Journal of memory and language最新文献

{"title":"Modality and stimulus effects on distributional statistical learning: Sound vs. sight, time vs. space","authors":"Haoyu Zhou ,&nbsp;Sabine van der Ham ,&nbsp;Bart de Boer ,&nbsp;Louisa Bogaerts ,&nbsp;Limor Raviv","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104531","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Statistical learning (SL) is postulated to play an important role in the process of language acquisition as well as in other cognitive functions. It was found to enable learning of various types of statistical patterns across different sensory modalities. However, few studies have distinguished distributional SL (DSL) from sequential and spatial SL, or examined DSL across modalities using comparable tasks. Considering the relevance of such findings to the nature of SL, the current study investigated the modality- and stimulus-specificity of DSL. Using a within-subject design we compared DSL performance in auditory and visual modalities. For each sensory modality, two stimulus types were used: linguistic versus non-linguistic auditory stimuli and temporal versus spatial visual stimuli. In each condition, participants were exposed to stimuli that varied in their length as they were drawn from two categories (short versus long). DSL was assessed using a categorization task and a production task. Results showed that learners’ performance was only correlated for tasks in the same sensory modality. Moreover, participants were better at categorizing the temporal signals in the auditory conditions than in the visual condition, where in turn an advantage of the spatial condition was observed. In the production task participants exaggerated signal length more for linguistic signals than non-linguistic signals. Together, these findings suggest that DSL is modality- and stimulus-sensitive.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104531"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140815578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Readers target words where they expect to minimize uncertainty","authors":"Jon W. Carr ,&nbsp;Monica Fantini ,&nbsp;Lorena Perrotti ,&nbsp;Davide Crepaldi","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Skilled readers use multiple heuristics to guide their eye movements during reading. One possible cue that readers may rely on is the way in which information about word identity is typically spread across words. In many (but not all) languages, words are, on average, more informative on the left, predicting that readers should have a preference for left-of-center fixation when targeting words. Any such effect will, however, be modulated by important perceptual constraints and may be masked by various confounding factors. In three experiments with artificially constructed lexicons, we provide causal evidence that the way in which a language distributes information affects how readers land on words. We further support our analyses with a Bayesian cognitive model of visual word recognition that predicts where readers ought to fixate in order to minimize uncertainty about word identity. Taken together, our findings suggest that global properties of the lexicon may play a role in isolated word targeting, and may therefore make a contribution to eye movement behavior in more natural reading settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104530"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000330/pdfft?md5=acaaab94fa9e657788064d72f51855bf&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000330-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140649686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of learned verbal labels and sleep on temporal event memory","authors":"Yaqi Wang ,&nbsp;M. Gareth Gaskell ,&nbsp;Silvia P. Gennari","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104529","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Conceptual knowledge is known to modulate episodic memory, but it remains unclear whether and how verbal labels shape event learning and recollection over time. To investigate this issue, we asked participants to study and memorise unfamiliar animations and their titles. The titles conveyed fast or slow motion speed (e.g., <em>a bus</em> vs <em>ambulance travelling</em>). Event memory was assessed at different time points—soon after learning and after 12 h of sleep or wakefulness—using a timed mental event reproduction task and verbal recall. Unlike previous findings with these stimuli, we found that intentional title study elicited title-related biases on reproduced durations soon after learning. Post-sleep but not post-wakefulness recollection also showed title-related biases and systematically longer reproduced durations. Nevertheless, reproduced durations correlated with stimulus segments, stimulus durations and verbal recall, indicating that event memories combined episodic and verbal conceptual features. Results suggest that intentional verbal learning promoted conceptual influences at encoding and that sleep-dependent consolidation enhanced these influences. We argue that the degree of integration between conceptual and episodic features determines the extent of conceptual influences and, more generally, the role of verbal labels in event learning and memory.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104529"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000329/pdfft?md5=d55c74ebba499cd246435608f0a04f9c&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000329-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140644851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of emotional states on bilingual language control in cued and voluntary switching contexts","authors":"Siyi Jiang,&nbsp;Yujie Meng,&nbsp;Baoguo Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104527","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated bilingual language control in emotional contexts. We assessed the language switching and mixing performance of two groups of Chinese-English bilinguals in picture naming under neutral, negative, and positive emotional states. One group switched languages voluntarily while another matched group switched languages according to external cues. We found that negative state impaired proactive control, whereas positive state seemed to improve proactive control. Importantly, the detrimental effects of negative state could be proportional to the cognitive demands imposed by the naming context. However, negative states disrupted proactive control in voluntary but not cued naming, where the proactive control demands were comparable. This finding suggests that the control system selectively compensates for the emotional disruption of control in a cued-naming context requiring strict control but not in a voluntary-naming context preferring less strict control. Accordingly, we tentatively proposed a theoretical account of the adaptive control mechanism in emotional contexts. These findings would extend the Adaptive Control Hypothesis to more naturalistic settings.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104527"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140643765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eye movements in reading at 50: An introduction to the Special Issue","authors":"Adrian Staub,&nbsp;Simon P. Liversedge","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104528","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104528"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140553737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cues to lexical stress assignment in reading Italian: A megastudy with polysyllabic nonwords","authors":"Giacomo Spinelli ,&nbsp;Sonia Trettenero ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Lupker ,&nbsp;Lucia Colombo","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When reading polysyllabic words, assignment of lexical stress is a challenge for readers, especially in languages, such as English or Italian, in which stress position is not strictly determined even though words as well as nonwords typically contain several sublexical cues to stress that readers might use. Here, we attempted to identify such cues using a corpus analysis and to examine their impact on human performance in a megastudy in which participants (<em>N</em> = 45) assigned stress to nonwords (<em>N</em> = 800), stimuli particularly revealing of stress cue use because they have no predefined stress pattern. Hierarchical regression results confirmed an impact of sublexical cues examined in former studies and revealed a role for cues not previously examined, including similarity to real words. These results are informative for computational models of reading as they indicate that readers assign stress to nonwords based on not only sublexical but also lexical information.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104517"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140551415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graded phonological neighborhood effects on lexical retrieval: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Luan Li ,&nbsp;Tingting Hu ,&nbsp;Shuting Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104526","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How phonological neighborhood affects lexical retrieval can shed important light on lexical organization and processing. Yet these effects are unclear, particularly in Mandarin Chinese. This is likely because the working definition of phonological neighbors (i.e., the one-phoneme edit rule) used in Indo-European languages inadequately characterizes the phonological similarity among Mandarin words, which have simpler syllable structures and lexical tones. The current study proposes a graded Mandarin phonological neighborhood and investigates the impacts of near-to-distant Mandarin phonological neighbors on lexical retrieval. In Study 1, we investigated how Mandarin phonological similarity is influenced by the editing of lexical tone, constituent (onset/rime, initial/final) and phoneme. Native Mandarin speakers rated the similarity between the edited monosyllabic words. We found that constituent-edit neighbors were rated as the most dissimilar, followed by phoneme-edit neighbors, while tone-edit neighbors were the most similar. In Study 2, we calculated the constituent-, phoneme- and tone-edit phonological neighborhood densities and frequencies for 4,706 monosyllabic Mandarin words. We then utilized extant datasets to examine how the density and frequency of neighbors at varied distances, as well as of homophonic neighbors, impact response latencies in word naming, visual lexical decision, and picture naming tasks. The results showed that graded phonological neighbors had differential impacts on lexical retrieval efficiency: distant (constituent-edit) neighbors facilitated word retrieval, while near (phoneme-, tone-edit and homophonic) neighbors had inhibitory effects. We discuss these findings within an interactive activation and competition framework and suggest future directions to study the representation and processing of the Mandarin phonological lexicon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104526"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000299/pdfft?md5=3b508ad7687f67de29a3fc280ac9edf0&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000299-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agreement attraction in grammatical sentences and the role of the task","authors":"Anna Laurinavichyute ,&nbsp;Titus von der Malsburg","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates two broad classes of language processing accounts that make predictions for sentences like “The admirer of the singer(s) apparently thinks...”. Feature distortion accounts predict increased processing difficulty at the verb in sentences with a plural distractor noun (<em>singers</em>) while similarity-based interference accounts predict the opposite: increased difficulty in sentences with a singular distractor noun (<em>singer</em>). Neither of these effects was reliably observed in earlier research, and the Bayesian meta-analysis of 31 published studies reported here is almost perfectly inconclusive. An explanation may be that both effects occur simultaneously and therefore mask each other. To test this idea, we conducted three single-trial self-paced reading experiments (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>296</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>920</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>559</mn></mrow></math></span>) which orthogonally manipulated agreement attraction and inhibitory interference. Surprisingly, all three experiments produced evidence for agreement attraction but none for inhibitory interference, which supports feature distortion but not similarity-based interference accounts. Experiment 4 (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>N</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>535</mn></mrow></math></span>) tested the role of the expected task by preparing participants for a comprehension question (vs. acceptability judgment in Experiments 1–3). It showed neither agreement attraction nor inhibitory interference effects. Our findings demonstrate that agreement attraction effects can arise in grammatical sentences – contra earlier research – but also that these effects crucially depend on the task. This explains inconsistent results in prior research and supports feature distortion as the driving force behind attraction effects in grammatical sentences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104525"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000287/pdfft?md5=835ee4a4baae65f1e4eaffdad26e96b7&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000287-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140190768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retracing the garden-path: Nonselective rereading and no reanalysis","authors":"Kiel Christianson ,&nbsp;Jack Dempsey ,&nbsp;Anna Tsiola ,&nbsp;Sarah-Elizabeth M. Deshaies ,&nbsp;Nayoung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104515","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When people read temporarily ambiguous (“garden-path”) sentences, the forward movement of their eyes is often interrupted by regressions. These regressions are usually followed by rereading some portion of the previously read text. <span>Frazier and Rayner (1982)</span> proposed the Selective Reanalysis Hypothesis (SRH), which proposed that readers regress to critical choice points in the syntactic phrase marker of garden-paths where misparses had occurred, and furthermore, then reanalyzed the syntactic structure to arrive at a correct parse in most cases. A considerable amount of more recent work, however, suggests that readers often do not derive a correct parse or interpretation from such sentences. If these more recent observations are accurate, perhaps rereading is not necessarily strategic, controlled, or predictable. The current study consists of two large-scale eye-tracking experiments designed specifically to examine where and how much people reread garden-path sentences, and whether rereading influences comprehension accuracy. A variable text-masking paradigm was employed to restrict access to portions of garden-paths and non-garden-paths during rereading. Scanpath analyses were used to determine whether some or all participants targeted syntactically critical parts of previously read text. Comprehension questions probed final interpretations. In short, readers often misinterpreted the garden-paths, and no rereading measures predicted better comprehension. Furthermore, scanpath analyses revealed considerable variation across and within readers; only small percentages of trials conformed to structurally-based predictions. Taken together, we fail to find support for structurally strategic rereading. We therefore propose that rereading of these sentences is more often “confirmatory” than “revisionary” in nature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000184/pdfft?md5=aaf2815367084a115f22b40d37e6f424&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000184-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140135142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relating foveal and parafoveal processing efficiency with word-level parameters in text reading","authors":"Timo T. Heikkilä,&nbsp;Nea Soralinna,&nbsp;Jukka Hyönä","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104516","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study examined whether word-level eye-movement patterns in text reading can be predicted by individual differences in foveal and parafoveal word processing efficiency. Individual differences in lexical skills were gauged by presenting words and pseudowords with short exposure times in the fovea (30–60 ms) and at varying eccentricities in the parafovea. Lexical decision was used to index orthographic processing, word naming to index phonological processing and pseudoword naming to index grapheme-phoneme decoding. The Random Forests statistical technique was used to assess the relative importance of individual difference measures in predicting readers’ eye-movement patterns. The results show that individual differences in foveal word processing efficiency are better predictors of both foveal and parafoveal word processing during reading than differences in parafoveal processing efficiency. Results indicate that individual variability in foveal word recognition skills are better determinants of reading fluency among adult readers than variability in parafoveal word recognition skills.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"137 ","pages":"Article 104516"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000196/pdfft?md5=de1a2e64cc51ed86519c117f0bf9d9e5&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000196-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140066962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}