Journal of memory and language最新文献

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Acoustic correlates of stress in speech perception 语音感知中重音的声学相关性
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104509
Petroula Mousikou , Patrycja Strycharczuk , Kathleen Rastle
{"title":"Acoustic correlates of stress in speech perception","authors":"Petroula Mousikou ,&nbsp;Patrycja Strycharczuk ,&nbsp;Kathleen Rastle","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Stress is an important property of English spoken words. Research conducted over the past 70 years has sought to determine how acoustic cues, including duration, pitch, and intensity influence stress perception; however, the evidence remains conflicting. In the present study, we used a large dataset of 10 speakers’ productions of disyllabic nonwords to investigate how listeners make use of these cues to perceive stress. Over 100 listeners made stress judgements on nearly one thousand items each, yielding a total of nearly 75,000 analysable responses. Results of average performance showed that stress judgments were influenced by all three cues, both individually and in combination. However, the relative importance of any one cue depended on the value of the other cues, particularly in the frequent situations in which cues offered conflicting stress information. Results of individual performance showed that listeners often use the same acoustic information regarding stress in different ways, but that speakers also sometimes offer different information about stress. Our mega-study approach to investigating word-stress perception eclipses previous studies in terms of its power, and offers new insights into our understanding of how listeners perceive stress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000123/pdfft?md5=8713f8067c77509f41ed89d143c3c685&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000123-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139908344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What could have been said? Alternatives and variability in pragmatic inferences 本来可以说什么?语用推断中的备选方案和可变性
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104507
Eszter Ronai , Ming Xiang
{"title":"What could have been said? Alternatives and variability in pragmatic inferences","authors":"Eszter Ronai ,&nbsp;Ming Xiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A recent influential experimental finding in pragmatics is that of <em>scalar diversity</em>: that different lexical items vary robustly in how likely they are to lead to scalar inference. For instance, hearers are much more likely to strengthen the meaning of <em>some</em> to <em>some but not all</em> than to infer <em>good but not excellent</em> from <em>good</em>. In this paper, we address the question of what underlies scalar diversity and identify two sources of uncertainty: uncertainty associated with the identity of relevant alternatives, and uncertainty associated with the step of excluding those alternatives. In our experiments, we make use of the Question Under Discussion to eliminate the former, and of the focus particle <em>only</em> to eliminate the latter kind of uncertainty. Our findings show that both manipulations make inference calculation more likely, but only when they are combined is scalar diversity reduced to a minimum. In order to quantitatively characterize the observed (reduction in) variation, this paper adopts the information theoretic measure of relative entropy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104507"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139908343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Parafoveal processing of Chinese four-character idioms and phrases in reading: Evidence for multi-constituent unit hypothesis 阅读中对中文四字成语和词组的视网膜旁加工:多成分单元假说的证据
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-02-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104508
Chuanli Zang , Shuangshuang Wang , Xuejun Bai , Guoli Yan , Simon P. Liversedge
{"title":"Parafoveal processing of Chinese four-character idioms and phrases in reading: Evidence for multi-constituent unit hypothesis","authors":"Chuanli Zang ,&nbsp;Shuangshuang Wang ,&nbsp;Xuejun Bai ,&nbsp;Guoli Yan ,&nbsp;Simon P. Liversedge","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104508","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The perceptual span in Chinese reading extends one character to the left and three to the right of the point of fixation. Thus, four-character idioms and phrases often extend rightward beyond these limits during reading. We investigated whether such idioms, frequent phrases and equibiased strings are processed parafoveally as Multi-Constituent Units (MCUs). Using the boundary paradigm in Experiments 1 and 2, we separately manipulated preview (identities or pseudocharacters) of the first two and the last two characters of idioms and frequently used phrases. In Experiment 3, we examined processing of strings judged to be a single lexical unit, equi-biased ambiguous strings and matched unambiguous multi-word strings. Experiments 1 and 2 produced greater preview benefit for the final two characters when the first two characters were presented after identity rather than pseudocharacter previews. In Experiment 3, preview effects were largest for single units, reduced for equi-biased strings and smallest for multi-word strings. Together the results demonstrate that four-character idioms and frequently used phrases are processed as MCUs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104508"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000111/pdfft?md5=efb5bea0a9ac4e74d87ea3858b07a341&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000111-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139748345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reprint of: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes 重印本:人类记忆:一个拟议的系统及其控制过程
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2023.104479
R.C. Atkinson, R.M. Shiffrin
{"title":"Reprint of: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes","authors":"R.C. Atkinson,&nbsp;R.M. Shiffrin","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2023.104479","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104479"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139726624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Do changed learning goals explain why metamemory judgments reactively affect memory? 学习目标的改变能否解释为什么元记忆判断会对记忆产生反应性影响?
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104506
Baike Li , David R. Shanks , Wenbo Zhao , Xiao Hu , Liang Luo , Chunliang Yang
{"title":"Do changed learning goals explain why metamemory judgments reactively affect memory?","authors":"Baike Li ,&nbsp;David R. Shanks ,&nbsp;Wenbo Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiao Hu ,&nbsp;Liang Luo ,&nbsp;Chunliang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Measurement of mental processes is the bedrock of cognitive psychology, but the interpretation of such measurements is profoundly undermined by evidence that many mental processes are changed by (are reactive to) the act of being observed and measured. The current article is concerned with one particular type of reactivity, namely changes in memory performance when individuals are asked to concurrently monitor their learning via judgments of learning (JOLs). One explanation for memory reactivity is that the requirement to engage in metamemory monitoring changes learners’ goals, shifting them towards greater prioritization of mastering easy items and de-prioritization of memorizing difficult ones. This hypothesis is tested in 5 experiments (2 of which were pre-registered), which varied item difficulty by contrasting related (e.g., </span><em>computer</em> – <em>keyboard</em>) and unrelated (e.g., <em>book</em> – <em>shoe</em>) word pairs. While the experiments find robust evidence that recall is affected by the requirement to make immediate JOLs (reactivity), two key predictions of the goal-change account are not supported. The observed findings suggest that a change in the learner’s goal is not the main mechanism underlying JOL reactivity. Alternative explanations for why memory is reactive to metamemory judgments are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104506"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139664282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How reliable are standard reading time analyses? Hierarchical bootstrap reveals substantial power over-optimism and scale-dependent Type I error inflation 标准阅读时间分析的可靠性如何?分层自举法揭示了严重的功率过度乐观和与规模相关的 I 类误差膨胀
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2023.104494
Zachary J. Burchill , T. Florian Jaeger
{"title":"How reliable are standard reading time analyses? Hierarchical bootstrap reveals substantial power over-optimism and scale-dependent Type I error inflation","authors":"Zachary J. Burchill ,&nbsp;T. Florian Jaeger","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104494","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104494","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigate the statistical power and Type I error rate of the two most common approaches to reading time (RT) analyses: assuming normality of residuals and homogeneity of variance in raw or log-transformed RTs. We first show that the assumptions of such analyses—such as <em>t</em><span>-tests, ANOVAs, and linear mixed-effects models—are neither consistently met by raw RTs, nor by log-transformed RTs (or any other common power transforms, incl. inverse-transformed RTs). Only a non-power transform (log-shift) provides a decent fit for all data sets and data preparation steps we consider. We then compare the statistical power and Type I error rate for linear mixed-effects models over raw or log-transformed RTs. Previous studies on this matter relied on parametrically generated data. We show why this is problematic, and introduce as an alternative a hierarchical bootstrap approach over naturally distributed reading times. This approach yields substantially different—and arguably more informative—results than the parametric simulation approaches we compare it to. Our results suggests that it is time to heed the advice others have provided for reading research: for any but the simplest designs, we find both the rate of spurious significances and the rate of undetected true effects can </span><em>strongly</em> depend on the scale (e.g., raw or log-RTs) in which effects are assumed to be linear. Researchers should thus clearly motivate the choice of analysis based on theoretical grounds, assess the robustness of findings under different analysis approaches, and discuss potential mismatches between analyses. The R scripts and libraries shared in the accompanying OSF repo allow researchers to assess the reliability of their analyses via hierarchical bootstrap over their own data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104494"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139587570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Storage interference in working memory cannot be removed by attention 注意力无法消除工作记忆中的存储干扰
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2024.104498
Ruoyu Lu, Zeyu Li, Chenyu Yan, Tengfei Wang, Zhi Li
{"title":"Storage interference in working memory cannot be removed by attention","authors":"Ruoyu Lu,&nbsp;Zeyu Li,&nbsp;Chenyu Yan,&nbsp;Tengfei Wang,&nbsp;Zhi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that the storage interference in working memory can be removed by attention. A dual-task paradigm was employed in Experiment 1 and 2, in which participants performed a color memory task and an RSVP letter detection task concurrently. The cognitive load of the RSVP letter detection task and the storage interference caused by the RSVP letter detection task was manipulated independently. That is, the produced storage-interference difference between the low and high interference conditions was comparable between the low and high cognitive load conditions, whereas the available attentional resources were different under the two cognitive load conditions. Since there were more attentional resources in the low load condition, the removal hypothesis predicts that differences in recall performance between the low and high interference conditions should be larger in high load than in low load, i.e., there would be an interaction between load and interference. However, the results of the two experiments did not show such an interaction. In Experiment 3, we manipulated the time available for the removal mechanism to work while inducing both the storage interference and processing interference. The results showed no sign of interference removal. Thus, the present results provided solid evidence to challenge the removal hypothesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"136 ","pages":"Article 104498"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139433697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What latent variable underlies confidence in lineup rejections? 是什么潜在变量支撑着对列队拒绝的信心?
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2023-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2023.104493
Anne S. Yilmaz, John T. Wixted
{"title":"What latent variable underlies confidence in lineup rejections?","authors":"Anne S. Yilmaz,&nbsp;John T. Wixted","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When a face is positively identified from a multi-person photo lineup, it is presumably the face that generates the strongest memory signal. In addition, confidence in a positive identification is presumably determined by the strength of the memory signal associated with that face. However, when no face generates a strong enough memory signal to be identified, the entire set of faces in the lineup is collectively rejected. What latent variable underlies confidence in a lineup rejection? One possibility is that the face that generates the strongest memory signal still determines confidence (i.e., the weaker that memory signal is, the more confidently the lineup is rejected). Another possibility is that confidence in a lineup rejection is determined by the average strength of the memory signals generated by the faces in the lineup (i.e., the weaker that average memory signal is, the more confidently the lineup is rejected). The reliance on an average signal has been proposed as a possible explanation for why the confidence-accuracy for lineup rejections tends to be weak. Here, we modified two existing signal-detection-based lineup models (the Independent Observations model and the Ensemble model) and fit them to multiple lineup datasets to investigate which decision variable underlies confidence in lineup rejections. Both models agree that confidence in a lineup rejection is based on the strongest memory signal in the lineup, not on the average signal. These model fits also revealed for the first time that the memory signals in a lineup are correlated, as they theoretically should be.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104493"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139067688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The representation of agreement features in memory is updated during sentence processing: Evidence from verb-reflexive interactions 在句子加工过程中,记忆中的一致特征表征会被更新:动词与反义词互动的证据
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2023-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2023.104495
Maayan Keshev , Aya Meltzer-Asscher.
{"title":"The representation of agreement features in memory is updated during sentence processing: Evidence from verb-reflexive interactions","authors":"Maayan Keshev ,&nbsp;Aya Meltzer-Asscher.","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104495","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104495","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The formation of linguistic dependencies is subject to memory interference. In this study, we ask whether memory representations are fixed, or whether they can be distorted and updated after their initial encoding. Models of Cue-Based Retrieval assume that memory representations are fixed. However, representational interference and rational inference models assume that memory contents can be edited. To examine this, we test how reflexive attraction is affected by preceding verbal agreement in Hebrew. Cue-Based Retrieval suggests that agreement on the verb can exaggerate the reflexive’s sensitivity to the distractor. In contrast, we propose that if memory representations can be edited, verbal agreement can alter the representation of the subject. This process would reduce vulnerability to distortions originating from the distractor. In two self-paced reading experiments and one forced-choice completion we find (i) decreased reflexive attraction when (grammatical or ungrammatical) agreement cues were available on the preceding verb; and (ii) a preference for reflexive forms matching the verb over forms matching the subject when the sentence included ungrammatical verbal agreement. These results suggest that comprehenders use featural information from the verb to recover properties of the subject. The findings are therefore consistent with a memory model where representations can be distorted and updated, as well as with rational inference about memory disruption.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104495"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139025369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sources and goals in memory and language: Fragility and robustness in event representation 记忆和语言的来源与目标:事件表征的脆弱性和稳健性
IF 4.3 1区 心理学
Journal of memory and language Pub Date : 2023-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2023.104475
Yiran Chen , John Trueswell , Anna Papafragou
{"title":"Sources and goals in memory and language: Fragility and robustness in event representation","authors":"Yiran Chen ,&nbsp;John Trueswell ,&nbsp;Anna Papafragou","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104475","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2023.104475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Previous research has demonstrated an asymmetry between Sources and Goals in people’s linguistic and non-linguistic encoding of motion events: when describing events such as a fairy going from a tree to a flower, people mention the Goal (“to a flower”) more often than the Source (“from a tree”); similarly, people are better at detecting Goal than Source changes in memory tests. However, all prior work used a single task to probe memory of Sources and Goals and thus left the nature of the fragility of event components open. Here, we probed memory for Sources and Goals using either a Same-different or a Forced-choice task after participants passively viewed (Experiment 1), viewed and described (Experiment 2) or viewed and heard descriptions of (Experiment 3) the same set of motion events. We robustly replicated the linguistic Source-Goal asymmetry. However, across encoding contexts, the memory asymmetry persisted in the Same-different task but <em>disappeared</em><span> in the Forced-choice task. The Same-different task results did not change even when participants were explicitly asked to attend to Sources (Experiment 4a) and when motion trajectory was removed at test (Experiment 4b), ruling out a purely test-expectation account for the cross-task effect. We conclude that Sources of motion, even when not mentioned in language nor successfully retrieved at memory test, are nevertheless represented as part of a motion event, and their detailed representation can be reinstated at aided retrieval contexts. Our data clarify the nature of event representation and suggest a fine-grained homology between language and event memory.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"135 ","pages":"Article 104475"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139025365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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