Journal of memory and language最新文献

{"title":"Bidialectal language representation and processing: Evidence from Norwegian ERPs","authors":"Jade Sandstedt ,&nbsp;Maki Kubota ,&nbsp;Merete Anderssen ,&nbsp;Jeannique Anne Darby ,&nbsp;Stig Helset ,&nbsp;Elahe Tavakoli ,&nbsp;Øystein A. Vangsnes ,&nbsp;Jason Rothman","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates bilectal grammatical representation and processing using three ERP reading experiments in two Norwegian dialect regions. Northern Norwegian bilectals were tested in two separate sessions in two written varieties: the local written standard (Bokmål, n = 83) and Northern Norwegian dialect writing (n = 68). The study included both non-contrastive gender (control) and dialect-specific number (target) agreement conditions. In grammatically incongruent number conditions, participants display contrasting processing profiles in both on-line and off-line measures (reversed P600 components and reversed grammaticality judgments). To further test the interaction between contrasting bilectal grammars in language processing, the Bokmål version of the experiment was also conducted in a second dialect region (Sunnmøre, n = 73) where the spoken dialect is grammatically aligned with Bokmål for both gender and number. In the Bokmål mode, compared to both the control group (Sunnmøre) and the control condition (gender agreement), Northern Norwegian participants in the target (number) condition show significantly attenuated ERPs and more gradient and less accurate grammaticality judgments, evidencing competition between distinct bilectal grammatical representations. The results further revealed significant individual differences in the degree of cross-dialectal influence between Bokmål and Northern Norwegian dialect modes, contingent on individual participants’ bilectal engagement and exposure. Together these results suggest that bilectalism is a proper sub-case of bilingualism: bilectals develop distinct grammatical representations for contrastive grammatical features in distinct L1 varieties with which they have sufficient engagement and exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"140 ","pages":"Article 104557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000603/pdfft?md5=d2fc0eab1829caeec7a3311d8aa3aa86&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000603-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pragmatic inferencing influences the referential status of all potential referents in word learning","authors":"Felix Hao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104555","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104555","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>After observing a word uttered in the presence of multiple objects, how do learners represent these potential referents? Given a select object from a learning scenario for a novel word, all theories predict that this referent is to be remembered as the referent, but diverge on how the co-present objects are represented. Theory-building is also hampered by the fact that different studies used different stimuli, in addition to whether the learning instances contained referential information on which the referent is intended. Here, we report four experiments with approximately 100 adult participants in each, manipulating both factors. We find that, when the potential referents are known conceptually, the referential status of these objects is influenced by whether the learning instances contain referential information: With information guiding referential selection, learners perform mutual exclusivity and reject the co-occurring objects as potential referents; without this information, learners represent all co-occurring objects as a potential referent. However, when the potential referents are unfamiliar objects, even with the explicit instruction on which object is the intended referent, learners represent both objects as potential referents, as both objects can plausibly belong to the same category that the word refers to. This set of results can be explained by a pragmatic inference process where learners either believe all potential referents belong to different categories and are thus mutually exclusive, or that all potential referents plausibly belong to the same category referred to by the same word. We discuss the implication of these results, which move away from a debate about the sheer number of referents and onto the more mechanistic question of how learners represent referents in word learning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 104555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142150275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stimulus duration and recognition memory: An attentional subsetting account","authors":"Jeremy B. Caplan,&nbsp;Dominic Guitard","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Attentional subsetting theory (Caplan, 2023) posits that only a small subset of item features are attended in episodic recognition tasks. This explained a pivotal finding for the development of recognition models: the near-null list-strength effect, where encoding strength influences recognition similarly in mixed-strength lists and pure-strength lists. Most research uses spaced repetition to manipulate encoding strength. However, the origin of the null list-strength effect was a more unusual manipulation of stimulus duration (1 s versus 2 s) — and reported an inverted list-strength effect. We present an attentional subsetting theory of duration that produces inversions — and explains why they are uncommon: Earlier-attended features dwell within a lower-dimensional feature subspace, which participants can sometimes disregard during test trials of pure-strong lists, giving strong-pure items an extra advantage. The model previously only solved for <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>d</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>′</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>. We extend it to generate realistic hit and false-alarm rates by deriving the criterion from attention to each probe. Supporting the theory, two pre-registered experimental manipulations of stimulus-duration reproduced robust inverted list-strength effects, suggesting this type of finding is unlikely due to sampling error. This account of stimulus-duration, explaining inverted, as well as upright and null, list-strength effects, could be incorporated in most models with vector representations</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 104556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000597/pdfft?md5=aa288e80c7046389c7ed69f8b322c384&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000597-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142129364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do readers exert language control when switching alphabets within a language?","authors":"Dušica Filipović Đurđević ,&nbsp;Laurie Beth Feldman","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104546","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We investigated language control in (within-language) between alphabet switching during comprehension by exploiting the overlap between the two character sets of Serbian. We compared recognition latencies to phonologically ambiguous and phonologically unambiguous versions of the same word (PAE – Phonological Ambiguity Effect) to obtain an index of interference between the two alphabets. Evidence for transient control arose from changing alphabets between trials within a block and the larger PAE when the alphabet of the target changed from the previous trial. Evidence for sustained control arose from presenting a single-alphabet block prior to a mixed alphabet block and the larger PAE when the target alphabet differed from the alphabet of the preceding single-alphabet block. We conclude that within-language alphabet switching exhibits effects of transient and global language control during comprehension. However, switching effects (and their temporal dynamics) were evident only when recognition was challenged by the presence of phonologically ambiguous word forms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations among attentional state, retrieval quality, and mnemonic discrimination","authors":"Christopher N. Wahlheim ,&nbsp;Sydney M. Garlitch ,&nbsp;Rawan M. Mohamed ,&nbsp;Blaire J. Weidler","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Memory specificity is shown when participants reject lures that are similar to studied objects. Lure rejections may reflect hippocampal pattern separation that encodes objects distinctively. However, lure features shared with studied objects may evoke pattern completion of varying quality. This was shown when self-reported attention during study promoted lure rejections and false alarms. We used an experimental and individual differences approach to examine the roles of attentive encoding and retrieval quality in lure classifications. An object-based mnemonic discrimination task included thought probes during study and subjective retrieval reports after recognition responses. On-task reports reflecting attentive encoding were associated with lure rejections and false alarms within-and between-subjects. Additionally, accurate lure and target classifications were more strongly associated with subjective recollection following on- than off-task reports. Collectively, these results suggest that attention during study was associated with recollection of criterial features that differentiated existing memories from perceptual inputs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 104554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phonological prediction during comprehension: A review and meta-analysis of visual-world eye-tracking studies","authors":"Aine Ito","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Current theories of language prediction stipulate that people can predict various types of linguistic information, including the phonological form of a highly predictable word, and some theories posit that phonological prediction plays a pivotal role in prediction-driven learning. However, a review of studies investigating phonological prediction suggests that the effect is inconsistent and small, which raises a question about its role during everyday language comprehension and language learning. Here, I conduct a meta-analysis of visual-world eye-tracking studies investigating phonological prediction with the goal of revealing the robustness and the time-course of the phonological prediction effect. The combined analysis of 20 experiments revealed a small but reliable effect of the phonological prediction effect. This effect emerged rapidly but was not closely aligned to the predictable word onset. The size of this effect depended on the target word cloze probability and depended marginally on the experiment design and the type of visual stimuli. I discuss the implications for the theories of language prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"139 ","pages":"Article 104553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000561/pdfft?md5=e7a5aa00b9608e27178022e06b530bd7&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000561-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141930348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ins and Outs of spatial language: Pragmatics shapes early-developing, cross-linguistically robust encoding patterns","authors":"Myrto Grigoroglou ,&nbsp;Barbara Landau ,&nbsp;Anna Papafragou","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on the language of space has uncovered a complex set of conceptual and linguistic factors affecting the nature, use and acquisition of spatial vocabularies across languages. Here we highlight the important but understudied role of <em>pragmatic</em> factors in how spatial relations are encoded across ages and languages. We focus on Containment (<em>in/out</em>) and Support (<em>on/off</em>) terms that can denote both static locations (‘places’: <em>be in/out of X</em>) and dynamic motions (‘paths’: <em>go in/out of X</em>). We offer a new pragmatic analysis of place-denoting <em>out/off</em> as ‘negative’ locatives and, as a result, predict that such expressions should have a restricted informational contribution (and use) compared to <em>in/on</em>. This prediction is confirmed in four experiments. In elicited production tasks with English-speaking adults and three-year-olds, <em>out</em> and <em>off</em> (unlike <em>in</em> and <em>on</em>) are used extremely sparsely to describe static locations (Experiment 1) but quite frequently to describe dynamic motions (Experiment 2). When contextual support is present, the use of place-denoting <em>out/off</em> increases (Experiment 3). Similar patterns in the use of locatives are found in French, Greek and Turkish speakers (Experiment 4). We conclude that pragmatic factors produce striking, early emerging and cross-linguistically stable properties of spatial vocabulary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000482/pdfft?md5=4fd3227c94e72ef2fefd3ef36ae5a347&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000482-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141482442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affix priming with variable ING in English: Implications for unique vs. dual representation","authors":"Yosiane White ,&nbsp;David Embick ,&nbsp;Meredith Tamminga","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104535","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variation in the pronunciation of spoken words constitutes one of the primary challenges to theories of Spoken Word Recognition (SWR). In this paper we examine the processing and representation of a type of variation that is connected to morphology: variation in ING, which is found in words that vary between an <em>-ing</em> and an <em>-in’</em> form. This variation, which is found in monomorphemes like <em>awning</em> in addition to affixed words, has been extensively studied, and has well-known social effects. Crucially, there is no consensus in the field as to whether the variation is morphological – involving distinct <em>-ing</em> and <em>-in’</em> morphemes – or phonological in nature, with <em>-in’</em> produced from an underlying <em>-ing</em> form. We connect the morphological and phonological analyses from the sociolinguistic literature to what have been called <em>dual representation</em> and <em>unique representation</em> in the SWR literature. We report the results of a series of experiments that use an auditory priming paradigm to explore the competing predictions of the dual and unique representation approaches. Priming provides insight into what types of representations are shared between the variants, which in turn informs the theoretical opposition at the center of the discussion about the locus of ING’s variation. The first of these experiments reveals priming both within and across ING variants, with significantly more priming found when both variants are <em>-in’</em>. Follow-up experiments manipulating the distance between prime and target, as well as introducing monomorphemes like <em>awning</em>, provide evidence that we interpret as favoring the unique representation view, with the <em>-ing/-in’</em> alternation being phonological in nature. Alternative explanations are explored as well, with an eye towards the directions that future work on variation might take.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104535"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X2400038X/pdfft?md5=a322fe0bef267052f6e8566afdf3391b&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X2400038X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141314616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wayward associations: When and why people think of similar-sounding words","authors":"David A. Haslett ,&nbsp;Zhenguang G. Cai","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2024.104537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Words with similar meanings sometimes sound similar, which carries both risks, such as confusion, and rewards, such as ease of comprehension. It has been argued that languages evolve to balance these competing pressures, so words more often overlap in both form and meaning when they are less likely to be confused. By measuring the phonological similarity of responses to English cues in a word association megastudy, we provide evidence of a tendency to activate similar-sounding words in response to words that reside in sparse semantic neighbourhoods and in response to words for abstract concepts. Crucially, we provide evidence that the availability of similar-sounding associates helps people retrieve and represent the meanings of words from sparse neighbourhoods and words for abstract concepts, as measured by reaction time in semantic decisions and by accuracy in recognition memory. We propose that phonological connections compensate for weak semantic connections when representing word meanings, which we discuss in terms of multiplex networks, models of word-meaning access, and theories of language evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104537"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141298054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recall and recognition of discourse memory across sleep and wake","authors":"Matthew H.C. Mak ,&nbsp;Adam J. Curtis ,&nbsp;Jennifer M. Rodd ,&nbsp;M. Gareth Gaskell","doi":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jml.2024.104536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The episodic context account (Gaskell et al., 2019) proposes that the act of language comprehension gives rise to an episodic discourse representation, and that this representation is prone to sleep-related memory effects. In three experiments, we tested this prediction by asking participants to read/listen to naturalistic stories before their memory was tested after a 12-hr interval, which included either daytime wakefulness or overnight sleep. To assess discourse memory, we used sentence recognition (Experiment 1; N = 386), free story recall (Experiment 2; N = 96), and cued recall (Experiments 2 and 3; N = 192). We found no evidence of sleep-related effects in sentence recognition or free recall, but cued recall (aka fill-in-the-blank) showed that the degree of time-related distortion, as indexed by both a subjective categorisation measure and Latent Semantic Analysis, was lower after sleep than after wake. Overall, our experiments suggest that the effect of sleep on discourse memory is modest but observable and may [1] be constrained by the retrieval processes (recollection vs. familiarity &amp; associative vs. item), [2] lie on a qualitative level that is difficult to detect in an all-or-nothing scoring metric, and [3] primarily situated in the textbase level of the tripartite model of discourse processing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16493,"journal":{"name":"Journal of memory and language","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104536"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X24000391/pdfft?md5=167377f12bc8a5f565ca1b3ef04b371a&pid=1-s2.0-S0749596X24000391-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141193598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}