi, a small order of sarcopterygian (lobe-finned) fishes, that is thought to be the earliest branching species of extant lungfishes, having changed little over the last 100 million years. To extend studies on anatomical adaptations associated with the fish–tetrapod transition, the ultrastructure of the cornea and iris is investigated using light and electron (transmission and scanning) microscopy to investigate structure–function relationships and compare these to other vertebrate corneas (other fishes and tetrapods). In contrast to previous studies, the cornea is found to have only three main components, comprising an epithelium with its basement membrane, a stroma with a Bowman's layer and an endothelium, and is not split into a dermal (secondary) spectacle and a scleral cornea. The epithelial cells are large, relatively low in density and similar to many species of non-aquatic tetrapods and uniquely possess numerous surface canals that contain and release mucous granules onto the corneal surface to avoid desiccation. A Bowman's layer is present and, in association with extensive branching and anastomosing of the collagen fibrils, may be an adaptation for the inhibition of swelling and/or splitting of the stroma during its amphibious lifestyle. The dorsal region of the stroma possesses aggregations of pigment granules that act as a yellow, short wavelength-absorbing filter during bright light conditions. Desçemet's membrane is absent and replaced by an incomplete basement membrane overlying a monocellular endothelium. The iris is pigmented, well-developed, vascularised and contractile containing reflective crystals anteriorly. Based upon its ultrastructure and functional adaptations, the cornea of <i>N. forsteri</i> is more similar to amphibians than to other bony fishes and is well-adapted for an amphibious lifestyle.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21662","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138578145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological description of spontaneous pelvic fin loss in a neotropical cichlid fish","authors":"Nicolás Roberto Ehemann,&nbsp;Axel Meyer,&nbsp;Christopher Darrin Hulsey","doi":"10.1002/jmor.21663","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jmor.21663","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pelvic fins are a characteristic structure of the vertebrate Bauplan. Yet, pelvic fin loss has occurred repeatedly across a wide diversity of other lineages of tetrapods and at least 48 times in teleost fishes. This pelvic finless condition is often associated with other morphological features such as body elongation, loss of additional structures, and bilateral asymmetry. However, despite the remarkable diversity in the several thousand cichlid fish species, none of them are characterized by the complete absence of pelvic fins. Here, we examined the musculoskeletal structure and associated bilateral asymmetry in Midas cichlids (<i>Amphilophus</i> cf. <i>citrinellus</i>) that lost their pelvic fins spontaneously in the laboratory. Due to this apparent mutational loss of the pelvic girdle and fins, the external and internal anatomy are described in a series of “normal” Midas individuals and their pelvic finless sibling tankmates. First, other traits associated with teleost pelvic fin loss, the genetic basis of pelvic fin loss, and the potential for pleiotropic effects of these genes on other traits in teleosts were all reviewed. Using these traits as a guide, we investigated whether other morphological differences were associated with the pelvic girdle/fin loss. The mean values of the masses of muscle of the pectoral fin, fin ray numbers in the unpaired fins, and oral jaw tooth numbers did not differ between the two pelvic fin morphotypes. However, significant differences in meristic values of the paired traits assessed were observed for the same side of the body between morphotypes. Notably, bilateral asymmetry was found exclusively for the posterior lateral line scales. Finally, we found limited evidence of pleiotropic effects, such as lateral line scale numbers and fluctuating asymmetry between the Midas pelvic fin morphotypes. The fast and relatively isolated changes in the Midas cichlids suggest minor but interesting pleiotropic effects could accompany loss of cichlid pelvic fins.</p>","PeriodicalId":16528,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Morphology","volume":"285 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jmor.21663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}